合作社内部管理模式与质量安全实施绩效:基于农户农药安全间隔期执行视角
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摘要
农户的农药使用行为与农药残留问题紧密相关。农民专业合作社对农户生产环节的控制通常被视为保障质量安全的有效管理措施,而合作社各管理措施间的相互作用以及人力资源激励措施和组织文化构建措施对农户质量安全生产行为的影响尚不明晰。基于结果控制、过程控制、社会控制的合作社内部管理模式,利用100个合作社312个农户的实证数据分析发现,统一农资供应、生产标准、品牌和组织技术培训对提高农户农药安全间隔期偏离程度效果显著。以过程控制为主,辅以人力资本培养和组织文化构建的社会控制是最高效的管理措施组合。合作社应根据自身管理基础选择不同类型的管理措施和高效的管理措施组合方式,从而提高合作社质量安全实施绩效。
As a major producer and exporter in the international market,China has a significant responsibility to ensure its food quality and safety and improve worldwide nutrition and health of human beings.The residue of pesticides is considered as the most serious sourcing pollution,indicating the necessity to control risks in farming at the beginning of the supply chain.Theoretically,cooperatives have advantages in organizing farmers'production,enforcing internal supervision,and relieving regulatory pressures of the government.Previous studies have focused on the effects of standardization,process management and other direct control measures in qualitative or quantitative ways,but none of them have noticed the interaction effects between different control measures.Besides,the effects of indirect control measures related to human resource incentives and organizational culture construction remain unknown.To fill in this gap,an internal management framework,consisting 11 management measures of outcome-,process-and social-control aspects,is developed in this paper.In this way,not only the single effect of each measure is estimated,but also the optimal combination of management measures can be identified through PCA analysis.Furthermore,by simply using the real value of farmers'Pre-Harvest Interval(PHI)subjects to various crop species and pesticide brands,we use farmers'PHI deviation distance to a standard PHI value to evaluate the performance of farmers'behaviors regarding quality safety.By averaging the PHI value of pesticides for each disease of corps,farmers producing different cultivated crops can be compared.Based on a survey database of 100 cooperatives with 312 households,process-control is proved to be the most effective measure.In specific,pre-production management measure like unified input,on-production management measure like unified production standard,and post-production management measure like unified brand can significantly improve farmers' PHI deviation.Technical training is the only effective measure in social-control,while outcome-control shows no significant effect on farmers' behaviors due to immature organizational structure of cooperatives and limited management skills. With regard to combinations of management measures,the optimal combination is made up of unified input,unified production standard,technical training,recording and collaboration.Therefore,cooperatives should adopt proper management measures according to their developing stages,and Chinese government need to attach more attention to providing cooperatives with financial supports and training opportunities for both managers and members.
As a major producer and exporter in the international market,China has a significant responsibility to ensure its food quality and safety and improve worldwide nutrition and health of human beings.The residue of pesticides is considered as the most serious sourcing pollution,indicating the necessity to control risks in farming at the beginning of the supply chain.Theoretically,cooperatives have advantages in organizing farmers'production,enforcing internal supervision,and relieving regulatory pressures of the government.Previous studies have focused on the effects of standardization,process management and other direct control measures in qualitative or quantitative ways,but none of them have noticed the interaction effects between different control measures.Besides,the effects of indirect control measures related to human resource incentives and organizational culture construction remain unknown.To fill in this gap,an internal management framework,consisting 11 management measures of outcome-,process-and social-control aspects,is developed in this paper.In this way,not only the single effect of each measure is estimated,but also the optimal combination of management measures can be identified through PCA analysis.Furthermore,by simply using the real value of farmers'Pre-Harvest Interval(PHI)subjects to various crop species and pesticide brands,we use farmers'PHI deviation distance to a standard PHI value to evaluate the performance of farmers'behaviors regarding quality safety.By averaging the PHI value of pesticides for each disease of corps,farmers producing different cultivated crops can be compared.Based on a survey database of 100 cooperatives with 312 households,process-control is proved to be the most effective measure.In specific,pre-production management measure like unified input,on-production management measure like unified production standard,and post-production management measure like unified brand can significantly improve farmers' PHI deviation.Technical training is the only effective measure in social-control,while outcome-control shows no significant effect on farmers' behaviors due to immature organizational structure of cooperatives and limited management skills. With regard to combinations of management measures,the optimal combination is made up of unified input,unified production standard,technical training,recording and collaboration.Therefore,cooperatives should adopt proper management measures according to their developing stages,and Chinese government need to attach more attention to providing cooperatives with financial supports and training opportunities for both managers and members.
引文
[1]Liu R.D.,Pieniak Z.&Verbeke W.,″Consumers'Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Safe Food in China:AReview,″Food Control,Vol.33,No.1(2013),pp.93-104.
[2]Zhang M.,Jin Y.H.&Qiao H.et al.,″Product Quality Asymmetry and Food Safety:Investigating the′One Farm Household,Two Production Systems′of Fruit and Vegetable Farmers in China,″China Economic Review,Vol.45(2017),pp.232-243.
[3]Jia X.P.,Huang J.K.&Xu Z.G.,″Marketing of Farmer Professional Cooperatives in the Wave of Transformed Agrofood Market in China,″China Economic Review,Vol.23,No.3(2012),pp.665-674.
[4]Thomas T.,Gunden C.&Miran B.et al.,″Farmers'Assessment of Social and Economic Benefits Derived from Cooperatives,Private Firms and Other Agricultural Organizations in the Aegean Region of Turkey,″Journal of Food Agriculture&Environment,Vol.9,No.3-4(2011),pp.1085-1087.
[5]李凯、周洁红、陈潇:《集体行动困境下的合作社农产品质量安全控制》,《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2015年第4期,第70-77页。[Li Kai,Zhou Jiehong&Chen Xiao,″Cooperatives'Quality and Safety Control on Agri-products with the Dilemma of Collective Action,″Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),No.4(2015),pp.70-77.]
[6]Naziri D.,Aubert M.&Codron J.M.et al.,″Estimating the Impact of Small-scale Farmer Collective Action on Food Safety:The Case of Vegetables in Vietnam,″Journal of Development Studies,Vol.50,No.5(2014),pp.715-730.
[7]Pennerstorfer D.&Weiss C.R.,″Product Quality in the Agri-food Chain:Do Cooperatives Offer High-quality Wine?″European Review of Agricultural Economics,Vol.40,No.1(2013),pp.143-162.
[8]刘刚、张晓林:《基于农民合作社的农产品质量安全治理研究》,《农业现代化研究》2014年第6期,第710-714页。[Liu Gang&Zhang Xiaolin,″Improving the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products Through Farmer Cooperatives,″Research of Agricultural Modernization,No.6(2014),pp.710-714.]
[9]Asfaw S.,Mith9fer D.&Waibel H.,″EU Food Safety Standards,Pesticide Use and Farm-level Productivity:The Case of High-value Crops in Kenya,″Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol.60,No.3(2009),pp.645-667.
[10]Zhou J.H.,Yan Z.&Li K.,″Understanding Farmer Cooperatives'Self-inspection Behavior to Guarantee Agri-product Safety in China,″Food Control,Vol.59(2016),pp.320-327.
[11]陈新建、谭砚文:《基于食品安全的农民专业合作社服务功能及其影响因素---以广东省水果生产合作社为例》,《农业技术经济》2013年第1期,第120-128页。[Chen Xinjian&Tan Yanwen,″Service Function and Influential Factors of Farmers'Professional Cooperatives Based on Food Safety:Taking Fruit Cooperatives in Guangdong as an Example,″Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,No.1(2013),pp.120-128.]
[12]楼栋、林光杰、林宇洁:《农民专业合作社对社员安全生产的控制机制与效果研究---基于3个农民专业合作社的案例分析》,《农产品质量与安全》2012年第5期,第51-53,65页。[Lou Dong,Lin Guangjie&Lin Yujie,″The Effect of Cooperative's Control Mechanism on Members:Based on Three Case Studies on Cooperatives,″Quality and Safety of Agro-Products,No.5(2012),pp.51-53,65.]
[13]De Quidt J.,Fallucchi F.&Kolle F.et al.,″Bonus Versus Penalty:How Robust Are the Effects of Contract Framing?″Journal of the Economic Science Association,Vol.3,No.2(2017),pp.174-182.
[14]Gong J.-H.,Huang M.-S.&Ma Y.-S.et al.,″Cultural Background,Eco-environment Awareness and Pesticide Application Behavior of Farmers,″Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,Vol.32,No.4(2016),pp.546-551.
[15]华红娟、常向阳:《供应链模式对农户食品质量安全生产行为的影响研究---基于江苏省葡萄主产区的调查》,《农业技术经济》2011年第9期,第108-117页。[Hua Hongjuan&Chang Xiangyang,″Effect of Supply Chain Modes on Farmers'Quality and Safety Production:Based on the Field Survey in Grape Production Area in Jiangsu,″Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,No.9(2011),pp.108-117.]
[16]邓衡山、徐志刚、应瑞瑶等:《真正的农民专业合作社为何在中国难寻?---一个框架性解释与经验事实》,《中国农村观察》2016年第4期,第72-83页。[Deng Hengshan,Xu Zhigang&Ying Ruiyao et al.,″Why Is It Difficult to Find Real Farmer's Professional Cooperatives in China?An Explanatory Framework for Empirical Facts,″China Rural Survey,No.4(2016),pp.72-83.]
[17]Kirezieva K.,Bijman J.&Jacxsens L.et al.,″The Role of Cooperatives in Food Safety Management of Fresh Produce Chains:Case Studies in Four Strawberry Cooperatives,″Food Control,Vol.62(2016),pp.299-308.
[18]Moustier P.,Tam P.T.G.&Anh D.T.et al.,″The Role of Farmer Organizations in Supplying Supermarkets with Quality Food in Vietnam,″Food Policy,Vol.35,No.1(2010),pp.69-78.
[19]Vázquez L.,″The Choice of Control Devices in Franchise Chains,″Service Industries Journal,Vol.28,No.9(2008),pp.1277-1291.
[20]于冷:《农业标准化与农产品质量分等分级》,《中国农村经济》2004年第7期,第4-10页。[Yu Leng,″Standardization and Classification of Agricultural Products,″China Rural Economy,No.7(2004),pp.4-10.]
[21]Jin S.S.&Zhou J.H.,″Adoption of Food Safety and Quality Standards by China's Agricultural Cooperatives,″Food Control,Vol.22,No.2(2011),pp.204-208.
[22]Zhang L.G.&Li X.R.,″The Impact of Traditional Culture on Farmers'Moral Hazard Behavior in Crop Production:Evidence from China,″Sustainability,Vol.8,No.7(2016),p.643.
[23]Wu L.H.&Hou B.,″China's Farmer Perception of Pesticide Residues and the Impact Factors,″China Agricultural Economic Review,Vol.4,No.1(2012),pp.84-104.
[24]Okello J.J.&Okello R.M.,″Do EU Pesticide Standards Promote Environmentally-friendly Production of Fresh Export Vegetables in Developing Countries?The Evidence from Kenyan Green Bean Industry,″Environment,Development and Sustainability,Vol.12,No.3(2010),pp.341-355.
[25]项诚、贾相平、黄季焜等:《农业技术培训对农户氮肥施用行为的影响---基于山东省寿光市玉米生产的实证研究》,《农业技术经济》2012年第9期,第4-10页。[Xiang Cheng,Jia Xiangping&Huang Jikun et al.,″The Impact of Agricultural Technology Training on Farmers'Nitrogen Application Behavior:An Empirical Study Based on Corn Production in Shandong Shouguang,″Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,No.9(2012),pp.4-10.]
[26]周洁红、李凯:《农产品可追溯体系建设中农户生产档案记录行为的实证分析》,《中国农村经济》2013年第5期,第58-67页。[Zhou Jiehong&Li Kai,″An Empirical Analysis on Farmer's Production Records under the Development of Agro-products Traceability System,″China Rural Economy,No.5(2013),pp.58-67.]
[27]谭智心、孔祥智:《不完全契约、内部监督与合作社中小社员激励---合作社内部“搭便车”行为分析及其政策含义》,《中国农村经济》2012年第7期,第17-28页。[Tan Zhixin&Kong Xiangzhi,″Incomplete Contract,Internal Supervision and Incentives for Small Members in Cooperatives:Cooperative's′Free-riding′Analysis and Policy Implication,″China Rural Economy,No.7(2012),pp.17-28.]
[28]娄锋:《农民专业合作社产品品牌建设及其影响因素分析》,《经济问题》2013年第3期,第107-113页。[Lou Feng,″An Analysis on the Brand Construction of Farmers'Professional Cooperatives and Influencing Factors,″On Economic Problems,No.3(2013),pp.107-113.]
[29]Antle J.M.&Pingali P.L.,″Pesticides,Productivity,and Farmer Health:A Philippine Case Study,″American Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol.76,No.3(1994),pp.418-430.
[30]Cui G.&Tian Y.,″Study on Supervision System of Chinese Specialized Farmers Cooperatives:Experience of the Korean NongHyup,″Journal of Distribution Science,Vol.13,No.4(2015),pp.21-28.
[31]Wilson C.&Tisdell C.,″Why Farmers Continue to Use Pesticides Despite Environmental,Health and Sustainability Costs,″Ecological Economics,Vol.39,No.3(2001),pp.449-462.
[32]Henson S.,Masakure O.&Boselie D.,″Private Food Safety and Quality Standards for Fresh Produce Exporters:The Case of Hortico Agrisystems,Zimbabwe,″Food Policy,Vol.30,No.4(2005),pp.371-384.
[33]Greiner R.&Gregg D.,″Farmers'Intrinsic Motivations,Barriers to the Adoption of Conservation Practices and Effectiveness of Policy Instruments:Empirical Evidence from Northern Australia,″Land Use Policy,Vol.28,No.1(2011),pp.257-265.
(1)合作社示范社是指在民主管理、财务管理、经济实力、服务水平、质量安全水平、社会声誉等方面表现突出的农民专业合作社,是政策重点扶持对象,采取名额分配、逐级申报的方式评定。详见《国家农民专业合作社示范社评定及监测暂行办法》,2017年12月3日,www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2014/dyq/201712/t20171219_6104119.htm,2018年7月28日。
[2]Zhang M.,Jin Y.H.&Qiao H.et al.,″Product Quality Asymmetry and Food Safety:Investigating the′One Farm Household,Two Production Systems′of Fruit and Vegetable Farmers in China,″China Economic Review,Vol.45(2017),pp.232-243.
[3]Jia X.P.,Huang J.K.&Xu Z.G.,″Marketing of Farmer Professional Cooperatives in the Wave of Transformed Agrofood Market in China,″China Economic Review,Vol.23,No.3(2012),pp.665-674.
[4]Thomas T.,Gunden C.&Miran B.et al.,″Farmers'Assessment of Social and Economic Benefits Derived from Cooperatives,Private Firms and Other Agricultural Organizations in the Aegean Region of Turkey,″Journal of Food Agriculture&Environment,Vol.9,No.3-4(2011),pp.1085-1087.
[5]李凯、周洁红、陈潇:《集体行动困境下的合作社农产品质量安全控制》,《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2015年第4期,第70-77页。[Li Kai,Zhou Jiehong&Chen Xiao,″Cooperatives'Quality and Safety Control on Agri-products with the Dilemma of Collective Action,″Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),No.4(2015),pp.70-77.]
[6]Naziri D.,Aubert M.&Codron J.M.et al.,″Estimating the Impact of Small-scale Farmer Collective Action on Food Safety:The Case of Vegetables in Vietnam,″Journal of Development Studies,Vol.50,No.5(2014),pp.715-730.
[7]Pennerstorfer D.&Weiss C.R.,″Product Quality in the Agri-food Chain:Do Cooperatives Offer High-quality Wine?″European Review of Agricultural Economics,Vol.40,No.1(2013),pp.143-162.
[8]刘刚、张晓林:《基于农民合作社的农产品质量安全治理研究》,《农业现代化研究》2014年第6期,第710-714页。[Liu Gang&Zhang Xiaolin,″Improving the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products Through Farmer Cooperatives,″Research of Agricultural Modernization,No.6(2014),pp.710-714.]
[9]Asfaw S.,Mith9fer D.&Waibel H.,″EU Food Safety Standards,Pesticide Use and Farm-level Productivity:The Case of High-value Crops in Kenya,″Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol.60,No.3(2009),pp.645-667.
[10]Zhou J.H.,Yan Z.&Li K.,″Understanding Farmer Cooperatives'Self-inspection Behavior to Guarantee Agri-product Safety in China,″Food Control,Vol.59(2016),pp.320-327.
[11]陈新建、谭砚文:《基于食品安全的农民专业合作社服务功能及其影响因素---以广东省水果生产合作社为例》,《农业技术经济》2013年第1期,第120-128页。[Chen Xinjian&Tan Yanwen,″Service Function and Influential Factors of Farmers'Professional Cooperatives Based on Food Safety:Taking Fruit Cooperatives in Guangdong as an Example,″Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,No.1(2013),pp.120-128.]
[12]楼栋、林光杰、林宇洁:《农民专业合作社对社员安全生产的控制机制与效果研究---基于3个农民专业合作社的案例分析》,《农产品质量与安全》2012年第5期,第51-53,65页。[Lou Dong,Lin Guangjie&Lin Yujie,″The Effect of Cooperative's Control Mechanism on Members:Based on Three Case Studies on Cooperatives,″Quality and Safety of Agro-Products,No.5(2012),pp.51-53,65.]
[13]De Quidt J.,Fallucchi F.&Kolle F.et al.,″Bonus Versus Penalty:How Robust Are the Effects of Contract Framing?″Journal of the Economic Science Association,Vol.3,No.2(2017),pp.174-182.
[14]Gong J.-H.,Huang M.-S.&Ma Y.-S.et al.,″Cultural Background,Eco-environment Awareness and Pesticide Application Behavior of Farmers,″Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,Vol.32,No.4(2016),pp.546-551.
[15]华红娟、常向阳:《供应链模式对农户食品质量安全生产行为的影响研究---基于江苏省葡萄主产区的调查》,《农业技术经济》2011年第9期,第108-117页。[Hua Hongjuan&Chang Xiangyang,″Effect of Supply Chain Modes on Farmers'Quality and Safety Production:Based on the Field Survey in Grape Production Area in Jiangsu,″Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,No.9(2011),pp.108-117.]
[16]邓衡山、徐志刚、应瑞瑶等:《真正的农民专业合作社为何在中国难寻?---一个框架性解释与经验事实》,《中国农村观察》2016年第4期,第72-83页。[Deng Hengshan,Xu Zhigang&Ying Ruiyao et al.,″Why Is It Difficult to Find Real Farmer's Professional Cooperatives in China?An Explanatory Framework for Empirical Facts,″China Rural Survey,No.4(2016),pp.72-83.]
[17]Kirezieva K.,Bijman J.&Jacxsens L.et al.,″The Role of Cooperatives in Food Safety Management of Fresh Produce Chains:Case Studies in Four Strawberry Cooperatives,″Food Control,Vol.62(2016),pp.299-308.
[18]Moustier P.,Tam P.T.G.&Anh D.T.et al.,″The Role of Farmer Organizations in Supplying Supermarkets with Quality Food in Vietnam,″Food Policy,Vol.35,No.1(2010),pp.69-78.
[19]Vázquez L.,″The Choice of Control Devices in Franchise Chains,″Service Industries Journal,Vol.28,No.9(2008),pp.1277-1291.
[20]于冷:《农业标准化与农产品质量分等分级》,《中国农村经济》2004年第7期,第4-10页。[Yu Leng,″Standardization and Classification of Agricultural Products,″China Rural Economy,No.7(2004),pp.4-10.]
[21]Jin S.S.&Zhou J.H.,″Adoption of Food Safety and Quality Standards by China's Agricultural Cooperatives,″Food Control,Vol.22,No.2(2011),pp.204-208.
[22]Zhang L.G.&Li X.R.,″The Impact of Traditional Culture on Farmers'Moral Hazard Behavior in Crop Production:Evidence from China,″Sustainability,Vol.8,No.7(2016),p.643.
[23]Wu L.H.&Hou B.,″China's Farmer Perception of Pesticide Residues and the Impact Factors,″China Agricultural Economic Review,Vol.4,No.1(2012),pp.84-104.
[24]Okello J.J.&Okello R.M.,″Do EU Pesticide Standards Promote Environmentally-friendly Production of Fresh Export Vegetables in Developing Countries?The Evidence from Kenyan Green Bean Industry,″Environment,Development and Sustainability,Vol.12,No.3(2010),pp.341-355.
[25]项诚、贾相平、黄季焜等:《农业技术培训对农户氮肥施用行为的影响---基于山东省寿光市玉米生产的实证研究》,《农业技术经济》2012年第9期,第4-10页。[Xiang Cheng,Jia Xiangping&Huang Jikun et al.,″The Impact of Agricultural Technology Training on Farmers'Nitrogen Application Behavior:An Empirical Study Based on Corn Production in Shandong Shouguang,″Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,No.9(2012),pp.4-10.]
[26]周洁红、李凯:《农产品可追溯体系建设中农户生产档案记录行为的实证分析》,《中国农村经济》2013年第5期,第58-67页。[Zhou Jiehong&Li Kai,″An Empirical Analysis on Farmer's Production Records under the Development of Agro-products Traceability System,″China Rural Economy,No.5(2013),pp.58-67.]
[27]谭智心、孔祥智:《不完全契约、内部监督与合作社中小社员激励---合作社内部“搭便车”行为分析及其政策含义》,《中国农村经济》2012年第7期,第17-28页。[Tan Zhixin&Kong Xiangzhi,″Incomplete Contract,Internal Supervision and Incentives for Small Members in Cooperatives:Cooperative's′Free-riding′Analysis and Policy Implication,″China Rural Economy,No.7(2012),pp.17-28.]
[28]娄锋:《农民专业合作社产品品牌建设及其影响因素分析》,《经济问题》2013年第3期,第107-113页。[Lou Feng,″An Analysis on the Brand Construction of Farmers'Professional Cooperatives and Influencing Factors,″On Economic Problems,No.3(2013),pp.107-113.]
[29]Antle J.M.&Pingali P.L.,″Pesticides,Productivity,and Farmer Health:A Philippine Case Study,″American Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol.76,No.3(1994),pp.418-430.
[30]Cui G.&Tian Y.,″Study on Supervision System of Chinese Specialized Farmers Cooperatives:Experience of the Korean NongHyup,″Journal of Distribution Science,Vol.13,No.4(2015),pp.21-28.
[31]Wilson C.&Tisdell C.,″Why Farmers Continue to Use Pesticides Despite Environmental,Health and Sustainability Costs,″Ecological Economics,Vol.39,No.3(2001),pp.449-462.
[32]Henson S.,Masakure O.&Boselie D.,″Private Food Safety and Quality Standards for Fresh Produce Exporters:The Case of Hortico Agrisystems,Zimbabwe,″Food Policy,Vol.30,No.4(2005),pp.371-384.
[33]Greiner R.&Gregg D.,″Farmers'Intrinsic Motivations,Barriers to the Adoption of Conservation Practices and Effectiveness of Policy Instruments:Empirical Evidence from Northern Australia,″Land Use Policy,Vol.28,No.1(2011),pp.257-265.
(1)合作社示范社是指在民主管理、财务管理、经济实力、服务水平、质量安全水平、社会声誉等方面表现突出的农民专业合作社,是政策重点扶持对象,采取名额分配、逐级申报的方式评定。详见《国家农民专业合作社示范社评定及监测暂行办法》,2017年12月3日,www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2014/dyq/201712/t20171219_6104119.htm,2018年7月28日。
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