二氧化锗对共培养萱藻丝状体和硅藻生长的影响
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摘要
为抑制萱藻丝状体保存和扩增过程中出现的小伪菱形藻与碎片菱形藻的生长,本实验应用实验生态学方法,分别建立了丝状体与小伪菱形藻、丝状体与碎片菱形藻、丝状体与小伪菱形藻和碎片菱形藻的共培养体系,研究了1.00～4.00μg/mL二氧化锗(GeO_2)对共培养条件下丝状体生长发育及附生硅藻生长的影响。结果显示:(1)处理萱藻丝状体和硅藻共培养体系的适宜GeO_2浓度为1.00～2.50μg/mL,各实验组14 d的硅藻抑制率均高于67.33%±5.18%,且丝状体生长发育良好,2.00μg/mL为最适浓度,此浓度下丝状体日均增长率最高,在各培养体系中均大于11.00%,且诱导后孢子囊枝比例和孢子囊直径分别为57.47%±5.31%和(24.55±1.01)μm,与对照组差异不显著;(2) 3.50和4.00μg/mL GeO_2虽对硅藻抑制效果更佳,但同时也会抑制丝状体生长和后期孢子囊的形成与发育,其中4.00μg/mL GeO_2可导致丝状体死亡;(3)碎片菱形藻较小伪菱形藻对GeO_2更敏感。实验14 d,各浓度GeO_2对碎片菱形藻的抑制率为(82.10%±2.40%)～(96.35%±0.79%),均高于同浓度GeO_2对小伪菱形藻的抑制率;同时在丝状体与小伪菱形藻和碎片菱形藻的共培养体系中,碎片菱形藻占硅藻比例随GeO_2浓度升高而相应下降。
In order to suppress the growth of Pseudo-Nitzschia sicula and N. frustulum appearing during the cultivation of filaments of Scytosiphon lomentaria in our lab, the effects of germanium dioxide(GeO_2) at1.00-4.00 μg/mL on the growth and development of filaments of S. lomentaria and the growth of epiphytic diatoms were studied in 3 different kinds of co-cultured systems. Results indicated that: the suitable concentrations of GeO_2 for co-cultured systems of filaments and diatoms were 1.00-2.50 μg/mL, at which the percentage decreases of diatoms were all above 67.33%±5.18% after 14-day co-culturing, meanwhile the filaments of S.lomentaria were in good conditions and good developments. 2.00 μg/mL was the most suitable concentration of GeO_2 since the filaments of S. lomentaria, under that condition, had the highest daily average growth rates which were all higher than 11.00% in 3 kinds of co-cultured systems, and ratios of sporangial branchlets as well as average diameter of sporangia were 57.47%±5.31% and(24.55±1.01) μm, respectively, which were not significantly different from those in control groups. Although diatoms were suppressed more effectively when the concentrations of GeO_2 was up to 3.50 and 4.00 μg/mL, the growth of filaments, the ratios of sporangial branchlets and average diameter of sporangia after inducing were also influenced negatively. What is more, filaments were dead when the concentration of GeO_2 reached 4.00 μg/mL. N. frustulum is more sensitive to GeO_2 than P. sicula.After 14-day co-culturing, the percentage decreases of N. frustulum were between(82.10%±2.40%)-(96.35%±0.79%)at any concentration of GeO_2, which were higher than the percentage decreases of P. sicula under same conditions.Moreover, on the 14th day in co-cultured systems of filaments of S. lomentaria, P. sicula and N. frustulum, there was negative correlation between percentages of N. frustulum in the two species of diatoms and concentrations of GeO_2.
In order to suppress the growth of Pseudo-Nitzschia sicula and N. frustulum appearing during the cultivation of filaments of Scytosiphon lomentaria in our lab, the effects of germanium dioxide(GeO_2) at1.00-4.00 μg/mL on the growth and development of filaments of S. lomentaria and the growth of epiphytic diatoms were studied in 3 different kinds of co-cultured systems. Results indicated that: the suitable concentrations of GeO_2 for co-cultured systems of filaments and diatoms were 1.00-2.50 μg/mL, at which the percentage decreases of diatoms were all above 67.33%±5.18% after 14-day co-culturing, meanwhile the filaments of S.lomentaria were in good conditions and good developments. 2.00 μg/mL was the most suitable concentration of GeO_2 since the filaments of S. lomentaria, under that condition, had the highest daily average growth rates which were all higher than 11.00% in 3 kinds of co-cultured systems, and ratios of sporangial branchlets as well as average diameter of sporangia were 57.47%±5.31% and(24.55±1.01) μm, respectively, which were not significantly different from those in control groups. Although diatoms were suppressed more effectively when the concentrations of GeO_2 was up to 3.50 and 4.00 μg/mL, the growth of filaments, the ratios of sporangial branchlets and average diameter of sporangia after inducing were also influenced negatively. What is more, filaments were dead when the concentration of GeO_2 reached 4.00 μg/mL. N. frustulum is more sensitive to GeO_2 than P. sicula.After 14-day co-culturing, the percentage decreases of N. frustulum were between(82.10%±2.40%)-(96.35%±0.79%)at any concentration of GeO_2, which were higher than the percentage decreases of P. sicula under same conditions.Moreover, on the 14th day in co-cultured systems of filaments of S. lomentaria, P. sicula and N. frustulum, there was negative correlation between percentages of N. frustulum in the two species of diatoms and concentrations of GeO_2.
引文
[1]Clayton M N.The morphology,anatomy and life history of a complanate form of Scytosiphon lomentaria(Scytosiphonales,Phaeophyta)from southern Australia[J].Marine Biology,1976,38(3):201-208.
[2]曾呈奎,张德瑞,张峻甫.中国经济海藻志[M].北京:科学出版社,1962:59-60.Tseng C K,Zhang D R,Zhang J F.Chinese Economic Seaweed[M].Beijing:Science Press,1962:59-60(in Chinese).
[3]Demirba?A.Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2001,42(11):1357-1378.
[4]何洁,崔铁军,王家骧,等.4种药用海藻有效成份的分析与比较[J].中国海洋药物,1996,15(3):23-27.He J,Cui T Y,Wang J X,et al.Analysis and comparison on the effective compositions of four kinds of medicinal seaweeds[J].Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs,1996,15(3):23-27(in Chinese).
[5]张宇,付晓婷,林洪,等.萱藻营养品质的分析和评价[J].营养学报,2011,33(6):619-620,623.Zhang Y,Fu X T,Lin H,et al.Analysis and evaluation of nutritional quality of Scytosiphon lomentsrius[J].Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,2011,33(6):619-620,623(in Chinese).
[6]徐年军,范晓,韩丽君,等.山东沿海海藻抗肿瘤活性的筛选[J].海洋与湖沼,2001,32(4):408-413.Xu N J,Fan X,Han L J,et al.Screening marine algae from Shandong coast for antitumor activity[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2001,32(4):408-413(in Chinese).
[7]Kim S C,Park S Y,Hyoun J H,et al.The cytotoxicity of Scytosiphon lomentaria against HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells[J].Cancer Biotherap y&Radiopharmaceuticals,2004,19(5):641-648.
[8]Noda H,Amano H,Arashima K,et al.Antitumor activity of marine algae[J].Hydrobiologia,1990,204-205(1):577-584.
[9]Moghadamtousi Z S,Karimian H,Khanabdali R,et al.Anticancer and antitumor potential of fucoidan and fucoxanthin,two main metabolites isolated from brown algae[J].The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:768323.
[10]Kuda T,Tsunekawa M,Hishi T,et al.Antioxidant properties of dried`kayamo-nori',a brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria(Scytosiphonales,Phaeophyceae)[J].Food Chemistry,2005,89(4):617-622.
[11]Kuda T,Tsunekawa M,Goto H,et al.Antioxidant properties of four edible algae harvested in the Noto Peninsula,Japan[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2005,18(7):625-633.
[12]Hudson J B,Kim J H,Lee M K,et al.Antiviral compounds in extracts of Korean seaweeds:Evidence for multiple activities[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,1998,10(5):427-434.
[13]Drake L A,Dobbs F C,Zimmerman R C.Effects of epiphyte load on optical properties and photosynthetic potential of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum Banks ex K?nig and Zostera marina L.[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(1):456-463.
[14]Sullivan C W.Diatom mineralization of silicic acid.II.Regulation of Si(OH)4 transport rates during the cycle of Navicula pelliculosa[J].Journal of Phycology,1977,13(1):86-91.
[15]Lewin J.Silicon metabolism in diatoms.V.Germanium dioxide,a specific inhibitor of diatom growth[J].Phycologia,1966,6(1):1-12.
[16]张美如,陆勤勤,朱庙先,等.二氧化锗(GeO2)对条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis Ueda)自由丝状体(Free filamentous)中硅藻污染影响的研究[J].现代渔业信息,2007,22(2):24-26.Zhang M R,Lu Q Q,Zhou M X,et al.Effect of GeO2 on diatom pollution in the free filamentous of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda[J].Modern Fisheries Information,2007,22(2):24-26(in Chinese).
[17]Shea R,Chopin T.Effects of germanium dioxide,an inhibitor of diatom growth,on the microscopic laboratory cultivation stage of the kelp,Laminaria saccharina[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2007,19(1):27-32.
[18]高伟.环境因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)丝状体扩增及孢子囊发育的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2012:16-20,38-45.Gao W.Effect of enviromental factors on filaments amplification and sporangia development of Scytosiphon lomentaria[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2012:16-20,38-45(in Chinese).
[19]陈明耀,张道南,许为群,等.海洋饵料生物培养[M].北京:农业出版社,1980:101.Chen M Y,Zhang D N,Xu W Q,et al.Aquaculture of Marine Live Foods[M].Beijing:Agriculture Press,1980:101(in Chinese).
[20]罗伟,宫相忠,高伟,等.光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(12):2018-2028.Luo W,Gong X Z,Gao W,et al.Effects of light intensity on spore germination,early development of the sporelings of Scytosiphon lomentaria and the dynamic change of epiphytic algae[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2014,38(12):2018-2028(in Chinese).
[21]Andersen R A.Algal Culturing Techniques[M].Amsterdam:Academic Press,2005:269-285.
[22]Markham J W,Hagmeier E.Observations on the effects of germanium dioxide on the growth of macro-algae and diatoms[J].Phycologia,1982,21(2):125-130.
[23]Wang X Y.Morphological study on the inhibitory effect of germanium dioxide on growth and development of brown algae[J].Scientific Papers of the Institute of Algological Research,Faculty of Science,Hokkaido University,1993,9(1):33-91.
[24]马家海,刘青.二氧化锗对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长发育的影响[J].水产学报,1989,13(1):36-41,69.Ma J H,Liu Q.The effect of germanium dioxide(GeO2)on the growth of free-living conchocelis of Porphyra haitanensis[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1989,13(1):36-41,69(in Chinese).
[25]Azam F,Hemmingsen B B,Volcani B E.Germanium incorporation into the silica of diatom cell walls[J].Archiv Für Mikrobiologie,1973,92(1):11-20.
[26]Chiappino M L,Azam F,Volcani B E.Effect of germanic acid on developing cell walls of diatoms[J].Protoplasma,1977,93(2-3):191-204.
[2]曾呈奎,张德瑞,张峻甫.中国经济海藻志[M].北京:科学出版社,1962:59-60.Tseng C K,Zhang D R,Zhang J F.Chinese Economic Seaweed[M].Beijing:Science Press,1962:59-60(in Chinese).
[3]Demirba?A.Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2001,42(11):1357-1378.
[4]何洁,崔铁军,王家骧,等.4种药用海藻有效成份的分析与比较[J].中国海洋药物,1996,15(3):23-27.He J,Cui T Y,Wang J X,et al.Analysis and comparison on the effective compositions of four kinds of medicinal seaweeds[J].Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs,1996,15(3):23-27(in Chinese).
[5]张宇,付晓婷,林洪,等.萱藻营养品质的分析和评价[J].营养学报,2011,33(6):619-620,623.Zhang Y,Fu X T,Lin H,et al.Analysis and evaluation of nutritional quality of Scytosiphon lomentsrius[J].Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,2011,33(6):619-620,623(in Chinese).
[6]徐年军,范晓,韩丽君,等.山东沿海海藻抗肿瘤活性的筛选[J].海洋与湖沼,2001,32(4):408-413.Xu N J,Fan X,Han L J,et al.Screening marine algae from Shandong coast for antitumor activity[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2001,32(4):408-413(in Chinese).
[7]Kim S C,Park S Y,Hyoun J H,et al.The cytotoxicity of Scytosiphon lomentaria against HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells[J].Cancer Biotherap y&Radiopharmaceuticals,2004,19(5):641-648.
[8]Noda H,Amano H,Arashima K,et al.Antitumor activity of marine algae[J].Hydrobiologia,1990,204-205(1):577-584.
[9]Moghadamtousi Z S,Karimian H,Khanabdali R,et al.Anticancer and antitumor potential of fucoidan and fucoxanthin,two main metabolites isolated from brown algae[J].The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:768323.
[10]Kuda T,Tsunekawa M,Hishi T,et al.Antioxidant properties of dried`kayamo-nori',a brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria(Scytosiphonales,Phaeophyceae)[J].Food Chemistry,2005,89(4):617-622.
[11]Kuda T,Tsunekawa M,Goto H,et al.Antioxidant properties of four edible algae harvested in the Noto Peninsula,Japan[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2005,18(7):625-633.
[12]Hudson J B,Kim J H,Lee M K,et al.Antiviral compounds in extracts of Korean seaweeds:Evidence for multiple activities[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,1998,10(5):427-434.
[13]Drake L A,Dobbs F C,Zimmerman R C.Effects of epiphyte load on optical properties and photosynthetic potential of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum Banks ex K?nig and Zostera marina L.[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(1):456-463.
[14]Sullivan C W.Diatom mineralization of silicic acid.II.Regulation of Si(OH)4 transport rates during the cycle of Navicula pelliculosa[J].Journal of Phycology,1977,13(1):86-91.
[15]Lewin J.Silicon metabolism in diatoms.V.Germanium dioxide,a specific inhibitor of diatom growth[J].Phycologia,1966,6(1):1-12.
[16]张美如,陆勤勤,朱庙先,等.二氧化锗(GeO2)对条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis Ueda)自由丝状体(Free filamentous)中硅藻污染影响的研究[J].现代渔业信息,2007,22(2):24-26.Zhang M R,Lu Q Q,Zhou M X,et al.Effect of GeO2 on diatom pollution in the free filamentous of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda[J].Modern Fisheries Information,2007,22(2):24-26(in Chinese).
[17]Shea R,Chopin T.Effects of germanium dioxide,an inhibitor of diatom growth,on the microscopic laboratory cultivation stage of the kelp,Laminaria saccharina[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2007,19(1):27-32.
[18]高伟.环境因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)丝状体扩增及孢子囊发育的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2012:16-20,38-45.Gao W.Effect of enviromental factors on filaments amplification and sporangia development of Scytosiphon lomentaria[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2012:16-20,38-45(in Chinese).
[19]陈明耀,张道南,许为群,等.海洋饵料生物培养[M].北京:农业出版社,1980:101.Chen M Y,Zhang D N,Xu W Q,et al.Aquaculture of Marine Live Foods[M].Beijing:Agriculture Press,1980:101(in Chinese).
[20]罗伟,宫相忠,高伟,等.光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(12):2018-2028.Luo W,Gong X Z,Gao W,et al.Effects of light intensity on spore germination,early development of the sporelings of Scytosiphon lomentaria and the dynamic change of epiphytic algae[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2014,38(12):2018-2028(in Chinese).
[21]Andersen R A.Algal Culturing Techniques[M].Amsterdam:Academic Press,2005:269-285.
[22]Markham J W,Hagmeier E.Observations on the effects of germanium dioxide on the growth of macro-algae and diatoms[J].Phycologia,1982,21(2):125-130.
[23]Wang X Y.Morphological study on the inhibitory effect of germanium dioxide on growth and development of brown algae[J].Scientific Papers of the Institute of Algological Research,Faculty of Science,Hokkaido University,1993,9(1):33-91.
[24]马家海,刘青.二氧化锗对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长发育的影响[J].水产学报,1989,13(1):36-41,69.Ma J H,Liu Q.The effect of germanium dioxide(GeO2)on the growth of free-living conchocelis of Porphyra haitanensis[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1989,13(1):36-41,69(in Chinese).
[25]Azam F,Hemmingsen B B,Volcani B E.Germanium incorporation into the silica of diatom cell walls[J].Archiv Für Mikrobiologie,1973,92(1):11-20.
[26]Chiappino M L,Azam F,Volcani B E.Effect of germanic acid on developing cell walls of diatoms[J].Protoplasma,1977,93(2-3):191-204.
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