修剪与施氮对板栗叶片N、P营养及产量的影响
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摘要
为探究修剪与施氮量对板栗树体叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响,明确适宜当地板栗的修剪与施氮量的最佳组合,以13年生的板栗燕山早丰为试验对象,采用双因素随机区组试验,研究修剪强度(每平方米投影面积留结果母枝17～18、14～15和11～12个,分别记为X_1、X_2和X_3)与施氮量(施氮为0、375、750 kg·hm~(-2),分别记为N_0、N_1和N_2,施磷均为164 kg·hm~(-2),施钾为311kg·hm~(-2))的交互作用对板栗叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响。结果表明,N_1(中等氮肥)和X_2(中等修剪)条件下叶片氮含量、结果枝叶片氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率最高。X_2N_1、X_1N_2处理的叶片氮磷含量及产量均较高,且2个处理的结果枝叶片氮含量及产量差异显著; X_3N_0处理的产量不高,但其单粒重和出实率均较高。其中,X_2N_1处理的结果枝及营养枝的叶片氮含量(23. 179、23. 650 g·kg~(-1))、结果枝叶片氮磷比(13. 67)、产量(3 502. 80 kg·hm~(-2))、单粒重(8. 26 g)和出实率(41. 48%)均为最高。板栗树体需氮量随着修剪强度的增强(即单位面积留枝量的减少)而降低,修剪与施氮量2种措施之间具有协同性。从叶片氮磷含量及产量等指标综合考虑,X_2N_1处理是当地修剪与施肥的最佳组合。综上,中等修剪强度配合中等氮肥在增加叶片营养的基础上,保证了板栗的单粒重和产量。本研究为迁西地区板栗高产栽培提供了理论依据。
To study the effect of pruning and nitrogen level on nitrogen and phosphorus contents,ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus,yield,single seed weight and bur nut rate of C. mollissima and determine the optimum combination of pruning and fertilizer in given area,thirteen-year-old C. mollissima Yanshanzaofeng was chosen as test material and random block experiment of two factors was conducted to investigate the interaction of pruning intensity( 17 ～ 18,14 ～15,11 ～ 12 biennial bearing branches per square meter of crown projection area,donated as X_1,X_2,X_3) and nitrogen( N) application level( three N levels,0,375,750 kg·hm~(-2),donated as N_0,N_1 nad N_2. Phosphorus application level was 164 kg·hm~(-2),and potassium application rate was 311 kg·hm~(-2)) on the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus,yield,single seed weight and bur nut rate. The results showed that N contents in leaves,N/P in leaves of bearing branch,yield,single seed weight and bur nut rate were highest when pruning and nitrogen level were the middle level. The contents of N and P in leaves and yield of X_2 N_1,X_1 N_2 were higher than other treatments,and N content in leaves of bearing branch and fruit of two treatments were significantly different. Yield of X_3 N_0 was not high,but single seed weight and bur nut rate were both high. Nitrogen content in leaves of bearing branch and vegetative shoot( 23. 179 g·kg~(-1) and 23. 650 g·kg~(-1)),N/P in leaves of bearing branch( 13. 67),yield( 3 502. 80 kg·hm~(-2)) single seed weight( 8. 26 g) and bur nut rate( 41. 48%) of X_2 N_1 were the highest among all treatments. The results suggested that nitrogen requirement of C. mollissima tree body decreased with increasing pruning intensity( as the branches in unit area decreased). Pruning intensity was in coordination with nitrogen rate. Based on comprehensive consideration of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in leaves and yield,X_2 N_1 was the optimum combination of pruning and fertilizer in given area. In a word,pruning and nitrogen level which were the middle level ensure single seed weight and yield of C.mollissima on the basis of increasing leaf nutrition,and provide a theoretical basis for high yield cultivation techniques of C. mollissima of Qianxi area.
To study the effect of pruning and nitrogen level on nitrogen and phosphorus contents,ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus,yield,single seed weight and bur nut rate of C. mollissima and determine the optimum combination of pruning and fertilizer in given area,thirteen-year-old C. mollissima Yanshanzaofeng was chosen as test material and random block experiment of two factors was conducted to investigate the interaction of pruning intensity( 17 ～ 18,14 ～15,11 ～ 12 biennial bearing branches per square meter of crown projection area,donated as X_1,X_2,X_3) and nitrogen( N) application level( three N levels,0,375,750 kg·hm~(-2),donated as N_0,N_1 nad N_2. Phosphorus application level was 164 kg·hm~(-2),and potassium application rate was 311 kg·hm~(-2)) on the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus,yield,single seed weight and bur nut rate. The results showed that N contents in leaves,N/P in leaves of bearing branch,yield,single seed weight and bur nut rate were highest when pruning and nitrogen level were the middle level. The contents of N and P in leaves and yield of X_2 N_1,X_1 N_2 were higher than other treatments,and N content in leaves of bearing branch and fruit of two treatments were significantly different. Yield of X_3 N_0 was not high,but single seed weight and bur nut rate were both high. Nitrogen content in leaves of bearing branch and vegetative shoot( 23. 179 g·kg~(-1) and 23. 650 g·kg~(-1)),N/P in leaves of bearing branch( 13. 67),yield( 3 502. 80 kg·hm~(-2)) single seed weight( 8. 26 g) and bur nut rate( 41. 48%) of X_2 N_1 were the highest among all treatments. The results suggested that nitrogen requirement of C. mollissima tree body decreased with increasing pruning intensity( as the branches in unit area decreased). Pruning intensity was in coordination with nitrogen rate. Based on comprehensive consideration of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in leaves and yield,X_2 N_1 was the optimum combination of pruning and fertilizer in given area. In a word,pruning and nitrogen level which were the middle level ensure single seed weight and yield of C.mollissima on the basis of increasing leaf nutrition,and provide a theoretical basis for high yield cultivation techniques of C. mollissima of Qianxi area.
引文
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[2]许奇志,蒋际谋,林美和,邓朝军,郑少泉,许秀淡.枇杷二次短截修剪对结果母枝和果实品质的影响[J].热带作物学报,2013,34(1):87-91
[3] Hampson C R,Quamme H A,Brownlee R T. Canopy growth,yield,and fruit quality of Royal Gala apple trees grown for eight years in five tree training systems[J]. The American Society for Horticultural Science,2002,37(4):627-631
[4]范晓明,袁德义,杨斐翔,田晓明,唐静,张旭辉,朱周俊.锥栗不同树体结构对光的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(22):7426-7434
[5]魏新光,陈滇豫,Liu Shouyang,汪星,高志勇,汪有科.修剪对黄土丘陵区枣树蒸腾的调控作用[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(12):194-202
[6]王刚,袁德义,邹锋,熊欢,朱周俊,刘智强,欧阳芬.修剪强度对锥栗冠层光照分布与产量及品质的影响[J].果树学报,2017,34(3):329-336
[7]李明霞,白岗栓,闫亚丹,耿桂俊,杜社妮.山地苹果树更新修剪对树体营养及生长的影响[J].园艺学报.2011,38(1):139-144
[8]王刚,袁德义,邹锋,熊欢,朱周俊,刘智强,欧阳芬.修剪强度对锥栗叶片生理及产量的影响[J],植物生理学报,2017,53(2):264-272
[9] Ghoname A A,Dawood M G,Riad G S,Riad G S,EI-Tohamy W A. Effect of nitrogen forms and bio stimulants foliar application on the growth,yield and chemical composition of hot pepper under sandy soil conditions[J]. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,2009,5(5):840-852
[10]张林森,李雪薇,王晓琳,张立新,吕殿青,王朝辉,韩明玉.根际注射施肥对黄土高原苹果氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):421-430
[11]冯焕德,李丙智,张林森,金会翠,李焕波,韩明玉.不同施氮量对红富士苹果品质、光合作用和叶片元素含量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(1):229-232
[12]李洪娜,许海港,任饴华,丁宁,姜翰,姜远茂.不同施氮水平对矮化富士苹果幼树生长、氮素利用及内源激素含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1304-1311
[13]张宇和,柳鎏.中国果树志:板栗卷[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005
[14]彭晶晶,郭素娟,王静,徐丞,任帅.修剪强度对不同密度板栗叶片质量与光合特征的影响[J].东北林业大学报,2014,42(11):47-50
[15]熊欢,郭素娟,彭晶晶,邹峰,李广会,吕文君,谢鹏.树体结构对板栗冠层光照分布和果实产量及品质的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(2):68-74
[16]田寿乐,孙晓莉,沈广宁,许林.尿素与磷酸二氢钾配施对板栗光合特性及生长结实的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):747-754
[17]张蛟蛟,李永夫,姜培坤,周国模,刘娟.施肥对板栗林土壤CH4吸收通量动态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(6):1428-1437
[18]郭素娟,刘正民,孙小兵,秦天天.燕山早丰板栗密植园施肥-产量模型研究[J].核农学报,2015,29(2):351-358
[19]宋影,郭素娟,张丽,孙慧娟,谢明明,武燕奇,王静.板栗产区有机堆肥产物磷形态特征及其对叶片磷含量的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1262-1270
[20] Falge E,Dennis B,Richard O,Anthoni P,Aubinet M,Bernhofer C,Burba G,Ceulemans G,Clement R,Dolman H,Granier A,Gross P,Grunwald T,Hollinger D,Jensen N O,Katul G,Keronen P,Kowalski A,Lai C T,Law B E,Meyers T,Moncrieff J,Moors E,Munger J W,Pilegaard K,Rannik U,Rebmann C,Suyker A,Tenhunen J,Tu K,Verma S,Vesala T,Wilson K,Wofsy S. Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:71-77
[21] Niklas K J. Plant allometry, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry,and interspecific trends in annual growth rates[J].Annals of Botany,2006,97(2):155-163
[22]张珂,何明珠,李新荣,谭会娟,高艳红,李刚,韩国君,吴杨杨.阿拉善荒漠典型植物叶片碳、氮、磷化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(22):6538-6547
[23]李晶,姜远茂,魏绍冲,葛顺峰,李洪娜,门永阁,周乐.不同施氮水平苹果矮化中间砧幼树光合产物的周年分配利用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):800-806
[24]郑宾,赵伟,徐铮,高大鹏,姜媛媛,刘鹏,李增嘉,李耕,宁堂原.不同耕作方式与氮肥类型对夏玉米光合性能的影响[J].作物学报,2017,43(6):925-934
[25]王雪,雒文涛,庾强,闫彩凤,徐柱文,李迈和,姜勇.半干旱典型草原养分添加对优势物种叶片氮磷及非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,33(7):1795-1802
[26]谢亚萍,牛俊义,剡斌,袁天佑,刘栋,杨天庆,赵玮.种植密度和钾肥用量对胡麻产量和钾肥利用率的影响[J].核农学报,2017,31(9):1856-1863
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