安徽省城市地表灰尘重金属污染及人体健康风险评价
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摘要
本研究收集了安徽省合肥、蚌埠、芜湖、淮南、安庆、铜陵和宿州7个城市地表灰尘重金属含量的数据,分别采用地累积指数法、美国环境保护署(USEPA)人体健康风险评价法对地表灰尘重金属污染程度和人体健康风险水平进行评价。结果表明,所研究的安徽省7个城市地表灰尘中Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和Cu平均含量分别为123.73±81.70、5.34±6.54、96.40±37.36、941.03±1 007.39和269.77±441.59 mg/kg,均高于安徽省土壤环境背景值。地累积指数法评价结果显示,安徽省城市地表灰尘Cr为轻度污染, Pb为中度污染,Zn为重度污染,Cd和Cu为严重污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,安徽省城市地表灰尘重金属对儿童存在着明显的非致癌健康风险,对成人产生的非致癌健康风险不明显。重金属Cd和Cr致癌风险在安全范围内,不会对人群产生明显的致癌效应。手-口摄入是人体暴露于地表灰尘产生健康风险的主要途径,在同一暴露途径下儿童所遭遇的健康风险高于成人,儿童更容易受到地表灰尘中污染物的危害。
The heavy metal contents in surface dust samples from seven cities, Hefei, Bengbu, Wuhu, Huainan, Anqing, Tongling and Suzhou, of the Anhui province were measured. The pollution and human health risks of heavy metals in urban surface dust were evaluated repectively by the method of geo-accumulation index and the human health risk assessment method of the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA). The results showed that average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu in the surface dust of the seven cities were 123.73±81.70, 5.34±6.54, 96.40±37.36, 941.03±1 007.39 and 269.77±441.59 mg/kg, respectively, all of which were higher than backgrounds in soils of Anhui. The evaluation results of geo-accumulation index showed that, among heavy metals detected in surface dust samples, Cr was at the light pollution level, Pb was at the moderate pollution level, Zn was at the heavy pollution level, Cd and Cu were at the severe pollution level. The human health risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals in urban surface dust samples were notable to children but insignificant to adults. The carcinogenic risks of Cd and Cr were in safe ranges, indicating no significant carcinogenic risk was occurred on the population. The major heavy metal exposure of surface dust to human is intakes by hand or/and by mouth. The health risks were higher to children than to adults if they exposed to surface dust equally, it is to say that children are more vulnerable to the pollution of surface dust.
The heavy metal contents in surface dust samples from seven cities, Hefei, Bengbu, Wuhu, Huainan, Anqing, Tongling and Suzhou, of the Anhui province were measured. The pollution and human health risks of heavy metals in urban surface dust were evaluated repectively by the method of geo-accumulation index and the human health risk assessment method of the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA). The results showed that average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu in the surface dust of the seven cities were 123.73±81.70, 5.34±6.54, 96.40±37.36, 941.03±1 007.39 and 269.77±441.59 mg/kg, respectively, all of which were higher than backgrounds in soils of Anhui. The evaluation results of geo-accumulation index showed that, among heavy metals detected in surface dust samples, Cr was at the light pollution level, Pb was at the moderate pollution level, Zn was at the heavy pollution level, Cd and Cu were at the severe pollution level. The human health risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals in urban surface dust samples were notable to children but insignificant to adults. The carcinogenic risks of Cd and Cr were in safe ranges, indicating no significant carcinogenic risk was occurred on the population. The major heavy metal exposure of surface dust to human is intakes by hand or/and by mouth. The health risks were higher to children than to adults if they exposed to surface dust equally, it is to say that children are more vulnerable to the pollution of surface dust.
引文
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[4] Jack Caravanos, Arlene L Weiss, Marc J Blaise, et al. A survey of spatially distributed exterior dust lead loadingsin New York City[J]. Environmental Research, 2010, 104(2):165-172.
[5] Hussain K, Rahman M, Prakash A, et al. Street dust bound PAHs, carbon and heavy metals in Guwahati city-seasonality, toxicity and sources[J]. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2015, 19:17-25.
[6] 王利军, 卢新卫, 任春辉, 等. 宝鸡市某工业园区灰尘重金属含量、形态及生态风险分析[J]. 水土保持通报, 2013, 33(4):180-184.
[7] 刘德鸿, 王发园, 周文利, 等. 洛阳市不同功能区道路灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险[J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(1):253-259.
[8] 陈青林, 王惠, 杨宝山, 等. 济南市地表灰尘重金属含量及其污染评价[J]. 济南大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 27(4):428-432.
[9] 徐玮, 吕宾, 储金宇, 等. 镇江市老城区不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染评价[J]. 环境化学, 2012, 31(2):182-188.
[10] 王丽, 王利军, 史兴民, 等. 西安城区地表灰尘中重金属分布、来源及潜在生态风险[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2017, 40(7):180-187.
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[12] 雷蕾, 陈玉成, 李章平, 等. 我国城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分分析[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2012, 12(2):124-129.
[13] 陈佳. 淳安县主城区街道灰尘污染特征及风险分析[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2015.
[14] Hao C, Xin W L, Li Y L, et al. Metal contamination in campus dust of Xi'an, China: A study based on multivariate statistics and spatial distribution[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 484:27-35.
[15] 李晓燕, 陈同斌, 雷梅, 等. 北京城市广场及校园表土(灰尘)中重金属水平与健康风险[J]. 地理研究, 2010, 29(6):989-996.
[16] 马建华, 王晓云, 侯千, 等. 某城市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险[J]. 地理研究, 2011, 30(3):486-495.
[17] Keshavarzi B, Tazarvi Z, Rajabzadeh M A, et al. Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 119: 1-10.
[18] 杨忠平, 王雷, 翟航, 等. 长春市城区近地表灰尘重金属健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(4):1247-1255.
[19] 曹治国, 余刚, 吕香英, 等. 北京市典型室内外灰尘中重金属的粒径和季节变异特征及人体暴露评估[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(4):1272-1278.
[20] 张文娟, 王利军, 王丽, 等. 西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染水平与健康风险评价[J]. 土壤通报, 2017, 48(2):481-487.
[21] 曹治国, 陈巧莹, 石玉盟, 等. 两组人群在不同霾污染条件下对灰尘中重金属的真皮暴露评估[J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(5): 967-976.
[22] 李如忠, 周爱佳, 童芳, 等. 合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(9):2661-2668.
[23] Ma L, Gui H R. Accumulation of heavy metals in surface soils of Bengbu higher education mega center, China [J]. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2017, 26(7): 4697-4703.
[24] 朱兰保, 盛蒂, 戚晓明, 等. 蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险[J]. 水土保持通报, 2014, 34(3):242-246.
[25] 方风满, 蒋炳言, 王海东, 等. 芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属粒径效应及其健康风险评价[J]. 地理研究, 2010, 29(7):1193-1202.
[26] 范佳民, 郑刘根, 姜春露, 等. 淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2014, 23(10): 1643-1649.
[27] 方文稳, 张丽, 叶生霞, 等. 安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(12): 3795-3803.
[28] 李如忠, 潘成荣, 陈婧, 等. 铜陵市区表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(12):2261-2270.
[29] 韩亚芬, 李琦. 基于模糊数学的宿州市街尘重金属污染评价[J]. 光谱实验室, 2012, 29(4):2300-2305.
[30] 贾锐鱼, 朱万勇, 李楠, 等. 西安市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染与生态风险评价[J]. 水土保持研究, 2015, 22(5):316-320.
[31] 陈景荣, 凌昱晨, 钱琳琳, 等. 南京市各功能区近地灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2016, 16(19):121-125.
[32] 孙宗斌, 刘百桥, 周俊, 等. 天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染及生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2015, 38(8):244-250.
[33] 陈轶楠, 马建华. 河南省某市驾校地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(8):3017-3026.
[34] Chabukdhara M, Nema A K. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: A chemometric and geochemical approach [J]. Chemosphere, 2012, 87(8):945-953.
[35] 林俊杰, 刘丹, 方伟, 等. 万州道路灰尘重金属空间分布及污染评价[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2011, 34(10): 89-92.
[36] 中国环境监测总站. 中国土壤背景值[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990:329-497.
[37] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund, vol. I: Human health evaluation manual [R]. Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1989:15-28.
[38] 中华人民共和国环保部. 污染场地风险评估技术导则: HJ25.3—2014[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2014.
[39] 陈秀端, 卢新卫, 赵彩凤, 等. 西安市二环内表层土壤重金属空间分布特征[J]. 地理学报, 2011, 66(9):1281-1288.
[40] USEPA. Exposure factors handbook[S]. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, 1997.
[41] USEPA. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 2002.
[42] Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola: A tropical urban environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(25): 4501-4512.
[43] USEPA. Soil screening guidance: Technical background document, EPA/540/R-95/128[R]. Washington DC: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, US EnvironmentalProtection Agency, 1996.
[44] 侯千, 马建华, 王晓云, 等. 开封市幼儿园土壤重金属生物活性及潜在生态风险[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(6):1764-1771.
[2] 王济, 张一修, 高翔, 等. 城市地表灰尘重金属研究进展及展望[J]. 地理研究, 2012, 31(5):821-830.
[3] Zhao H T, Yin C Q, Chen M X, et al. Size distribution and diffuse pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2009, 21(2):162-16.
[4] Jack Caravanos, Arlene L Weiss, Marc J Blaise, et al. A survey of spatially distributed exterior dust lead loadingsin New York City[J]. Environmental Research, 2010, 104(2):165-172.
[5] Hussain K, Rahman M, Prakash A, et al. Street dust bound PAHs, carbon and heavy metals in Guwahati city-seasonality, toxicity and sources[J]. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2015, 19:17-25.
[6] 王利军, 卢新卫, 任春辉, 等. 宝鸡市某工业园区灰尘重金属含量、形态及生态风险分析[J]. 水土保持通报, 2013, 33(4):180-184.
[7] 刘德鸿, 王发园, 周文利, 等. 洛阳市不同功能区道路灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险[J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(1):253-259.
[8] 陈青林, 王惠, 杨宝山, 等. 济南市地表灰尘重金属含量及其污染评价[J]. 济南大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 27(4):428-432.
[9] 徐玮, 吕宾, 储金宇, 等. 镇江市老城区不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染评价[J]. 环境化学, 2012, 31(2):182-188.
[10] 王丽, 王利军, 史兴民, 等. 西安城区地表灰尘中重金属分布、来源及潜在生态风险[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2017, 40(7):180-187.
[11] Wei X, Gao B, Wang P, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015, 112:186-192.
[12] 雷蕾, 陈玉成, 李章平, 等. 我国城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分分析[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2012, 12(2):124-129.
[13] 陈佳. 淳安县主城区街道灰尘污染特征及风险分析[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2015.
[14] Hao C, Xin W L, Li Y L, et al. Metal contamination in campus dust of Xi'an, China: A study based on multivariate statistics and spatial distribution[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 484:27-35.
[15] 李晓燕, 陈同斌, 雷梅, 等. 北京城市广场及校园表土(灰尘)中重金属水平与健康风险[J]. 地理研究, 2010, 29(6):989-996.
[16] 马建华, 王晓云, 侯千, 等. 某城市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险[J]. 地理研究, 2011, 30(3):486-495.
[17] Keshavarzi B, Tazarvi Z, Rajabzadeh M A, et al. Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 119: 1-10.
[18] 杨忠平, 王雷, 翟航, 等. 长春市城区近地表灰尘重金属健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(4):1247-1255.
[19] 曹治国, 余刚, 吕香英, 等. 北京市典型室内外灰尘中重金属的粒径和季节变异特征及人体暴露评估[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(4):1272-1278.
[20] 张文娟, 王利军, 王丽, 等. 西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染水平与健康风险评价[J]. 土壤通报, 2017, 48(2):481-487.
[21] 曹治国, 陈巧莹, 石玉盟, 等. 两组人群在不同霾污染条件下对灰尘中重金属的真皮暴露评估[J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(5): 967-976.
[22] 李如忠, 周爱佳, 童芳, 等. 合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(9):2661-2668.
[23] Ma L, Gui H R. Accumulation of heavy metals in surface soils of Bengbu higher education mega center, China [J]. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2017, 26(7): 4697-4703.
[24] 朱兰保, 盛蒂, 戚晓明, 等. 蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险[J]. 水土保持通报, 2014, 34(3):242-246.
[25] 方风满, 蒋炳言, 王海东, 等. 芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属粒径效应及其健康风险评价[J]. 地理研究, 2010, 29(7):1193-1202.
[26] 范佳民, 郑刘根, 姜春露, 等. 淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2014, 23(10): 1643-1649.
[27] 方文稳, 张丽, 叶生霞, 等. 安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(12): 3795-3803.
[28] 李如忠, 潘成荣, 陈婧, 等. 铜陵市区表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(12):2261-2270.
[29] 韩亚芬, 李琦. 基于模糊数学的宿州市街尘重金属污染评价[J]. 光谱实验室, 2012, 29(4):2300-2305.
[30] 贾锐鱼, 朱万勇, 李楠, 等. 西安市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染与生态风险评价[J]. 水土保持研究, 2015, 22(5):316-320.
[31] 陈景荣, 凌昱晨, 钱琳琳, 等. 南京市各功能区近地灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2016, 16(19):121-125.
[32] 孙宗斌, 刘百桥, 周俊, 等. 天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染及生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2015, 38(8):244-250.
[33] 陈轶楠, 马建华. 河南省某市驾校地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(8):3017-3026.
[34] Chabukdhara M, Nema A K. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: A chemometric and geochemical approach [J]. Chemosphere, 2012, 87(8):945-953.
[35] 林俊杰, 刘丹, 方伟, 等. 万州道路灰尘重金属空间分布及污染评价[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2011, 34(10): 89-92.
[36] 中国环境监测总站. 中国土壤背景值[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990:329-497.
[37] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund, vol. I: Human health evaluation manual [R]. Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1989:15-28.
[38] 中华人民共和国环保部. 污染场地风险评估技术导则: HJ25.3—2014[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2014.
[39] 陈秀端, 卢新卫, 赵彩凤, 等. 西安市二环内表层土壤重金属空间分布特征[J]. 地理学报, 2011, 66(9):1281-1288.
[40] USEPA. Exposure factors handbook[S]. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, 1997.
[41] USEPA. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 2002.
[42] Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola: A tropical urban environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(25): 4501-4512.
[43] USEPA. Soil screening guidance: Technical background document, EPA/540/R-95/128[R]. Washington DC: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, US EnvironmentalProtection Agency, 1996.
[44] 侯千, 马建华, 王晓云, 等. 开封市幼儿园土壤重金属生物活性及潜在生态风险[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(6):1764-1771.
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