全球城市形象传播的生成机制及理论阐释——以上海城市形象为例
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摘要
作为人类文明的地理空间聚合点,全球城市是国际传播过程中的重要节点,其形象传播影响着城市的国际知名度和国际影响力,其生成机制和生成过程则在不断重构人们对城市的认知,具有重要的经济、社会和政治内涵。本文以历史文献和2014-2017年国际主流媒体涉沪新闻报道为基础,通过有关上海城市形象的案例分析,讨论城市形象传播生成机制的影响要素,尤其是国际媒体在城市形象生成过程中的作用。最后,本文结合世界体系理论、议程设置理论和框架理论,讨论全球化语境下我国全球城市形象生成机制的新路径和本土化理论创新的可行性。
City image is people's overall cognition,impression and evaluation on a city,which can be considered as a special relationship between the public and the city.The impression contains public assessments of tangible elements like economic resources and public facilities,and intangible elements including history and culture.City image not only reflects the city's past and present situation,but also contains the outlook of the city's future.Global city,as an intersection of diverse human civilization,is an important part of global communication.The global communication of city image decides a city's international visibility,and the generative mechanism and process constantly shape public recognition about a city,which involves economic,social,and political implications.Based on existing studies,this article discusses factors that influence the formation process of city image,especially the role of international media and media events.The article also takes Shanghai as an example to make a case study focusing on generative mechanism of global city image on the basis of the annual"Research Report on Global News Reports about Shanghai"(2014-2017)released by Global Public Opinion Research Centre in Shanghai International Studies University(SISU).The article aims to explore a new path to the city image generative mechanism in the context of globalization.Since academic studies in the field of communication in China has long been affected by the communication theory derived from western social environment,for instance,agenda-setting theory and framing theory,the article tries to examine the feasibility of theory localization to make them fit the Chinese scenario.
City image is people's overall cognition,impression and evaluation on a city,which can be considered as a special relationship between the public and the city.The impression contains public assessments of tangible elements like economic resources and public facilities,and intangible elements including history and culture.City image not only reflects the city's past and present situation,but also contains the outlook of the city's future.Global city,as an intersection of diverse human civilization,is an important part of global communication.The global communication of city image decides a city's international visibility,and the generative mechanism and process constantly shape public recognition about a city,which involves economic,social,and political implications.Based on existing studies,this article discusses factors that influence the formation process of city image,especially the role of international media and media events.The article also takes Shanghai as an example to make a case study focusing on generative mechanism of global city image on the basis of the annual"Research Report on Global News Reports about Shanghai"(2014-2017)released by Global Public Opinion Research Centre in Shanghai International Studies University(SISU).The article aims to explore a new path to the city image generative mechanism in the context of globalization.Since academic studies in the field of communication in China has long been affected by the communication theory derived from western social environment,for instance,agenda-setting theory and framing theory,the article tries to examine the feasibility of theory localization to make them fit the Chinese scenario.
引文
[1]钱志鸿,陈田.发达国家基于形象的城市发展战略[J].城市问题,2005(1),第63-68页.
[2]Anholt S.,"The Anholt-GMI City Brands Index:How the world sees the world's cities,"Place Branding,Vol.2,No.1,(2006):pp.18-31.
[3]Foot J.,"From boomtown to bribesville:the images of the city,1980-1997,"Antimicrobial Agents&Chemotherapy,Vol.59,No.9,(1999):pp.66-83.
[4]陈云松,吴青熹,张翼.近三百年中国城市的国际知名度--基于大数据的描述与回归[J].社会,2015(5),第60-77页.
[5]张鸿雁.城市形象与城市文化资本论--中外城市形象比较的社会学研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002.
[6]欧亚,熊炜.从《纽约时报》看北京城市形象的国际传播[J].对外传播,2016(6),第48-50页.
[7]吴瑛,郭可,陈沛芹,吴秀娟.全球媒体对上海国际大都市的形象建构研究[J].国际展望,2016(4),第1-23页,第152页.
[8]胡泊.城市文化形象与地标建筑[J].美术观察,2013(3),第20-21页.
[9]陈英.解读城市形象广告中的公关意识--兼评上海城市形象广告《姚明篇》[J].商场现代化,2007(28),第197页.
[10]姜智芹.当代文学对外传播中的中国形象建构--以莫言作品为个案[J].人文杂志,2015(1),第63-68页.
[11]何国平.城市形象传播:框架与策略[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2010(8),第13-17页.
[12]陈映.城市形象的媒体建构--概念分析与理论框架[J].新闻界,2009(5),第103-104页,第118页.
[13]何艳.选择性拍摄与偏颇化呈现--NHK纪录片中的当代北京城市空间形象构建[J].中国电视,2015(11),第98-101页.
[14]赵永华,吴雨泽.日本主流媒体对北京人文形象的传播--基于《读卖新闻》报道倾向和主题分布的分析[J].对外传播,2016(4),第51-53页.
[15]沈建华,肖锋.大型体育赛事对城市形象的塑造[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004(6),第745-746页,第785页.
[16]高金萍,王纪澎.奥运光环下北京的嬗变--2009-2016年国外主流媒体关于北京报道的分析报告[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2017(6),第39-43页.
[17]王振源,陈晞.全球性媒体事件对城市形象的影响研究--以国外媒体对上海世博会的报道为例[J].科技与出版,2011(11),第91-94页.
[18]Xue K.,Chen X.,Yu M.,"Can the World Expo change a city's image through foreign media reports?"Public Relations Review,Vol.38,No.5,(2012):pp.746-754.
[19]Saskia Sassen.,The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2013).
[20]Blom B.,Morén S.,"Analysis of Generative Mechanisms,"Journal of Criticalalism,Vol.10,No.1,(2015):pp.60-79.
[21]Daniel Dayan,Elihu Katz.Media Events:the Live Broadcasting of History(Boston:Harvard University Press,1994).
[22]钱进.作为流动的职业共同体:驻华外国记者研究[D].复旦大学博士论文,2012.
[23]吴瑛,李莉,宋韵雅.多种声音一个世界:中国与国际媒体互引的社会网络分析[J].新闻与传播研究,2015(9),第5-21页,第126页.
[24]Mccombs M.,Llamas J P.,Lopez-Escobar E.,Rey F.,"Candidate Images in Spanish Elections:Second-Level AgendaSetting Effects,"Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly,Vol.74,No.4,(1997):pp.703-717.
[25]Semetko H.A.,Valkenburg P.M.,"Framing European politics:a content analysis of press and television news,"Journal of Communication,Vol.50,No.2,(2000):pp.93-109.
[1]The World According to GaWC[EB/OL].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html.GaWC测评是基于生产性服务企业的连锁网络模式,量化分析全球化语境下的世界城市之间的联系。
[2]如没有特别标注,本文的数据均来源于《国际主流媒体涉沪新闻报道研究报告》(2014-2017年)。该报告系上海外国语大学中国国际舆情中心团队受中共上海市委对外宣传办公室委托,在对2014-2017年全球主流媒体涉沪报道进行文本分析和总结的基础上形成的应用性报告。
[3]外国驻沪新闻机构[EB/OL].http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3833/nw3839/index.html.
[2]Anholt S.,"The Anholt-GMI City Brands Index:How the world sees the world's cities,"Place Branding,Vol.2,No.1,(2006):pp.18-31.
[3]Foot J.,"From boomtown to bribesville:the images of the city,1980-1997,"Antimicrobial Agents&Chemotherapy,Vol.59,No.9,(1999):pp.66-83.
[4]陈云松,吴青熹,张翼.近三百年中国城市的国际知名度--基于大数据的描述与回归[J].社会,2015(5),第60-77页.
[5]张鸿雁.城市形象与城市文化资本论--中外城市形象比较的社会学研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002.
[6]欧亚,熊炜.从《纽约时报》看北京城市形象的国际传播[J].对外传播,2016(6),第48-50页.
[7]吴瑛,郭可,陈沛芹,吴秀娟.全球媒体对上海国际大都市的形象建构研究[J].国际展望,2016(4),第1-23页,第152页.
[8]胡泊.城市文化形象与地标建筑[J].美术观察,2013(3),第20-21页.
[9]陈英.解读城市形象广告中的公关意识--兼评上海城市形象广告《姚明篇》[J].商场现代化,2007(28),第197页.
[10]姜智芹.当代文学对外传播中的中国形象建构--以莫言作品为个案[J].人文杂志,2015(1),第63-68页.
[11]何国平.城市形象传播:框架与策略[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2010(8),第13-17页.
[12]陈映.城市形象的媒体建构--概念分析与理论框架[J].新闻界,2009(5),第103-104页,第118页.
[13]何艳.选择性拍摄与偏颇化呈现--NHK纪录片中的当代北京城市空间形象构建[J].中国电视,2015(11),第98-101页.
[14]赵永华,吴雨泽.日本主流媒体对北京人文形象的传播--基于《读卖新闻》报道倾向和主题分布的分析[J].对外传播,2016(4),第51-53页.
[15]沈建华,肖锋.大型体育赛事对城市形象的塑造[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004(6),第745-746页,第785页.
[16]高金萍,王纪澎.奥运光环下北京的嬗变--2009-2016年国外主流媒体关于北京报道的分析报告[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2017(6),第39-43页.
[17]王振源,陈晞.全球性媒体事件对城市形象的影响研究--以国外媒体对上海世博会的报道为例[J].科技与出版,2011(11),第91-94页.
[18]Xue K.,Chen X.,Yu M.,"Can the World Expo change a city's image through foreign media reports?"Public Relations Review,Vol.38,No.5,(2012):pp.746-754.
[19]Saskia Sassen.,The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2013).
[20]Blom B.,Morén S.,"Analysis of Generative Mechanisms,"Journal of Criticalalism,Vol.10,No.1,(2015):pp.60-79.
[21]Daniel Dayan,Elihu Katz.Media Events:the Live Broadcasting of History(Boston:Harvard University Press,1994).
[22]钱进.作为流动的职业共同体:驻华外国记者研究[D].复旦大学博士论文,2012.
[23]吴瑛,李莉,宋韵雅.多种声音一个世界:中国与国际媒体互引的社会网络分析[J].新闻与传播研究,2015(9),第5-21页,第126页.
[24]Mccombs M.,Llamas J P.,Lopez-Escobar E.,Rey F.,"Candidate Images in Spanish Elections:Second-Level AgendaSetting Effects,"Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly,Vol.74,No.4,(1997):pp.703-717.
[25]Semetko H.A.,Valkenburg P.M.,"Framing European politics:a content analysis of press and television news,"Journal of Communication,Vol.50,No.2,(2000):pp.93-109.
[1]The World According to GaWC[EB/OL].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html.GaWC测评是基于生产性服务企业的连锁网络模式,量化分析全球化语境下的世界城市之间的联系。
[2]如没有特别标注,本文的数据均来源于《国际主流媒体涉沪新闻报道研究报告》(2014-2017年)。该报告系上海外国语大学中国国际舆情中心团队受中共上海市委对外宣传办公室委托,在对2014-2017年全球主流媒体涉沪报道进行文本分析和总结的基础上形成的应用性报告。
[3]外国驻沪新闻机构[EB/OL].http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3833/nw3839/index.html.
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