基于改进时间延迟环节的集群电动汽车参与电网调频的动态特性研究
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摘要
电动汽车数量的增多和其快速响应功率控制指令的优势使其在电力系统调频服务中得到广泛关注,从需求响应的角度看,考虑电动汽车参与系统调频的动态特性是增加电网弹性的有效途径之一。首先介绍了集群电动汽车参与电网调频的分层分布式控制的结构框架与市场机制;其次,基于集群电动汽车的动态响应模型,建立了基于改进时间延迟环节的集群电动汽车参与电网一、二次调频的动态模型,讨论了集群电动汽车参与电网调频的时间延迟参数设置对于调频动态特性的影响。然后,提出了计及车辆限制和用户需求个体差异性的电动汽车参与电网调频的控制策略。最后,通过3个算例进行多场景定量模拟。仿真结果表明:相比于目前已有的电动汽车参与电网调频模型中参数普遍采用平均值的方法,文中所建立的一阶时滞模型更接近实际响应情况,且能抑制频率超调。
Electric vehicles(EVs) attract wide attention in frequency regulation service market because of its increase in quantity and fast response to power control instruction. From perspective of demand response, taking the dynamic characteristics of EVs participating in frequency regulation into account is an effective way to increase grid resilience. Firstly, the framework and operation mechanism of centralized control of EVs in power system are presented. Secondly, based on the basic dynamic model of EVs, a dynamic model of EVs participating in frequency regulation of power system, using improved time delay, is established. Then the impact of time delay on frequency regulation is discussed. After that, the control strategy considering differences between vehicle constraints and users' demands is proposed. Finally, the proposed model is implemented in three case studies. Results show that the established first-order delay model is closer to actual response and can greatly reduce phenomena of frequency overshoot compared to existing method with EVs participating in frequency regulation of power system with average parameters.
Electric vehicles(EVs) attract wide attention in frequency regulation service market because of its increase in quantity and fast response to power control instruction. From perspective of demand response, taking the dynamic characteristics of EVs participating in frequency regulation into account is an effective way to increase grid resilience. Firstly, the framework and operation mechanism of centralized control of EVs in power system are presented. Secondly, based on the basic dynamic model of EVs, a dynamic model of EVs participating in frequency regulation of power system, using improved time delay, is established. Then the impact of time delay on frequency regulation is discussed. After that, the control strategy considering differences between vehicle constraints and users' demands is proposed. Finally, the proposed model is implemented in three case studies. Results show that the established first-order delay model is closer to actual response and can greatly reduce phenomena of frequency overshoot compared to existing method with EVs participating in frequency regulation of power system with average parameters.
引文
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[17]Mu Yunfei,Wu Jianzhong,Ekanayake J,et al.Primary frequency response from electric vehicles in the great Britain power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2013,4(2):1142-1150.
[18]Ko K,Han S,Dan K S.A new mileage payment for EV aggregators with varying delays in frequency regulation service[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2016,PP(99):1-1.
[19]Izadkhast S,Garcia-Gonzalez P,Frías P.An aggr2311egate model of plug-in electric vehicles for primary frequency control[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2015,30(3):1475-1482.
[20]Ziras C,Hu J,You S,et al.Modelling the aggregated dynamic response of electric vehicles[C]//proceedings of the 7th IEEEinternational conference on innovative smart grid technologies,2017,Torino,Ital.
[21]薛红红.电动汽车与电网互动技术之协调充电策略探究[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2012.
[22]陆凌蓉,文福拴,薛禹胜,等.电动汽车提供辅助服务的经济性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(14):43-49.Lu Lingrong,Wen Fushuan,Xue Yusheng,et al.Economic analysis of ancillary service provision by plug-in electric vehicle[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(14):43-49(in Chinese).
[23]Olive D J.Statistical theory and inference[M].Springer International Publishing,2014.
[24]邓玥,王延杰,李静宇,等.天空区域图像的增强算法的改进[J].激光与红外,2012,42(9):1080-1085.Deng Yue,Wang Yanjie,Li Jingyu,et al.Improvement of enhancement algorithm for aerial image[J].Laser and Infrared,2012,42(9):1080-1085(in Chinese).
[25]鲍谚,姜久春,张维戈,等.电动汽车移动储能系统模型及控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(22):36-43.Bao Yan,Jiang Jiuchun,Zhang Weige,et al.Model and control strategy of electric vehicle mobile energy storage system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(22):36-43(in Chinese).
[26]Ton D T,Wang W T.A more resilient grid:the US department of energy joins with stake holders in an R&D plan[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2015,13(3):26-34.
[2]别朝红,林雁翎,邱爱慈.弹性电网及其恢复力的基本概念与研究展望[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(22):1-9.Bie Zhaohong,Lin Yanling,Qiu Aici.Concept and research prospects of power system resilience[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(22):1-9(in Chinese).
[3]Lopes J A P,Soares F J,Almeida P M R.Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2010,99(1):168-183.
[4]Kempton W,Udo V,Huber K,et al.A test of vehicle-to-grid(V2G)for energy storage and frequency regulation in the PJM system[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2011,2(1):131-138.
[5]Sortomme E,El-Sharkawi M A.Optimal combined bidding of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2012,3(1):70-79.
[6]Han S,Han S,Sezaki K.Estimation of achievable power capacity from plug-in electric vehicles for V2G frequency regulation:case studies for market participation[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2012,2(4):632-641.
[7]姚伟锋,赵俊华,文福拴,等.集中充电模式下的电动汽车调频策略[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):69-76.Yao Weifeng,Zhao Junhua,Wen Fushuan,et al.Frequency regulation strategy for electric vehicles with centralized charging[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):69-76(in Chinese).
[8]张琨,葛少云,刘洪,等.智能配电系统环境下的电动汽车调频竞标模型[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2588-2595.Zhang Kun,Ge Shaoyun,Liu Hong,et al.A bidding model for electric vehicles to provide regulation services based on distribution system[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2588-2595(in Chinese).
[9]张谦,周林,周雒雒,等.计及电动汽车充放电静态频率特性的负荷频率控制[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(16):74-80.Zhang Qian,Zhou Lin,Zhou Luoluo,et al.Load frequency control considering charging and discharging static frequency characteristics of electric vehicles[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(16):74-80(in Chinese).
[10]刘其辉,逯胜建.参与微电网调频的电动汽车虚拟同步机充放电控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(9):171-179.Liu Qihui,Lu Shengjian.Charging and discharging control strategy based on virtual synchronous machine for electrical vehicles participating in frequency modulation of micro grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(9):171-179(in Chinese).
[11]Liu Hui,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Vehicle-to-grid control for supplementary frequency regulation considering charging demands[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2015,30(6):3110-3119.
[12]鲍谚,贾利民,姜久春,等.电动汽车移动储能辅助频率控制策略的研究[J].电工技术学报,2015,30(11):115-126.Bao Yan,Jia Limin,Jiang Jiuchun,et al.Research on the control strategy of electric vehicle mobile energy storage in ancillary frequency regulation[J].Transactions of China Electro Technical Society,2015,30(11):115-126(in Chinese).
[13]何晨颖,耿天翔,许晓慧,等.利用电动汽车可调度容量辅助电网调频研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2015,43(22):134-140.He Chenying,Geng Tianxiang,Xu Xiaohui,et al.Research on grid frequency regulation using schedulable capacity of electric vehicles[J].Power System Protection and Control,2015,43(22):134-140(in Chinese).
[14]Hua Fan,Lin Jiang L,Chuan Kezhang,et al.Frequency regulation of multi-area power systems with plug-in electric vehicles considering communication delays[J].IET Generation Transmission&Distribution,2016,10(14):3481-3491.
[15]Guo Y,Zhang L,Zhao J,et al.Networked control of electric vehicles for power system frequency regulation with random communication time delay[J].Energies,2017,5(621):621.
[16]Almeida P M R,Soares F J,Lopes J A P.Electric vehicles contribution for frequency control with inertial emulation[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2015,127:141-150.
[17]Mu Yunfei,Wu Jianzhong,Ekanayake J,et al.Primary frequency response from electric vehicles in the great Britain power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2013,4(2):1142-1150.
[18]Ko K,Han S,Dan K S.A new mileage payment for EV aggregators with varying delays in frequency regulation service[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2016,PP(99):1-1.
[19]Izadkhast S,Garcia-Gonzalez P,Frías P.An aggr2311egate model of plug-in electric vehicles for primary frequency control[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2015,30(3):1475-1482.
[20]Ziras C,Hu J,You S,et al.Modelling the aggregated dynamic response of electric vehicles[C]//proceedings of the 7th IEEEinternational conference on innovative smart grid technologies,2017,Torino,Ital.
[21]薛红红.电动汽车与电网互动技术之协调充电策略探究[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2012.
[22]陆凌蓉,文福拴,薛禹胜,等.电动汽车提供辅助服务的经济性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(14):43-49.Lu Lingrong,Wen Fushuan,Xue Yusheng,et al.Economic analysis of ancillary service provision by plug-in electric vehicle[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(14):43-49(in Chinese).
[23]Olive D J.Statistical theory and inference[M].Springer International Publishing,2014.
[24]邓玥,王延杰,李静宇,等.天空区域图像的增强算法的改进[J].激光与红外,2012,42(9):1080-1085.Deng Yue,Wang Yanjie,Li Jingyu,et al.Improvement of enhancement algorithm for aerial image[J].Laser and Infrared,2012,42(9):1080-1085(in Chinese).
[25]鲍谚,姜久春,张维戈,等.电动汽车移动储能系统模型及控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(22):36-43.Bao Yan,Jiang Jiuchun,Zhang Weige,et al.Model and control strategy of electric vehicle mobile energy storage system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(22):36-43(in Chinese).
[26]Ton D T,Wang W T.A more resilient grid:the US department of energy joins with stake holders in an R&D plan[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2015,13(3):26-34.
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