草原牧区旅游发展对牧户生计的影响——以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原为例
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摘要
草原牧区旅游发展是牧区实现乡村振兴的重要引擎。以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原旅游地牧户为研究案例,分析草原牧区旅游发展对牧户生计的影响。研究结果:(1)草原旅游使牧户生计模式分化为纯牧户、务工主导型、旅游主导型、旅游专营型,且呈现纯牧户向务工主导型牧户过度,务工主导型牧户向旅游主导型牧户过度,旅游主导型牧户向旅游专营型牧户过度的一般演替规律;(2)草原旅游发展总体上提高了牧户的生计资本存量,但不同类型牧户生计资本存量具有显著差异,生计资本存量由高到低排序为:旅游专营型牧户、旅游主导型牧户、务工主导型牧户、纯牧户;(3)牧户参与草原旅游,准则层因子障碍度由大到小排序为:人力资本、金融资本、物质资本、社会资本、自然资本;障碍度指数前6位的指标层因子分别是:成人受教育程度、成人劳动力人数、借债情况、社团网络、生产生活设备、社会参与;(4)不同类型牧户参与草原旅游发展的首要障碍因素不同,纯牧户是受教育程度,务工主导型牧户是家庭人均收入,旅游主导型与旅游专营型牧户是借债情况。
The development of prairie tourism is an important driving force for rural revitalization in pastoral areas. The herdsmen of XilaMuren prairie tourism area in Inner Mongolia was selected as the research object,and the impact of grassland tourism development on the livelihood of herdsmen was analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) Prairie tourism differentiated the herdsmen into pure herdsmen, predominantly herdsmen, tourism-leading herdsmen, and tourism-exclusive herdsmen. In addition, it presented the general rule that the pure herdsmen were excessive to the dominant herdsmen. The dominant model was excessive to the tourism-leading type, and the tourism-leading model was excessive to the exclusive herdsmen. 2) The livelihood capital stock of herdsmen had been generally increased due to the development of prairie tourism. However, there were significant differences in the stocks of livelihoods between different types of pastoral households. The order of livelihood capital from high to low was: tourism franchise, tourism dominant, worker dominant, pure shepherd.3) From the criterion level, the obstacles for herdsmen's participation from high to low in prairie tourism were:human capital, financial capital, material capital, social capital, natural capital. From the indicator level, the top 6 barrier indicators were: adult education, adult labor force, debt, community network, production and living equipment and social participation. 4) There were significant differences among different types of herdsmen to the participation in the development of prairie tourism. The main obstacle for pure herdsmen was the low level of education, for the dominant herdsmen was the low per capita income of the family, and for the tourism-dominated and tourism-exclusive herdsmen was the pressure on external debt.
The development of prairie tourism is an important driving force for rural revitalization in pastoral areas. The herdsmen of XilaMuren prairie tourism area in Inner Mongolia was selected as the research object,and the impact of grassland tourism development on the livelihood of herdsmen was analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) Prairie tourism differentiated the herdsmen into pure herdsmen, predominantly herdsmen, tourism-leading herdsmen, and tourism-exclusive herdsmen. In addition, it presented the general rule that the pure herdsmen were excessive to the dominant herdsmen. The dominant model was excessive to the tourism-leading type, and the tourism-leading model was excessive to the exclusive herdsmen. 2) The livelihood capital stock of herdsmen had been generally increased due to the development of prairie tourism. However, there were significant differences in the stocks of livelihoods between different types of pastoral households. The order of livelihood capital from high to low was: tourism franchise, tourism dominant, worker dominant, pure shepherd.3) From the criterion level, the obstacles for herdsmen's participation from high to low in prairie tourism were:human capital, financial capital, material capital, social capital, natural capital. From the indicator level, the top 6 barrier indicators were: adult education, adult labor force, debt, community network, production and living equipment and social participation. 4) There were significant differences among different types of herdsmen to the participation in the development of prairie tourism. The main obstacle for pure herdsmen was the low level of education, for the dominant herdsmen was the low per capita income of the family, and for the tourism-dominated and tourism-exclusive herdsmen was the pressure on external debt.
引文
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[9]乌铁红,张捷,李文杰.地域文化差异对旅游者的旅游地意象感知影响——以内蒙古自治区草原旅游地为例[J].旅游学刊, 2010(6):66-72.[Wu Tiehong,Zhang Jie,Li Wenjie. The impact of regional cultural differences on tourists’perception of tourism destination image—A case study of tourists’perception of prairie image in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Tourism Tribune, 2010(6):66-72.]
[10]钟林生,牛亚菲,刘家明,等.内蒙古草原旅游资源及其开发研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2005,19(2):105-110.[Zhong Linsheng, Niu Yafeng, Liu Jiaming et al. Development of grassland tourism resource in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2005, 19(2):105-110.]
[11]徐佳.生计资本差异下乌鲁木齐县南山旅游产业基地牧民参与旅游业可持续发展研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆财经大学,2016.[Xu Jia. Herdsmen under livelihood capital differences in tourism sustainable development research in Nanshan Tourism Industry of Urumqi County. Urumq:Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics,2016.]
[12] Parka M, Stokowskib P A. Social disruption theory and crime in rural communities:Comparisons across three levels oftourism growth[J]. Tourism Management, 2009, 30(6):905-915.
[13] Amir A F, Ghapar A A, Jamal S A et al. Sustainable tourism development:A study on community resilience for rural tourismin Malaysia[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015,168:116-122.
[14]谢彦君.呵护“姆庇之家”,重塑乡村旅游可持续发展新理念[J].旅游学刊, 2017, 32(1):8-10.[Xie Yanjun. Care of“homecoming home”, remodeling the newconcept of sustainable development of rural tourism. Tourism Tribune, 2017, 32(1):8-10.]
[15]朱天龙,吕君.基于GIS的希拉穆仁草原旅游区景观类型的动态变化及分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(10):95-99.[Zhu Tianlong, Lv Jun. Dynamics and analysis of landscape types of XilaMuren grassland tourism areabased on GIS.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2018,32(10):95-99.]
[16]贺爱琳,杨新军,陈佳,等.乡村旅游发展对农户生计的影响—以秦岭北麓乡村旅游地为例[J].经济地理, 2014,34(12):174-181.[He Ailin,Yang Xinjun,Chen Jia et al.Impact of rural tourism development on farmer’s livelihoods:A case study of rural tourism destinations in Northern Slop of Qinling Mountains.Economic Geography,2014,34(12):174-181.]
[17] Nielsen N C. Rural tourism development:Localism and cultural change[J]. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(5):693-695.
[18] Robin Biddulph. Limits to mass tourism’s effects in rural peripheries[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015, 50:98-112.
[19] Parka M, Stokowskib P A. Social disruption theory and crime in rural communities:Comparisons across three levels oftourism growth[J]. Tourism Management, 2009, 30(6):905-915.
[20]李佳,田里.连片特困民族地区旅游扶贫效应差异研究—基于四川藏区调查的实证分析[J].云南民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版, 2016, 33(6):96-102.[Li Jia, Tian Li. A study on the effect of tourism povertyalleviation in ethnic minority areas:A case study of Sichuan Tibetan Area. Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2016, 33(6):96-102.]
[21]史玉丁,李建军.乡村旅游多功能发展与农村可持续生计协同研究[J].旅游学刊, 2018, 33(2):15-26.[Shi Yuding,Li Jianjun. The multifunctional development of rural tourism and the rural sustainable livelihood:A collaborative study.Tourism Tribune,2018,33(2):15-26.]
[22]陈佳,张丽琼,杨新军,等.乡村旅游开发对农户生计和社区旅游效应的影响——旅游开发模式视角的案例实证[J].地理研究, 2017,36(9):1709-1724.[Chen Jia, Zhang Liqiong,Yang Xinjun et al. The impact of tourism development on changes of households’livelihood and community tourism effect:A case study based onthe perspective of tourism development mode.Geographical Research,2017,36(9):1709-1724.]
[23]张瑞英,席建超,葛全胜.乡村旅游农户可再生能源使用行为选择模型研究——基于六盘山生态旅游区的案例实证[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(12):190-196.[Zhang Ruiying,Xi Jianchao,Ge Quansheng. Renewable energy use selection model in rural tourism area—A case study inLiupan Mountain. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(12):190-196.]
[24]李文龙,石育中,鲁大铭,等.北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(9):1599-1612.[Li Wenlong, Shi Yuzhong, Lu Daming et al. The spatio-temporal evolution of drought vulnerabilityin the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in the North of China. Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(9):1599-1612.]
[25]王子侨,石育中,杨新军,等.外部社会资本视角下的黄土高原农户生活满意度研究——以陕西省长武县洪家镇为例[J].干旱区地理, 2017,40(6):1317-1327.[Wang Ziqiao, Shi Yuzhong, Yang Xinjun et al. Impact of social capital on the rural households’life satisfaction in the Loess Plateau:A case of Hongjia Town in Changwu County. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(6):1317-1327.]
[26]任桐,刘继生,吉林省旅游竞争力的空间维度及其障碍度分析[J].经济地理, 2011,31(12):2138-2143.[Ren Tong,Liu Jisheng. Analysis on spatlal latitude and obstacle of tourism competition in Jilin Province.Economic Geography, 2011,31(12):2138-2143.]
[2]王新越,侯娟娟.山东省乡村休闲旅游地的空间分布特征及影响因素[J].地理科学,2016,36(11):1706-1714.[Wang Xinyue,Hou Juanjuan. Spatial distribution features and influence factors of rural leisure tourism destinations in Shandong Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(11):1706-1714.]
[3] Hwang J,Lee S. The effect of the rural tourism policy on nonfarm income in South Korea[J]. Tourism Management, 2015,46:501-513.
[4] Kastenholz E. Food tourism, niche markets and products in ruraltourism:Combining the intimacy model and the experienceeconomy as a rural development strategy[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2015, 23(8-9):1179-1197.
[5]孙琨,钟林生,唐承财.青藏地区草原旅游活动环境影响比较研究——以玛曲草原为例[J].资源科学, 2013, 35(11):2209-2216.[Sun Kun, Zhong Linsheng, Tang Chengcai. Comparative analysis of the environmental influences of different tour activities on Qinghai-Tibet Grasslands. Resources Science, 2013, 35(11):2209-2216.]
[6]吕君,刘丽梅,陈田.典型草原地区旅游发展对土壤环境的影响[J].资源科学,2008,30(6):837-842.[Lv Jun,Liu Limei,Chen Tian.Effect of tourism development on grassland soils in Inner Mongolia.Resources Science,2008,30(6):837-842.]
[7]李文杰,乌铁红.旅游干扰对草原旅游点植被的影响——以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原金马鞍旅游点为例[J].资源科学,2012, 34(10):1980-1987.[Li Wenjie, Wu Tiehong. Effect of tourism on grassland tourist locations Gold Saddle Tourist Spots of Xilamuren Grassland, Inner Mongolia. Resources Science,2012,34(10):1980-1987.]
[8]钟林生,唐承财,郭华.基于生态敏感性分析的金银滩草原景区旅游功能区划[J].应用生态学报, 2010,21(7):1813-1819.[Zhong Linsheng, Tang Chengcai, Guo Hua. Tourism function zoning of Jinyintan Grasslang Scenic Area in Qinghai Province based on ecological sensitivity analysis.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010,21(7):1813-1819.]
[9]乌铁红,张捷,李文杰.地域文化差异对旅游者的旅游地意象感知影响——以内蒙古自治区草原旅游地为例[J].旅游学刊, 2010(6):66-72.[Wu Tiehong,Zhang Jie,Li Wenjie. The impact of regional cultural differences on tourists’perception of tourism destination image—A case study of tourists’perception of prairie image in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Tourism Tribune, 2010(6):66-72.]
[10]钟林生,牛亚菲,刘家明,等.内蒙古草原旅游资源及其开发研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2005,19(2):105-110.[Zhong Linsheng, Niu Yafeng, Liu Jiaming et al. Development of grassland tourism resource in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2005, 19(2):105-110.]
[11]徐佳.生计资本差异下乌鲁木齐县南山旅游产业基地牧民参与旅游业可持续发展研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆财经大学,2016.[Xu Jia. Herdsmen under livelihood capital differences in tourism sustainable development research in Nanshan Tourism Industry of Urumqi County. Urumq:Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics,2016.]
[12] Parka M, Stokowskib P A. Social disruption theory and crime in rural communities:Comparisons across three levels oftourism growth[J]. Tourism Management, 2009, 30(6):905-915.
[13] Amir A F, Ghapar A A, Jamal S A et al. Sustainable tourism development:A study on community resilience for rural tourismin Malaysia[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015,168:116-122.
[14]谢彦君.呵护“姆庇之家”,重塑乡村旅游可持续发展新理念[J].旅游学刊, 2017, 32(1):8-10.[Xie Yanjun. Care of“homecoming home”, remodeling the newconcept of sustainable development of rural tourism. Tourism Tribune, 2017, 32(1):8-10.]
[15]朱天龙,吕君.基于GIS的希拉穆仁草原旅游区景观类型的动态变化及分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(10):95-99.[Zhu Tianlong, Lv Jun. Dynamics and analysis of landscape types of XilaMuren grassland tourism areabased on GIS.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2018,32(10):95-99.]
[16]贺爱琳,杨新军,陈佳,等.乡村旅游发展对农户生计的影响—以秦岭北麓乡村旅游地为例[J].经济地理, 2014,34(12):174-181.[He Ailin,Yang Xinjun,Chen Jia et al.Impact of rural tourism development on farmer’s livelihoods:A case study of rural tourism destinations in Northern Slop of Qinling Mountains.Economic Geography,2014,34(12):174-181.]
[17] Nielsen N C. Rural tourism development:Localism and cultural change[J]. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(5):693-695.
[18] Robin Biddulph. Limits to mass tourism’s effects in rural peripheries[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015, 50:98-112.
[19] Parka M, Stokowskib P A. Social disruption theory and crime in rural communities:Comparisons across three levels oftourism growth[J]. Tourism Management, 2009, 30(6):905-915.
[20]李佳,田里.连片特困民族地区旅游扶贫效应差异研究—基于四川藏区调查的实证分析[J].云南民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版, 2016, 33(6):96-102.[Li Jia, Tian Li. A study on the effect of tourism povertyalleviation in ethnic minority areas:A case study of Sichuan Tibetan Area. Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2016, 33(6):96-102.]
[21]史玉丁,李建军.乡村旅游多功能发展与农村可持续生计协同研究[J].旅游学刊, 2018, 33(2):15-26.[Shi Yuding,Li Jianjun. The multifunctional development of rural tourism and the rural sustainable livelihood:A collaborative study.Tourism Tribune,2018,33(2):15-26.]
[22]陈佳,张丽琼,杨新军,等.乡村旅游开发对农户生计和社区旅游效应的影响——旅游开发模式视角的案例实证[J].地理研究, 2017,36(9):1709-1724.[Chen Jia, Zhang Liqiong,Yang Xinjun et al. The impact of tourism development on changes of households’livelihood and community tourism effect:A case study based onthe perspective of tourism development mode.Geographical Research,2017,36(9):1709-1724.]
[23]张瑞英,席建超,葛全胜.乡村旅游农户可再生能源使用行为选择模型研究——基于六盘山生态旅游区的案例实证[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(12):190-196.[Zhang Ruiying,Xi Jianchao,Ge Quansheng. Renewable energy use selection model in rural tourism area—A case study inLiupan Mountain. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(12):190-196.]
[24]李文龙,石育中,鲁大铭,等.北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(9):1599-1612.[Li Wenlong, Shi Yuzhong, Lu Daming et al. The spatio-temporal evolution of drought vulnerabilityin the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in the North of China. Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(9):1599-1612.]
[25]王子侨,石育中,杨新军,等.外部社会资本视角下的黄土高原农户生活满意度研究——以陕西省长武县洪家镇为例[J].干旱区地理, 2017,40(6):1317-1327.[Wang Ziqiao, Shi Yuzhong, Yang Xinjun et al. Impact of social capital on the rural households’life satisfaction in the Loess Plateau:A case of Hongjia Town in Changwu County. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(6):1317-1327.]
[26]任桐,刘继生,吉林省旅游竞争力的空间维度及其障碍度分析[J].经济地理, 2011,31(12):2138-2143.[Ren Tong,Liu Jisheng. Analysis on spatlal latitude and obstacle of tourism competition in Jilin Province.Economic Geography, 2011,31(12):2138-2143.]
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