长江流域景观格局与生态系统水质净化服务的关系
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摘要
流域景观格局通过影响生态过程,改变进入河流污染物的数量,进而对水质净化服务产生重要影响,探讨流域景观格局对水质净化服务的影响对于流域景观规划、生态系统保护和生态系统服务提升具有重要意义。以长江流域为研究区域,在分析45个子流域景观格局特征、应用In VEST模型评估流域水质净化服务基础上,探讨了两者的关系,结果表明:①景观组成上,长江流域农田和城镇面积比例分别与生态系统水质净化服务存在显著对数关系(P<0.01),森林面积比例则与之呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);②流域景观配置上,斑块密度和景观破碎度与水质净化服务呈显著负相关(P<0.01),而平均斑块面积和形状规律相反(P<0.01);③斑块类型水平上,森林平均斑块面积、灌丛/湿地平均斑块形状与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而农田平均斑块面积/边缘密度、城镇斑块密度则与之呈显著负相关(P<0.01);④森林主导景观的子流域,仅有景观破碎度与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著负相关,而农田主导景观的子流域,景观蔓延度、香农多样性与其分别呈正相关(P<0.01)。研究结果可以为长江流域生态系统水质净化服务的提升提供多途径的管理信息:流域景观尺度上,增加森林面积比例、控制农田与城镇面积比例,并减少景观破碎度而增加平均斑块形状复杂性;斑块类型水平上,可增加灌丛/湿地斑块形状复杂性,减小农田边缘密度和城镇斑块密度;森林主导景观的子流域应降低景观破碎度,以农田主导景观的子流域则应该增加斑块类型丰富度和团聚程度。研究也可为其他流域水质净化服务管理提供参考。
Landscape patterns can affect pollutant discharge into rivers by influencing ecological processes,and further affect water purification service of ecosystems in the watershed. It is of great significance for landscape planning,ecosystem protection,and ecosystem services promotion to explore the relationships between landscape patterns and ecosystem water purification service. The landscape pattern characteristics were analyzed and ecosystem water purification service was assessed by using InVEST( Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model in 45 sub-basins of the Yangtze River Basin. Then the relationships between landscape patterns and ecosystem water purification service were identified. For the landscape composition,the proportions of farmland and urban areas were logarithmically correlated with ecosystem water purification service( P < 0.01),whereas the proportion of forest area was positively correlated with it( P <0.01). For the landscape configuration,water purification service was negatively correlated with patch density and landscape fragmentation,and positively correlated with the average patch area and shape( P < 0.01). For the patch-type,average patch area of forest/shrub and the average patch shape of shrub and wetland were positively correlated with ecosystem water purification service,while the average patch area and edge density of farmland and urban patch density were negatively correlated with water purification service( P < 0.01). Only landscape fragmentation and the ecosystem water purification service was negatively correlated in the forest-dominated sub-basin( P < 0.01). In the farmland-dominated subbasin,ecosystem water purification services were positively correlated with landscape aggregation and Shannon diversity indexes( P < 0.01). The above results can provide management information for the promotion of ecosystem services in the Yangtze River basin. At the landscape scale of the basin,increasing the area proportion of forest,controlling the farmland and urban area proportions,reducing the landscape fragmentation,and increasing the complexity of the average patch shape would be helpful for the improvement of ecosystem water purification service. At the patch-type level,increasing the area of the shrub patch and the shape complexity of the shrub and wetland patches,and reducing the edge density of urban and the patch density of farmland would also contribute to the promotion of ecosystem water purification service. In the forestdominated sub-basins,landscape fragmentation should be prevented,while the diversity and aggregation of different types of patches should be increased in the farmland-dominated sub-basins. The information can also provide important for the management of ecosystem water purification service in other basins.
Landscape patterns can affect pollutant discharge into rivers by influencing ecological processes,and further affect water purification service of ecosystems in the watershed. It is of great significance for landscape planning,ecosystem protection,and ecosystem services promotion to explore the relationships between landscape patterns and ecosystem water purification service. The landscape pattern characteristics were analyzed and ecosystem water purification service was assessed by using InVEST( Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model in 45 sub-basins of the Yangtze River Basin. Then the relationships between landscape patterns and ecosystem water purification service were identified. For the landscape composition,the proportions of farmland and urban areas were logarithmically correlated with ecosystem water purification service( P < 0.01),whereas the proportion of forest area was positively correlated with it( P <0.01). For the landscape configuration,water purification service was negatively correlated with patch density and landscape fragmentation,and positively correlated with the average patch area and shape( P < 0.01). For the patch-type,average patch area of forest/shrub and the average patch shape of shrub and wetland were positively correlated with ecosystem water purification service,while the average patch area and edge density of farmland and urban patch density were negatively correlated with water purification service( P < 0.01). Only landscape fragmentation and the ecosystem water purification service was negatively correlated in the forest-dominated sub-basin( P < 0.01). In the farmland-dominated subbasin,ecosystem water purification services were positively correlated with landscape aggregation and Shannon diversity indexes( P < 0.01). The above results can provide management information for the promotion of ecosystem services in the Yangtze River basin. At the landscape scale of the basin,increasing the area proportion of forest,controlling the farmland and urban area proportions,reducing the landscape fragmentation,and increasing the complexity of the average patch shape would be helpful for the improvement of ecosystem water purification service. At the patch-type level,increasing the area of the shrub patch and the shape complexity of the shrub and wetland patches,and reducing the edge density of urban and the patch density of farmland would also contribute to the promotion of ecosystem water purification service. In the forestdominated sub-basins,landscape fragmentation should be prevented,while the diversity and aggregation of different types of patches should be increased in the farmland-dominated sub-basins. The information can also provide important for the management of ecosystem water purification service in other basins.
引文
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[2]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望.地理科学,1997,17(4):356-364.
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[6] Dronova I. Environmental heterogeneity as a bridge between ecosystem service and visual quality objectives in management,planning and design.Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,163:90-106.
[7] Xu H S,Zheng H,Chen X S,Ren Y F,Ouyang Z Y. Relationships between river water quality and landscape factors in Haihe River Basin,China:implications for environmental management. Chinese Geographical Science,2016,26(2):197-207.
[8]唐艳凌,章光新.流域单元景观格局与农业非点源污染的关系.生态学杂志,2009,28(4):740-746.
[9]罗璇,史志华,尹炜,陈佳,李璐,伍世良.小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响.环境科学,2010,31(1):58-62.
[10] Amiri B J,Nakane K. Modeling the linkage between river water quality and landscape metrics in the Chugoku district of Japan. Water ResourcesManagement,2009,23(5):931-956.
[11] Fennessy S,Craft C. Agricultural conservation practices increase wetland ecosystem services in the glaciated interior plains. Ecological Applications,2011,21(S1):S49-S64.
[12]欧洋.密云水库上游流域多尺度景观与水质响应关系研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2011.
[13]张大伟,李杨帆,孙翔,张方山,朱红兴,刘毅,张英,庄敏,朱晓东.入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析.环境科学,2010,31(8):1775-1783.
[14]黄金良,李青生,洪华生,林杰,曲盟超.九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析.环境科学,2011,32(1):64-72.
[15] Kearns F R,Kelly N M,Carter J L,Resh V H. A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management. LandscapeEcology,2005,20(1):113-125.
[16]赵鹏,夏北成,秦建桥,赵华荣.流域景观格局与河流水质的多变量相关分析.生态学报,2012,32(8):2331-2341.
[17] O'Neill R V,Krummel J R,Gardner R H,Sugihara G,Jackson B,De Angelis D L,Milne B T,Turner M G,ZygmuntB,Christensen S W,Dale VH,Graham R L. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology,1988,1(3):153-162.
[18] Collier K J. Linking multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess the ecological condition of streams. Environmental Monitoring andAssessment,2009,157(1/4):113-124.
[19]李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,胡远满,问青春,王绪高,徐崇刚,李月辉,贺红仕.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应.生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.
[20]陈进.长江生态系统特征分析.长江科学院院报,2015,32(6):1-6.
[21]张殿发,王世杰,李瑞玲.土地利用/土地覆被变化对长江流域水环境的影响研究.地域研究与开发,2003,22(1):69-72.
[22]李屹峰,罗跃初,刘纲,欧阳志云,郑华.土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响———以密云水库流域为例.生态学报,2013,33(3):726-736.
[23]吴迎霞.海河流域生态服务功能空间格局及其驱动机制[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2013.
[24] Qiu J X,Turner M G. Importance of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed. Ecosphere,2015,6(11):1-19.
[25] Riitters K H,O'Neill R V,Hunsaker C T,Wickham J D,Yankee D H,Timmins S P,Jones K B,Jackson B L. A factor analysis of landscapepattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecology,1995,10(1):23-39.
[26] Doody D G,Withers P J A,Dils R M,Mc Dowell R W,Smith V,Mc Elarney Y R,Dunbar M,Daly D. Optimizing land use for the delivery ofcatchment ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2016,14(6):325-332.
[27]焦胜,杨娜,彭楷,郭谌达,李振民,周怀宇.沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响.地理研究,2014,33(12):2263-2274.
[28]李艳利,徐宗学,李艳粉.浑太河流域多尺度土地利用/景观格局与水质响应关系初步分析.地球与环境,2012,40(4):573-583.
[29]郭青海,马克明,张易.城市土地利用异质性对湖泊水质的影响.生态学报,2009,29(2):776-787.
[2]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望.地理科学,1997,17(4):356-364.
[3] Turner M G,Gardner R H,O'Neill R V. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. New York:Springer,2001.
[4] Chaplin-Kramer R,Hamel P,Sharp R,et al. Landscape configuration is the primary driver of impacts on water quality associated with agriculturalexpansion. Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(7):074012.
[5]岳隽,王仰麟,李贵才,吴健生.基于水环境保护的流域景观格局优化理念初探.地理科学进展,2007,26(3):38-46.
[6] Dronova I. Environmental heterogeneity as a bridge between ecosystem service and visual quality objectives in management,planning and design.Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,163:90-106.
[7] Xu H S,Zheng H,Chen X S,Ren Y F,Ouyang Z Y. Relationships between river water quality and landscape factors in Haihe River Basin,China:implications for environmental management. Chinese Geographical Science,2016,26(2):197-207.
[8]唐艳凌,章光新.流域单元景观格局与农业非点源污染的关系.生态学杂志,2009,28(4):740-746.
[9]罗璇,史志华,尹炜,陈佳,李璐,伍世良.小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响.环境科学,2010,31(1):58-62.
[10] Amiri B J,Nakane K. Modeling the linkage between river water quality and landscape metrics in the Chugoku district of Japan. Water ResourcesManagement,2009,23(5):931-956.
[11] Fennessy S,Craft C. Agricultural conservation practices increase wetland ecosystem services in the glaciated interior plains. Ecological Applications,2011,21(S1):S49-S64.
[12]欧洋.密云水库上游流域多尺度景观与水质响应关系研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2011.
[13]张大伟,李杨帆,孙翔,张方山,朱红兴,刘毅,张英,庄敏,朱晓东.入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析.环境科学,2010,31(8):1775-1783.
[14]黄金良,李青生,洪华生,林杰,曲盟超.九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析.环境科学,2011,32(1):64-72.
[15] Kearns F R,Kelly N M,Carter J L,Resh V H. A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management. LandscapeEcology,2005,20(1):113-125.
[16]赵鹏,夏北成,秦建桥,赵华荣.流域景观格局与河流水质的多变量相关分析.生态学报,2012,32(8):2331-2341.
[17] O'Neill R V,Krummel J R,Gardner R H,Sugihara G,Jackson B,De Angelis D L,Milne B T,Turner M G,ZygmuntB,Christensen S W,Dale VH,Graham R L. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology,1988,1(3):153-162.
[18] Collier K J. Linking multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess the ecological condition of streams. Environmental Monitoring andAssessment,2009,157(1/4):113-124.
[19]李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,胡远满,问青春,王绪高,徐崇刚,李月辉,贺红仕.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应.生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.
[20]陈进.长江生态系统特征分析.长江科学院院报,2015,32(6):1-6.
[21]张殿发,王世杰,李瑞玲.土地利用/土地覆被变化对长江流域水环境的影响研究.地域研究与开发,2003,22(1):69-72.
[22]李屹峰,罗跃初,刘纲,欧阳志云,郑华.土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响———以密云水库流域为例.生态学报,2013,33(3):726-736.
[23]吴迎霞.海河流域生态服务功能空间格局及其驱动机制[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2013.
[24] Qiu J X,Turner M G. Importance of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed. Ecosphere,2015,6(11):1-19.
[25] Riitters K H,O'Neill R V,Hunsaker C T,Wickham J D,Yankee D H,Timmins S P,Jones K B,Jackson B L. A factor analysis of landscapepattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecology,1995,10(1):23-39.
[26] Doody D G,Withers P J A,Dils R M,Mc Dowell R W,Smith V,Mc Elarney Y R,Dunbar M,Daly D. Optimizing land use for the delivery ofcatchment ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2016,14(6):325-332.
[27]焦胜,杨娜,彭楷,郭谌达,李振民,周怀宇.沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响.地理研究,2014,33(12):2263-2274.
[28]李艳利,徐宗学,李艳粉.浑太河流域多尺度土地利用/景观格局与水质响应关系初步分析.地球与环境,2012,40(4):573-583.
[29]郭青海,马克明,张易.城市土地利用异质性对湖泊水质的影响.生态学报,2009,29(2):776-787.
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