鄱阳湖越冬白鹤在农业用地的食物组成
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摘要
白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)是IUCN极危物种,全球仅存3 500～4 000只,其中约98%的个体在鄱阳湖越冬。以前白鹤在鄱阳湖主要在浅水生境挖掘苦草(Vallisneria spp.)的冬芽为食。然而,近年来农业用地已成为白鹤的重要觅食地。目前对于白鹤在农业用地的食物组成尚不清楚。本研究采用粪便显微镜检法对2017年11月至2018年4月采集的70份白鹤粪便样品进行分析。结果表明,白鹤的食物来源于10科15种植物,其中,水稻(Oryza sativa)、莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera)和紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)为最主要的食物,这3种植物在检测到的食物中的相对密度分别为34.34%、22.99%和10.61%,而白鹤的传统食物苦草冬芽所占的比例极低(2.05%)。由此可见,白鹤的食物组成已经发生变化,农作物已成为白鹤的重要食物来源。白鹤在农业用地中觅食使该物种的保护面临一系列问题,尤其是高强度的人为干扰,对此,提出了相应的保护措施,希望为白鹤提供安全、稳定的觅食环境。
The Siberian Crane(Grus leucogeranus), an IUCN Critically Endangered species, comprises 3 500﹣4 000 individuals, with about 98% of its global population wintering in the Poyang Lake, China. Originally, Siberian cranes fed tubers of submerged plants, especially the Eel Grasses(Vallisneria spp.) in shallow water habitat of the lake. However, in the past few years, as the agricultural fields became their important foraging places, the diet of the Siberian Crane should have changed. To study the food composition of Siberian cranes in agricultural fields, we used microscopy method to analyze 70 fecal samples collected from 5 rice paddies and 2 lotus ponds during November 2017 and April 2018. We also collected plants at the foraging grounds to construct a referencing library of plant cell morphology, which was used to identify plants in fecal samples. Frequency conversion method was used to calculate density of each food resource. The food of Siberian cranes composed of 15 plant species belonging to 10 families(Table 1), with Rice(Oryza sativa, relative density 34.34%), Lotus Roots(Nelumbo nucifera, 22.99%), and Chinese Milk Vetch(Astragalus sinicus, 10.61%) being their main food items. However, the tuber of eel grasses, which formerly was their typical food, became extremely low proportion(2.05%). Therefore, the diet of Siberian cranes has changed very much, with the crops becoming their important food, as the degradation of submerged plants in the Poyang Lake. Foraging in agricultural fields, the Siberian cranes are facing a series of problems, especially high intensity of human disturbance. To provide a safe and stable foraging environment for cranes, we propose some protective measures, including enhancing environment education, promoting ecological compensation, restoring submerged plants, and constructing mini protected areas.
The Siberian Crane(Grus leucogeranus), an IUCN Critically Endangered species, comprises 3 500﹣4 000 individuals, with about 98% of its global population wintering in the Poyang Lake, China. Originally, Siberian cranes fed tubers of submerged plants, especially the Eel Grasses(Vallisneria spp.) in shallow water habitat of the lake. However, in the past few years, as the agricultural fields became their important foraging places, the diet of the Siberian Crane should have changed. To study the food composition of Siberian cranes in agricultural fields, we used microscopy method to analyze 70 fecal samples collected from 5 rice paddies and 2 lotus ponds during November 2017 and April 2018. We also collected plants at the foraging grounds to construct a referencing library of plant cell morphology, which was used to identify plants in fecal samples. Frequency conversion method was used to calculate density of each food resource. The food of Siberian cranes composed of 15 plant species belonging to 10 families(Table 1), with Rice(Oryza sativa, relative density 34.34%), Lotus Roots(Nelumbo nucifera, 22.99%), and Chinese Milk Vetch(Astragalus sinicus, 10.61%) being their main food items. However, the tuber of eel grasses, which formerly was their typical food, became extremely low proportion(2.05%). Therefore, the diet of Siberian cranes has changed very much, with the crops becoming their important food, as the degradation of submerged plants in the Poyang Lake. Foraging in agricultural fields, the Siberian cranes are facing a series of problems, especially high intensity of human disturbance. To provide a safe and stable foraging environment for cranes, we propose some protective measures, including enhancing environment education, promoting ecological compensation, restoring submerged plants, and constructing mini protected areas.
引文
Barzen J,Burnham J,Li F S,et al.2011.How do Siberian cranes and other tuber feeding birds respond to a flood-induced lack of tubers at Poyang Lake.Waterbirds,4:6-8.
Barzen J,Engels M,Burnham J et al.2009.Potential impacts of a water control structure on the abundance and distribution of wintering waterbirds at Poyang Lake.Journal of the Japan Statistical Society,38(2):293-309.
BirdLife International.2018.Species factsheet:Leucogeranus leucogeranus.[DB/OL][2018-04-12].http://www.birdlife.org.
Burnham J,Barzen J,Pidgeon A M,et al.2017.Novel foraging by wintering Siberian Cranes Leucogeranus leucogeranus at China′s Poyang Lake indicates broader changes in the ecosystem and raises new challenges for a critically endangered species.Bird Conservation International,27(2):204-223.
Choi C Y,Takekawa J Y,Xiong Y,et al.2016.Tracking domestic ducks:a novel approach for documenting poultry market chains in the context of avian influenza transmission.Journal of Integrative Agriculture.15(7):1584-1594.
Czech H A,Parsons K C.2002.Agricultural wetlands and waterbirds:a review.Waterbirds,25(4):56-65.
Fox A D,Abraham K F.2017.Why geese benefit from the transition from natural vegetation to agriculture.Ambio,46(Suppl.2):188-197.
Harris J,Mirande C.2013.A global overview of cranes:status,threats and conservation priorities.Chinese Birds,4(3):189-209.
Ji W,Zeng N,Wang Y,et al.2007.Analysis on the waterbirds community survey of Poyang Lake in winter.Geographic Information Sciences,13(1﹣2):51-64.
Jia Y,Jiao S,Zhang Y et al.2013.Diet shift and its impact on foraging behavior of Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus)in Poyang Lake.PLoS One,8(6):e65843.
Li F,Wu J,Harris J,et al.2012.Number and distribution of cranes wintering at Poyang Lake,China during 2011﹣2012.Chinese Birds,3(3):180-190.
Luo J,Wang Y,Yang F.2012.Effects of human disturbance on the Hooded Crane(Grus monacha)at stopover sites in northeastern China.Chinese Birds,3(3):206-216.
Vallon M,Dietzen C,Laucht S et al.2018.Focal species candidates for pesticide risk assessment in European rice fields-a literature review.Integrated Environmental Assessment&Management,14(5):537-551.
Wang W,Fraser J,Chen J,et al.2017.Wintering waterbirds in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain:changes in abundance and distribution.Bird Conservation International.27(2):167-186.
Wang X,Fox A D,Cong P,et al.2013.Food constraints explain the restricted distribution of wintering Lesser White-fronted Geese Anser erythropus in China.Ibis,155(3):576-592.
Yu H,Wang X,Cao L,et al.2017.Are declining populations of wild geese in China‘prisoners’of their natural habitats?Current Biology,27(10):R376-R377.
Zhang Y,Jeppesen E,Liu X,et al.2017.Global loss of aquatic vegetation in lakes.Earth-Science Reviews,173:259-265.
Zhao Q,Wang X,Cao L,et al.2018.Why Chinese wintering geese hesitate to exploit farmland.Ibis,160(3):703-705.
陈春玲,周立志,江浩,等.2008.有机氯农药在东方白鹳和白鹤羽毛中的残留分析.动物学研究,29(2):159-164.
陈华鹏,杜永欣,王槐.1993.食草动物粪便分析法及其评价.国土与自然资源研究,(4):63-65.
胡振鹏.2012.白鹤在鄱阳湖越冬生境特性及其对水位变化的响应.江西科学,30(1):30-35.
黄建,郭玉民.2015.秋季林甸停歇地白头鹤的食性分析.野生动物学报,36(1):76-79.
贾海燕.2013.粪便分析技术在植食性动物食性研究中的作用.陇东学院学报,24(5):73-76.
贾亦飞.2013.水位波动对鄱阳湖越冬白鹤及其他水鸟的影响研究.北京:北京林业大学博士学位论文.
雷小勇.2018.江西省余干县干泉州农田发现集群白鹤.中国鹤类通讯,22(1):36-38.
李言阔.2018.鄱阳湖越冬水鸟对稻田生境的利用.中国鹤类通讯.22(1):25-26.
单继红,马建章,李言阔,等.2012.近十年来鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量与分布.动物学研究,33(4):355-361.
邵明勤,龚浩林,戴年华,等.2018.鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘中越冬白鹤的时间分配与行为节率.生态学报,38(14):5206-5212.
王彦平,陈水华,丁平.2004.惊飞距离--杭州常见鸟类对人为侵扰的适应性.动物学研究,25(3):214-220.
吴建东.2017.鄱阳湖藕田出现大量白鹤觅食.中国鹤类通讯,21(1):7.
吴建东,李凤山,Burnham J.2013.鄱阳湖沙湖越冬白鹤的数量分布及其与食物和水深的关系.湿地科学,11(3):305-311.
杨月伟,慈海鑫.2005.繁殖期夜鹭对城市化的适应性研究.曲阜师范大学学报:自然科学版,31(3):108-110.
袁芳凯,李言阔,李凤山,等.2014.年龄、集群、生境及天气对鄱阳湖白鹤越冬期日间行为模式的影响.生态学报,34(10):2608-2616.
战永佳,陈卫,胡东,等.2007.北京湿地越冬灰鹤食性的初步分析.湿地科学,5(1):45-50.
郑荣泉,鲍毅新.2004.有蹄类食性研究方法及研究进展.生态学报,24(7):1532-1539.
钟恢明.2009.鄱阳湖有机氯农药污染研究及环境风险评估.南昌:南昌大学硕士学位论文.
Barzen J,Engels M,Burnham J et al.2009.Potential impacts of a water control structure on the abundance and distribution of wintering waterbirds at Poyang Lake.Journal of the Japan Statistical Society,38(2):293-309.
BirdLife International.2018.Species factsheet:Leucogeranus leucogeranus.[DB/OL][2018-04-12].http://www.birdlife.org.
Burnham J,Barzen J,Pidgeon A M,et al.2017.Novel foraging by wintering Siberian Cranes Leucogeranus leucogeranus at China′s Poyang Lake indicates broader changes in the ecosystem and raises new challenges for a critically endangered species.Bird Conservation International,27(2):204-223.
Choi C Y,Takekawa J Y,Xiong Y,et al.2016.Tracking domestic ducks:a novel approach for documenting poultry market chains in the context of avian influenza transmission.Journal of Integrative Agriculture.15(7):1584-1594.
Czech H A,Parsons K C.2002.Agricultural wetlands and waterbirds:a review.Waterbirds,25(4):56-65.
Fox A D,Abraham K F.2017.Why geese benefit from the transition from natural vegetation to agriculture.Ambio,46(Suppl.2):188-197.
Harris J,Mirande C.2013.A global overview of cranes:status,threats and conservation priorities.Chinese Birds,4(3):189-209.
Ji W,Zeng N,Wang Y,et al.2007.Analysis on the waterbirds community survey of Poyang Lake in winter.Geographic Information Sciences,13(1﹣2):51-64.
Jia Y,Jiao S,Zhang Y et al.2013.Diet shift and its impact on foraging behavior of Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus)in Poyang Lake.PLoS One,8(6):e65843.
Li F,Wu J,Harris J,et al.2012.Number and distribution of cranes wintering at Poyang Lake,China during 2011﹣2012.Chinese Birds,3(3):180-190.
Luo J,Wang Y,Yang F.2012.Effects of human disturbance on the Hooded Crane(Grus monacha)at stopover sites in northeastern China.Chinese Birds,3(3):206-216.
Vallon M,Dietzen C,Laucht S et al.2018.Focal species candidates for pesticide risk assessment in European rice fields-a literature review.Integrated Environmental Assessment&Management,14(5):537-551.
Wang W,Fraser J,Chen J,et al.2017.Wintering waterbirds in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain:changes in abundance and distribution.Bird Conservation International.27(2):167-186.
Wang X,Fox A D,Cong P,et al.2013.Food constraints explain the restricted distribution of wintering Lesser White-fronted Geese Anser erythropus in China.Ibis,155(3):576-592.
Yu H,Wang X,Cao L,et al.2017.Are declining populations of wild geese in China‘prisoners’of their natural habitats?Current Biology,27(10):R376-R377.
Zhang Y,Jeppesen E,Liu X,et al.2017.Global loss of aquatic vegetation in lakes.Earth-Science Reviews,173:259-265.
Zhao Q,Wang X,Cao L,et al.2018.Why Chinese wintering geese hesitate to exploit farmland.Ibis,160(3):703-705.
陈春玲,周立志,江浩,等.2008.有机氯农药在东方白鹳和白鹤羽毛中的残留分析.动物学研究,29(2):159-164.
陈华鹏,杜永欣,王槐.1993.食草动物粪便分析法及其评价.国土与自然资源研究,(4):63-65.
胡振鹏.2012.白鹤在鄱阳湖越冬生境特性及其对水位变化的响应.江西科学,30(1):30-35.
黄建,郭玉民.2015.秋季林甸停歇地白头鹤的食性分析.野生动物学报,36(1):76-79.
贾海燕.2013.粪便分析技术在植食性动物食性研究中的作用.陇东学院学报,24(5):73-76.
贾亦飞.2013.水位波动对鄱阳湖越冬白鹤及其他水鸟的影响研究.北京:北京林业大学博士学位论文.
雷小勇.2018.江西省余干县干泉州农田发现集群白鹤.中国鹤类通讯,22(1):36-38.
李言阔.2018.鄱阳湖越冬水鸟对稻田生境的利用.中国鹤类通讯.22(1):25-26.
单继红,马建章,李言阔,等.2012.近十年来鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量与分布.动物学研究,33(4):355-361.
邵明勤,龚浩林,戴年华,等.2018.鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘中越冬白鹤的时间分配与行为节率.生态学报,38(14):5206-5212.
王彦平,陈水华,丁平.2004.惊飞距离--杭州常见鸟类对人为侵扰的适应性.动物学研究,25(3):214-220.
吴建东.2017.鄱阳湖藕田出现大量白鹤觅食.中国鹤类通讯,21(1):7.
吴建东,李凤山,Burnham J.2013.鄱阳湖沙湖越冬白鹤的数量分布及其与食物和水深的关系.湿地科学,11(3):305-311.
杨月伟,慈海鑫.2005.繁殖期夜鹭对城市化的适应性研究.曲阜师范大学学报:自然科学版,31(3):108-110.
袁芳凯,李言阔,李凤山,等.2014.年龄、集群、生境及天气对鄱阳湖白鹤越冬期日间行为模式的影响.生态学报,34(10):2608-2616.
战永佳,陈卫,胡东,等.2007.北京湿地越冬灰鹤食性的初步分析.湿地科学,5(1):45-50.
郑荣泉,鲍毅新.2004.有蹄类食性研究方法及研究进展.生态学报,24(7):1532-1539.
钟恢明.2009.鄱阳湖有机氯农药污染研究及环境风险评估.南昌:南昌大学硕士学位论文.
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