整枝方式和冠层高度对棉铃时空分布及产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】结合整枝方式和冠层高度这两种措施,塑造良好的群体冠层结构,实现棉花增产增效。【方法】在2016—2017年以冀棉958为试验材料,采用裂区设计,在保定清苑研究不同整枝方式(去、留叶枝)和冠层高度(高矮相间冠层、矮冠层和高冠层)对棉铃时空分布、产量及产量构成因素的影响。【结果】整枝方式和冠层高度对棉铃的时空分布具有显著影响。在时间分布上,留叶枝处理相比去叶枝处理能够显著增加"三桃"(伏前桃、伏桃和秋桃)数量;高矮相间冠层与高冠层相比伏前桃数增多,但秋桃数显著减少。在空间分布上,留叶枝使果枝结铃数下降,但果枝棉铃分布较去叶枝群体更均匀,去叶枝群体下部果枝棉铃分布较多,留叶枝群体则集中在中部果枝;不同冠层结构处理的内围铃数均多于外围铃数。整枝方式和冠层高度对棉花产量形成具有显著的互作效应,以去叶枝、高矮相间群体籽棉产量最高,但其皮棉产量和留叶枝、高矮相间群体相比,并没有显著差异。【结论】塑造留叶枝、高矮相间冠层能够促使棉株中部多结铃,增加伏桃数及其比例,提高单位面积铃数,有利于形成产量,还可节省人力和物力,节约成本,因此可作为黄河流域棉区实现棉花高产高效的一项重要简化栽培措施。
[Objective] The purpose of this study was to shape the good canopy structure and achieve efficiency production of cotton.[Method] With Jimian 958 as test material,a split-plot field experiment was conducted over two years(2016—2017) to determine the effect of different pruning methods(removal and retention of vegetative branches) and canopy height treatments(high and low staggered canopy,low canopy and high canopy) on the temporal-spatial distribution of cotton bolls,yield and yield components in Baoding.[Result] Pruning method and canopy pattern had significant effects on the temporal-spatial distribution of cotton bolls.Regarding temporal distribution,retention of vegetative branch treatment(P2) significantly increased the number of total bolls(pre-summer,summer and autumn bolls) compared with removal of vegetative branch treatment(P1).Staggered canopy(C1) increased the number of pre-summer bolls but resulted in relatively fewer autumn bolls to that of the high canopy(C3) pattern.Spatial distribution of bolls varied by pruning method,with P2 treatment producing a greater number of fruit bolls concentrated in the middle part of the plant.P1 treatment produced a greater number of fruit bolls concentrated in the lower canopy.The combined effects of pruning methods and canopy pattern on seed cotton yield were significant,with the largest yield observed in P1 C1(vegetative branch removal×staggered canopy).The P1 C1 group did not make significant difference in lint yield to the P2 C1(vegetative branch retention×staggered canopy) group.[Conclusion] The P2 C1 canopy structure can produce a greater number of fruit bolls concentrated in the middle part of the cotton,enhance the number and proportion of summer bolls,increase the number of bolls per unit area,and produce higher yields while reducing labour usage,material resources and costs.This simplified cultivation measure offers an important opportunity to efficiently achieve high yields of cotton in the Yellow River Region.
[Objective] The purpose of this study was to shape the good canopy structure and achieve efficiency production of cotton.[Method] With Jimian 958 as test material,a split-plot field experiment was conducted over two years(2016—2017) to determine the effect of different pruning methods(removal and retention of vegetative branches) and canopy height treatments(high and low staggered canopy,low canopy and high canopy) on the temporal-spatial distribution of cotton bolls,yield and yield components in Baoding.[Result] Pruning method and canopy pattern had significant effects on the temporal-spatial distribution of cotton bolls.Regarding temporal distribution,retention of vegetative branch treatment(P2) significantly increased the number of total bolls(pre-summer,summer and autumn bolls) compared with removal of vegetative branch treatment(P1).Staggered canopy(C1) increased the number of pre-summer bolls but resulted in relatively fewer autumn bolls to that of the high canopy(C3) pattern.Spatial distribution of bolls varied by pruning method,with P2 treatment producing a greater number of fruit bolls concentrated in the middle part of the plant.P1 treatment produced a greater number of fruit bolls concentrated in the lower canopy.The combined effects of pruning methods and canopy pattern on seed cotton yield were significant,with the largest yield observed in P1 C1(vegetative branch removal×staggered canopy).The P1 C1 group did not make significant difference in lint yield to the P2 C1(vegetative branch retention×staggered canopy) group.[Conclusion] The P2 C1 canopy structure can produce a greater number of fruit bolls concentrated in the middle part of the cotton,enhance the number and proportion of summer bolls,increase the number of bolls per unit area,and produce higher yields while reducing labour usage,material resources and costs.This simplified cultivation measure offers an important opportunity to efficiently achieve high yields of cotton in the Yellow River Region.
引文
[1]任锋潇,孙红春,张永江,等.不同冠层结构对棉田小气候及蕾铃脱落和产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2016,28(4):361-368.https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201604007.Ren Fengxiao,Sun Hongchun,Zhang Yongjiang,et al.Effects of different canopy structures on boll abscission,yield and filed microclimate of cotton[J].Cotton Science,2016,28(4):361-368.https://doi.org/10.11963/issn.1002-7807.201604007.
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[3]刘燕,原保忠,张献龙,等.缩节胺和整枝打顶对棉花产量及品质的影响[J].农学学报,2013,3(6):8-12.Liu Yan,Yuan Baozhong,Zhang Xianlong,et al.Effects of DPCand plant pruning with topping on cotton yield and fiber quality[J].Journal of Agriculture,2013,3(6):8-12.
[4]姚青青,杨涛,马兴旺,等.水肥调控策略对膜下滴灌棉花冠层结构和产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(1):73-80.Yao Qingqing,Yang Tao,Ma Xingwang,et al.Effects of water and fertilizer regulation strategies on cotton canopy structure and yield under mulch drip irrigation[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(1):73-80.
[5]Feng Guoyi,Luo Honghai,Zhang Yali,et al.Relationship between plant canopy characteristics and photosynthetic productivity in diverse cultivars of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)[J].The Crop Journal,2016,4(6):499-508.
[6]张旺锋,王振林,余松烈,等.氮肥对新疆高产棉花群体光合性能和产量形成的影响[J].作物学报,2002,28(6):789-796.Zhang Wangfeng,Wang Zhenlin,Yu Songlie,et al.Effect of nitrogen on canopy photosynthesis and yield formation in high-yield cotton of Xinjiang[J].Acta Agronmica Sinica,2002,28(6):789-796.
[7]Thapa S,Jessup K E,Pradhan G P,et al.Canopy temperature depression at grain filling correlates to winter wheat yield in the US.Southern High Plains[J].Field Crops Research,2018,217:11-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.12.005.
[8]张祥,胡大鹏,李亚兵,等.长江流域大麦后直播棉集中成铃与高产协同表达群体株型特征[J].棉花学报,2017,29(6):513-524https://doi.org/10.11963/1002-7807.zxcdh.20171016.Zhang Xiang,Hu Dapeng,Li Yabing,et al.The Plant architecture of direct-sowing cotton planted after barley harvested with high yield and centralized boll-setting[J].Cotton Science,2017,29(6):513-524.https://doi.org/10.11963/1002-7807.zxcdh.20171016.
[9]刘帅,李亚兵,韩迎春,等.棉花冠层不同尺度光能空间分布特征研究[J].棉花学报,2017,29(5):447-455.https://doi.org/1011963/1002-7807.lslyb.20170903.Liu Shuai,Li Yabing,Han Yingchun,et al.Study on light spatial distribution at different scales in the cotton canopy[J].Cotton Science,2017,29(5):447-455.https://doi.org/10.11963/1002-7807lslyb.20170903.
[10]张旺锋,王振林,余松烈,等.种植密度对新疆高产棉花群体光合作用、冠层结构及产量形成的影响[J].植物生态学报,200428(2):164-171.Zhang Wangfeng,Wang Zhenlin,Yu Songlie,et al.Effects of planting density on canopy photosynthesis,canopy structure and yield formation of high-yield cotton in Xinjiang,China[J]Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(2):164-171.
[11]展茗,李万久,张秀如.简化栽培棉叶枝的补偿效应研究[J].耕作与栽培,2000(5):26-28.Zhan Ming,Li Wanjiu,Zhang Xiuru.Study on the compensation effects of cotton vegetative branch in simplified cultivation[J].Tillage and Cultivation,2000(5):26-28
[12]董合忠,李振怀,罗振,等.密度和留叶枝对棉株产量的空间分布和熟相的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):792-798.Dong Hezhong,Li Zhenhuai,Luo Zhen,et al.Effect of plant density and vegetative branch retention on within-plant yield distribution and maturity performance of cotton[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(4):792-798.
[13]李维江,董合忠,李振怀,等.棉花简化栽培技术在山东的效应研究[J].中国棉花,2000,27(9):14-15.Li Weijiang,Dong Hezhong,Li Zhenhuai,et al.Study on effects of the simplified cultural practices in Shandong[J].China Cotton,2000,27(9):14-15.
[14]谈春松.棉花株型栽培研究[J].中国农业科学,1993,26(4):36-43.Tan Chunsong.On ideotype cultivation of cotton[J].Scientia A-gricultura Sinica,1993,26(4):36-43.
[15]徐敏,金路路,王子胜,等.辽河流域棉花高矮整枝栽培模式研究[J].中国棉花,2013,40(10):20-22.Xu Min,Jin Lulu,Wang Zisheng,et al.Study on the cultivation model of cotton high and low pruning in Liaohe River Basin[J].China Cotton,2013,40(10):20-22.
[16]刘昌文,何钟佩,李召虎,等.棉花超高密植暨高矮配置栽培模式研究[C]//中国农学会棉花分会.中国棉花学会2009年年会论文汇编.安阳:中国棉花杂志社,2009:224-226.Liu Changwen,He Zhongpei,Li Zhaohu,et al.The effect on the yield of cotton by different height configuration model[C]//China Society of Cotton Sci-tech.2009 Conference Papers Assembly of China Society of Cotton Sci-tech.Anyang:China Cotton Magazine House,2009:224-226.
[17]李伶俐,马宗斌,房卫平,等.稀植留叶枝棉花的光合特性和产量品质研究[J].棉花学报,2007,19(1):8-12.LI Lingli,Ma Zongbin,Fang Weiping,et al.Studies on photosynthetic characteristics yield and quality of sparse planting cotton-retaining-leafy-shoots[J].Cotton Science,2007,19(1):8-12.
[18]Reta-Sanchez D G,Fowler J L.Canopy light environment and yield of narrow-row cotton as affected by canopy architecture[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(6):1317-1323.
[19]杨艳敏,刘小京,孙家灵,等.棉花“双种双层”高产栽培技术及其光在冠层中分布的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2004,27(5):6-11.Yang Yanmin,Liu Xiaojing,Sun Jialing,et al.A two-cultivar-two-layer planting pattern for high yield cultivation of cotton and its light distribution in the canopy[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2004,27(5):6-11.
[20]Xie Tingting,Su Peixi,An Lizhe,et al.Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting:photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton[J].Plant Production Science,201519(1):165-172.
[21]张冬梅,李维江,唐薇,等.种植密度与留叶枝对棉花产量和早熟性的互作效应[J].棉花学报,2010,22(3):224-230.Zhang Dongmei,Li Weijiang,Tang Wei,et al.Interaction of plant density with retention of vegetative branches on yield and earliness of cotton[J].Cotton Science,2010,22(3):224-230.
[22]Chen Yizhen,Kong Xiangqiang,Dong Hezhong.Removal of early fruiting branches impacts leaf senescence and yield by altering the sink/source ratio of field-grown cotton[J].Field Crops Research,2018,216:10-21.
[23]刘郁娜,陈飞虎,胥新强,等.杏棉间作田间配置对棉花生长发育及棉铃时空分布的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(1):37-44.Liu Yuna,Chen Feihu,Xu Xinqiang.Effect of field arrangement in apricot-cotton intercropping on cotton plant growth and tempo-spatial distribution of boll[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(1):37-44.
[24]刘燕.棉花缩节胺处理与整枝效应的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.Liu Yan.Effects of mepiquat chloride and pruning with topping on cotton crop[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2013.
[25]成国鹏.群体冠层结构对棉花光合特性及产量性状的效应研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.Cheng Guopeng.Study of cotton canopy structure on photosynthesis characters and yield traits[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2015.
[26]谈春松.棉花优质高产栽培[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1992:43-79.Tan Chunsong.Fine quality and high yielding cultivation of cotton[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1992:43-79.
[27]孙学振,单世华,宋宪亮,等.株型对棉铃时空分布及素质的影响[J].棉花学报,2002,14(3):171-174.Sun Xuezhen,Shan Shihua,Song Xianliang,et al.Effects of plant types on spatio temporal distribution and quality of cotton bolls[J].Cotton Science,2002,14(3):171-174.
[2]董合忠,毛树春,张旺锋,等.棉花优化成铃栽培理论及其新发展[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(3):441-451.Dong Hezhong,Mao Shuchun,Zhang Wangfeng,et al.On boll-setting optimization theory for cotton cultivation and its new development[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(3):441-451.
[3]刘燕,原保忠,张献龙,等.缩节胺和整枝打顶对棉花产量及品质的影响[J].农学学报,2013,3(6):8-12.Liu Yan,Yuan Baozhong,Zhang Xianlong,et al.Effects of DPCand plant pruning with topping on cotton yield and fiber quality[J].Journal of Agriculture,2013,3(6):8-12.
[4]姚青青,杨涛,马兴旺,等.水肥调控策略对膜下滴灌棉花冠层结构和产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(1):73-80.Yao Qingqing,Yang Tao,Ma Xingwang,et al.Effects of water and fertilizer regulation strategies on cotton canopy structure and yield under mulch drip irrigation[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(1):73-80.
[5]Feng Guoyi,Luo Honghai,Zhang Yali,et al.Relationship between plant canopy characteristics and photosynthetic productivity in diverse cultivars of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)[J].The Crop Journal,2016,4(6):499-508.
[6]张旺锋,王振林,余松烈,等.氮肥对新疆高产棉花群体光合性能和产量形成的影响[J].作物学报,2002,28(6):789-796.Zhang Wangfeng,Wang Zhenlin,Yu Songlie,et al.Effect of nitrogen on canopy photosynthesis and yield formation in high-yield cotton of Xinjiang[J].Acta Agronmica Sinica,2002,28(6):789-796.
[7]Thapa S,Jessup K E,Pradhan G P,et al.Canopy temperature depression at grain filling correlates to winter wheat yield in the US.Southern High Plains[J].Field Crops Research,2018,217:11-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.12.005.
[8]张祥,胡大鹏,李亚兵,等.长江流域大麦后直播棉集中成铃与高产协同表达群体株型特征[J].棉花学报,2017,29(6):513-524https://doi.org/10.11963/1002-7807.zxcdh.20171016.Zhang Xiang,Hu Dapeng,Li Yabing,et al.The Plant architecture of direct-sowing cotton planted after barley harvested with high yield and centralized boll-setting[J].Cotton Science,2017,29(6):513-524.https://doi.org/10.11963/1002-7807.zxcdh.20171016.
[9]刘帅,李亚兵,韩迎春,等.棉花冠层不同尺度光能空间分布特征研究[J].棉花学报,2017,29(5):447-455.https://doi.org/1011963/1002-7807.lslyb.20170903.Liu Shuai,Li Yabing,Han Yingchun,et al.Study on light spatial distribution at different scales in the cotton canopy[J].Cotton Science,2017,29(5):447-455.https://doi.org/10.11963/1002-7807lslyb.20170903.
[10]张旺锋,王振林,余松烈,等.种植密度对新疆高产棉花群体光合作用、冠层结构及产量形成的影响[J].植物生态学报,200428(2):164-171.Zhang Wangfeng,Wang Zhenlin,Yu Songlie,et al.Effects of planting density on canopy photosynthesis,canopy structure and yield formation of high-yield cotton in Xinjiang,China[J]Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(2):164-171.
[11]展茗,李万久,张秀如.简化栽培棉叶枝的补偿效应研究[J].耕作与栽培,2000(5):26-28.Zhan Ming,Li Wanjiu,Zhang Xiuru.Study on the compensation effects of cotton vegetative branch in simplified cultivation[J].Tillage and Cultivation,2000(5):26-28
[12]董合忠,李振怀,罗振,等.密度和留叶枝对棉株产量的空间分布和熟相的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):792-798.Dong Hezhong,Li Zhenhuai,Luo Zhen,et al.Effect of plant density and vegetative branch retention on within-plant yield distribution and maturity performance of cotton[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(4):792-798.
[13]李维江,董合忠,李振怀,等.棉花简化栽培技术在山东的效应研究[J].中国棉花,2000,27(9):14-15.Li Weijiang,Dong Hezhong,Li Zhenhuai,et al.Study on effects of the simplified cultural practices in Shandong[J].China Cotton,2000,27(9):14-15.
[14]谈春松.棉花株型栽培研究[J].中国农业科学,1993,26(4):36-43.Tan Chunsong.On ideotype cultivation of cotton[J].Scientia A-gricultura Sinica,1993,26(4):36-43.
[15]徐敏,金路路,王子胜,等.辽河流域棉花高矮整枝栽培模式研究[J].中国棉花,2013,40(10):20-22.Xu Min,Jin Lulu,Wang Zisheng,et al.Study on the cultivation model of cotton high and low pruning in Liaohe River Basin[J].China Cotton,2013,40(10):20-22.
[16]刘昌文,何钟佩,李召虎,等.棉花超高密植暨高矮配置栽培模式研究[C]//中国农学会棉花分会.中国棉花学会2009年年会论文汇编.安阳:中国棉花杂志社,2009:224-226.Liu Changwen,He Zhongpei,Li Zhaohu,et al.The effect on the yield of cotton by different height configuration model[C]//China Society of Cotton Sci-tech.2009 Conference Papers Assembly of China Society of Cotton Sci-tech.Anyang:China Cotton Magazine House,2009:224-226.
[17]李伶俐,马宗斌,房卫平,等.稀植留叶枝棉花的光合特性和产量品质研究[J].棉花学报,2007,19(1):8-12.LI Lingli,Ma Zongbin,Fang Weiping,et al.Studies on photosynthetic characteristics yield and quality of sparse planting cotton-retaining-leafy-shoots[J].Cotton Science,2007,19(1):8-12.
[18]Reta-Sanchez D G,Fowler J L.Canopy light environment and yield of narrow-row cotton as affected by canopy architecture[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(6):1317-1323.
[19]杨艳敏,刘小京,孙家灵,等.棉花“双种双层”高产栽培技术及其光在冠层中分布的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2004,27(5):6-11.Yang Yanmin,Liu Xiaojing,Sun Jialing,et al.A two-cultivar-two-layer planting pattern for high yield cultivation of cotton and its light distribution in the canopy[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2004,27(5):6-11.
[20]Xie Tingting,Su Peixi,An Lizhe,et al.Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting:photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton[J].Plant Production Science,201519(1):165-172.
[21]张冬梅,李维江,唐薇,等.种植密度与留叶枝对棉花产量和早熟性的互作效应[J].棉花学报,2010,22(3):224-230.Zhang Dongmei,Li Weijiang,Tang Wei,et al.Interaction of plant density with retention of vegetative branches on yield and earliness of cotton[J].Cotton Science,2010,22(3):224-230.
[22]Chen Yizhen,Kong Xiangqiang,Dong Hezhong.Removal of early fruiting branches impacts leaf senescence and yield by altering the sink/source ratio of field-grown cotton[J].Field Crops Research,2018,216:10-21.
[23]刘郁娜,陈飞虎,胥新强,等.杏棉间作田间配置对棉花生长发育及棉铃时空分布的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(1):37-44.Liu Yuna,Chen Feihu,Xu Xinqiang.Effect of field arrangement in apricot-cotton intercropping on cotton plant growth and tempo-spatial distribution of boll[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(1):37-44.
[24]刘燕.棉花缩节胺处理与整枝效应的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.Liu Yan.Effects of mepiquat chloride and pruning with topping on cotton crop[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2013.
[25]成国鹏.群体冠层结构对棉花光合特性及产量性状的效应研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.Cheng Guopeng.Study of cotton canopy structure on photosynthesis characters and yield traits[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2015.
[26]谈春松.棉花优质高产栽培[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1992:43-79.Tan Chunsong.Fine quality and high yielding cultivation of cotton[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1992:43-79.
[27]孙学振,单世华,宋宪亮,等.株型对棉铃时空分布及素质的影响[J].棉花学报,2002,14(3):171-174.Sun Xuezhen,Shan Shihua,Song Xianliang,et al.Effects of plant types on spatio temporal distribution and quality of cotton bolls[J].Cotton Science,2002,14(3):171-174.
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