北半球准定常行星波经向结构及特征尺度分析
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摘要
准定常行星波对于热带外地区的天气和气候有着举足轻重的影响.以往对于准定常行星波的研究主要针对某一纬度或多纬度平均的纬向波动进行分析,因此准定常行星波的经向结构及特征尺度尚不清楚.利用经典的Rossby波的频散关系,对传统定常波的水平全波数的计算方法进行了改进,将纬向和经向波数进行分离,得到了描述准定常行星波运动学特征的纬向和经向特征波数,从理论上给出了准定常行星波空间尺度的动力约束条件,进而对北半球行星波动的经向结构及特征空间尺度进行了分析.结果表明:在北半球热带外地区,冬季准定常行星波的经向尺度以1波为主,表明准定常行星波的经向结构多为偶极子型;而纬向波数随纬度的增高而减小,表明大尺度的准定常波可以在高纬度传播,而较小尺度的准定常波只能在较低纬度传播.进一步利用大气环流观测资料分析冬季不同纬度间准定常行星波(纬向1～3波)的位相关系,发现不同纬度间的准定常行星波以反位相关系为主,且行星波的经向活动区域随着纬向波数的减小而向极地延伸.观测得到的冬季准定常行星波的纬向和经向结构特征,与理论推导的纬向和经向特征波数的时空分布特征基本对应.
Quasi-stationary planetary waves have significant impact on weather and climate in both tropical and extra-tropical regions.Previous studies mainly focused on latitudinal fluctuations,but meridional structure and characteristic scale were unclear.Classical Rossby wave dispersion relation was used to improve calculation of horizontal full wave number in conventional steady wave,with separated zonal wave number and meridional wave number.Latitudinal and meridional characteristics describing kinematics of quasi-stationary planetary wave were obtained,characteristic spatial scales of planetary waves in the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed.In extra-tropical regions in the northern hemisphere,meridional scale of quasi-stationary planetary waves in winter was dominated by 1 wave,indicating that meridional structure of quasi-stationary planetary waves was mostly of the dipole type.Latitudinal wave number was found to decrease with increasing latitude,indicating that large-scale quasi-steady waves could propagate at high latitudes while smaller scale quasi-steady waves could only propagate at lower latitudes.Analyzing phase relations of quasi-stationary planetary waves(1-3 waves in latitude)between different latitudes in winter found that quasi-stationary planetary waves between different latitudes were mainly inversely related.Further,meridional region of planetary waves was found to extend to the poles as zonal wave number decreased.Observed characteristics of latitudinal and meridional structures of quasi-stationary planetary waves in winter basically corresponded to space-time distribution characteristics of characteristic wave number in zonal and meridional directions.
Quasi-stationary planetary waves have significant impact on weather and climate in both tropical and extra-tropical regions.Previous studies mainly focused on latitudinal fluctuations,but meridional structure and characteristic scale were unclear.Classical Rossby wave dispersion relation was used to improve calculation of horizontal full wave number in conventional steady wave,with separated zonal wave number and meridional wave number.Latitudinal and meridional characteristics describing kinematics of quasi-stationary planetary wave were obtained,characteristic spatial scales of planetary waves in the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed.In extra-tropical regions in the northern hemisphere,meridional scale of quasi-stationary planetary waves in winter was dominated by 1 wave,indicating that meridional structure of quasi-stationary planetary waves was mostly of the dipole type.Latitudinal wave number was found to decrease with increasing latitude,indicating that large-scale quasi-steady waves could propagate at high latitudes while smaller scale quasi-steady waves could only propagate at lower latitudes.Analyzing phase relations of quasi-stationary planetary waves(1-3 waves in latitude)between different latitudes in winter found that quasi-stationary planetary waves between different latitudes were mainly inversely related.Further,meridional region of planetary waves was found to extend to the poles as zonal wave number decreased.Observed characteristics of latitudinal and meridional structures of quasi-stationary planetary waves in winter basically corresponded to space-time distribution characteristics of characteristic wave number in zonal and meridional directions.
引文
[1]ROSSBY C G.Relations between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of action[J].Journal of Marine Research,1939,2(1):38
[2]ROSSBY C G.On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves[J].J Meteor,1945,2(4):187
[3]YEH T C.On energy dispersion in the atmosphere[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2010,6(1):1
[4]吴国雄,陈彪.原始方程系统中的无加速定理Ⅱ:纬向平均温度的变化[J].大气科学,1990,15(2):143
[5]CHEN W,YANG S,HUANG R.Relationship between stationary planetary wave activity and the East Asian winter monsoon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110(14).DOI:10.1029/2004JD005669
[6]陈文,康丽华.北极涛动与东亚冬季气候在年际尺度上的联系:准定常行星波的作用[J].大气科学,2006,31(5):863
[7]黄荣辉,魏科,陈际龙,等.东亚2005年和2006年冬季风异常及其与准定常行星波活动的关系[J].大气科学,2007,32(6):1033
[8]陈文,顾雷,魏科,等.东亚季风系统的动力过程和准定常行星波活动的研究进展[J].大气科学,2008,33(4):950
[9]LIN W,HUANG R H,LEI G,et al.Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity[J].Journal of Climate,2009,22(18):4860
[10]叶笃正.大气环流的若干基本问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:159
[11]巢纪平,叶笃正.正压大气中的螺旋行星波[J].大气科学,1977,2(2):81
[12]伍荣生.基本气流和大地形对于正压波动的作用[J].气象学报,1982,40(2):129
[13]伍荣生.Rossby波的能量、能量通量与Lagrange函数[J].气象学报,1986,44(2):158
[14]HUANG R H,GAMBO K.The response of a hemispheric multi-level model atmosphere to forcing by topography and stationary heat sources Part I forcing by topography[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,1982,60(1):78
[15]HUANG R H,GAMBO K.The response of a hemispheric multi-level model atmosphere to forcing by topography and stationary heat sources[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,1982,60(1):93
[16]ZENG Q C.The evolution of a Rossby-wave packet in a three-dimensional baroclinic atmosphere[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1983,40(1):73
[17]刘式适,刘式达.斜压Rossby波稳定性的线性与非线性问题[J].中国科学:化学,1985,15(11):1055
[18]刘式适,谭本馗.地形作用下的非线性Rossby波[J].应用数学和力学,1988,9(3):229
[19]陆维松.摩擦耗散和非线性正压不稳定[J].中国科学:化学,1989,19(8):888
[20]陆维松.纬向基流的非线性正压不稳定[J].气象科学,1989,83(1):16
[21]谭本馗.非线性Rossby波及其相互作用Ⅱ.周期波动解及其稳定性[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(3):378
[22]谭本馗,刘式适.地球流体中的非线性Rossby波[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1988,24(3):87
[23]谭本馗,伍荣生.非线性Rossby波及其相互作用:I.Rossby包络弧立波的碰撞[J].中国科学:化学,1993,23(4):437
[24]DELL'AQUILA A,LUCARINI V,RUTI P M,et al.Hayashi spectra of the northern hemisphere mid-latitude atmospheric variability in the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses[J].Climate Dynamics,2005,25(6):639
[25]DELL'AQUILA A,RUTI P M,CALMANTI S,et al.Southern Hemisphere midlatitude atmospheric variability of the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(8).DOI:10.1029/2006JD007376
[26]LOON H V,JENNE R L.The zonal harmonic standing waves in the Southern Hemisphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(6):992
[27]LOON H V,JENNE R L,LABITZKE K.Zonal harmonic standing waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1973,78(21):4463
[28]TRENBERTH K E.Planetary-waves at 500mb in the southern-hemisphere[J].Mon Wea Rev,1980,108(9):1378
[29]HU Y,TUNG K K.Interannual and decadal variations of planetary wave activity,stratospheric cooling,and Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode[J].Journal of Climate,2002,15(13):1659
[30]HU Y,TUNG K K.Tropospheric and equatorial influences on planetary-wave amplitude in the stratosphere[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(2):6
[31]杨蕾,陈文,黄荣辉.北半球准定常行星波气候平均态的资料分析和数值模拟[J].大气科学,2006,31(3):361
[32]HOSKINS B J.The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing[J].JAtmos Sci,1981,38(6):1179
[33]KAROLY D J.Rossby-wave propagation in a barotropic atmosphere[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres&Oceans,1983,7(2):111
[34]SCHNEIDER E K,WATTERSON I G.Stationary Rossby-wave propagation through easterly layers[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1984,41(13):2069
[35]季劲钧.大气经圈环流对波动和能量传输的影响[J].大气科学,1990,15(4):413
[36]宋燕,缪锦海.经圈环流对定常波传播的影响[J].气象学报,1994,52(4):424
[37]李艳杰,李建平.水平非均匀基流中行星波的传播[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(2):361
[38]WALLACE J M,GUTZLER D S.Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter[J].Monthly Weather Review,1981,109(4):784
[39]MO K C.Teleconnections in the southern hemisphere[J].Mon Wea Rev,1985,113(1):22
[40]NITTA T.Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the northern hemisphere summer circulation[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,1987,65(3):373
[41]HUANG R H.Influence of the heat source anomaly over the tropical western Pacific on the subtropical high over East Asia[C]∥Proceedings of the International Conference on the General Circulation of East Asia.Chengdu:[s.n.],1987
[42]苗秋菊,徐祥德,张雪金.长江中下游旱涝的环流型与赤道东太平洋海温遥相关波列特征[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):688
[43]李建平,吴国雄,胡敦欣.亚印太交汇区海气相互作用及其对我国短期气候的影响[M].北京:气象出版社,2011:516
[44]黎伟标,纪立人.亚洲夏季风活动激发的北半球大气环流遥相关型[J].大气科学,1997,22(3):283
[45]黎伟标,纪立人.亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨Ⅰ:正规模及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量分析[J].大气科学,1999,24(4):477
[46]黎伟标,纪立人.亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨Ⅱ:最优强迫模及其响应[J].大气科学,1999,24(4):477
[47]LEATHERS D J,YARNAL B,PALECKI M A.The Pacific North American teleconnection pattern and United States climate.Part I:regional temperature and precipitation associations[J].Journal of Climate,1991,4(5):517
[48]HUANG G.An index measuring the interannual variation of the East Asian summer monsoon:the EAPindex[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2004,21(1):41
[49]BOER G J,FOUREST S,YU B.The signature of the annular modes in the moisture budget[J].Journal of Climate,2001,14(17):3655
[50]KIMOTO M,JIN F F,WATANABE M,et al.Zonaleddy coupling and a neutral mode theory for the Arctic Oscillation[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(4):737
[51]孙诚,李建平.北半球500hPa位势高度场时空频谱特征分析[J].大气科学,2011,36(6):1079
[52]SUN C,LI J.Space-time spectral analysis of the southern hemisphere daily 500hPa geopotential height[J].Monthly Weather Review,2012,140(12):3844
[53]SUN C,LI J,JIN F F,et al.Contrasting meridional structures of stratospheric and tropospheric planetary wave variability in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Tellus Series A:Dynamic Meteorology&Oceanography,2014,66(1):25303
[54]HOSKINS B J,AMBRIZZI T.Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinally varying flow[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1993,50(12):1661
[55]EDMON H J J,HOSKINS B J,MCINTYRE M E.Eliassen-Palm cross sections for the troposphere[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1980,37(12):2600
[56]CHEN W,TAKAHASHI M,GRAF H F.Interannual variations of stationary planetary wave activity in the northern winter troposphere and stratosphere and their relations to NAM and SST[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(24):4797
[2]ROSSBY C G.On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves[J].J Meteor,1945,2(4):187
[3]YEH T C.On energy dispersion in the atmosphere[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2010,6(1):1
[4]吴国雄,陈彪.原始方程系统中的无加速定理Ⅱ:纬向平均温度的变化[J].大气科学,1990,15(2):143
[5]CHEN W,YANG S,HUANG R.Relationship between stationary planetary wave activity and the East Asian winter monsoon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110(14).DOI:10.1029/2004JD005669
[6]陈文,康丽华.北极涛动与东亚冬季气候在年际尺度上的联系:准定常行星波的作用[J].大气科学,2006,31(5):863
[7]黄荣辉,魏科,陈际龙,等.东亚2005年和2006年冬季风异常及其与准定常行星波活动的关系[J].大气科学,2007,32(6):1033
[8]陈文,顾雷,魏科,等.东亚季风系统的动力过程和准定常行星波活动的研究进展[J].大气科学,2008,33(4):950
[9]LIN W,HUANG R H,LEI G,et al.Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity[J].Journal of Climate,2009,22(18):4860
[10]叶笃正.大气环流的若干基本问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:159
[11]巢纪平,叶笃正.正压大气中的螺旋行星波[J].大气科学,1977,2(2):81
[12]伍荣生.基本气流和大地形对于正压波动的作用[J].气象学报,1982,40(2):129
[13]伍荣生.Rossby波的能量、能量通量与Lagrange函数[J].气象学报,1986,44(2):158
[14]HUANG R H,GAMBO K.The response of a hemispheric multi-level model atmosphere to forcing by topography and stationary heat sources Part I forcing by topography[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,1982,60(1):78
[15]HUANG R H,GAMBO K.The response of a hemispheric multi-level model atmosphere to forcing by topography and stationary heat sources[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,1982,60(1):93
[16]ZENG Q C.The evolution of a Rossby-wave packet in a three-dimensional baroclinic atmosphere[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1983,40(1):73
[17]刘式适,刘式达.斜压Rossby波稳定性的线性与非线性问题[J].中国科学:化学,1985,15(11):1055
[18]刘式适,谭本馗.地形作用下的非线性Rossby波[J].应用数学和力学,1988,9(3):229
[19]陆维松.摩擦耗散和非线性正压不稳定[J].中国科学:化学,1989,19(8):888
[20]陆维松.纬向基流的非线性正压不稳定[J].气象科学,1989,83(1):16
[21]谭本馗.非线性Rossby波及其相互作用Ⅱ.周期波动解及其稳定性[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(3):378
[22]谭本馗,刘式适.地球流体中的非线性Rossby波[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1988,24(3):87
[23]谭本馗,伍荣生.非线性Rossby波及其相互作用:I.Rossby包络弧立波的碰撞[J].中国科学:化学,1993,23(4):437
[24]DELL'AQUILA A,LUCARINI V,RUTI P M,et al.Hayashi spectra of the northern hemisphere mid-latitude atmospheric variability in the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses[J].Climate Dynamics,2005,25(6):639
[25]DELL'AQUILA A,RUTI P M,CALMANTI S,et al.Southern Hemisphere midlatitude atmospheric variability of the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(8).DOI:10.1029/2006JD007376
[26]LOON H V,JENNE R L.The zonal harmonic standing waves in the Southern Hemisphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(6):992
[27]LOON H V,JENNE R L,LABITZKE K.Zonal harmonic standing waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1973,78(21):4463
[28]TRENBERTH K E.Planetary-waves at 500mb in the southern-hemisphere[J].Mon Wea Rev,1980,108(9):1378
[29]HU Y,TUNG K K.Interannual and decadal variations of planetary wave activity,stratospheric cooling,and Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode[J].Journal of Climate,2002,15(13):1659
[30]HU Y,TUNG K K.Tropospheric and equatorial influences on planetary-wave amplitude in the stratosphere[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(2):6
[31]杨蕾,陈文,黄荣辉.北半球准定常行星波气候平均态的资料分析和数值模拟[J].大气科学,2006,31(3):361
[32]HOSKINS B J.The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing[J].JAtmos Sci,1981,38(6):1179
[33]KAROLY D J.Rossby-wave propagation in a barotropic atmosphere[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres&Oceans,1983,7(2):111
[34]SCHNEIDER E K,WATTERSON I G.Stationary Rossby-wave propagation through easterly layers[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1984,41(13):2069
[35]季劲钧.大气经圈环流对波动和能量传输的影响[J].大气科学,1990,15(4):413
[36]宋燕,缪锦海.经圈环流对定常波传播的影响[J].气象学报,1994,52(4):424
[37]李艳杰,李建平.水平非均匀基流中行星波的传播[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(2):361
[38]WALLACE J M,GUTZLER D S.Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter[J].Monthly Weather Review,1981,109(4):784
[39]MO K C.Teleconnections in the southern hemisphere[J].Mon Wea Rev,1985,113(1):22
[40]NITTA T.Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the northern hemisphere summer circulation[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,1987,65(3):373
[41]HUANG R H.Influence of the heat source anomaly over the tropical western Pacific on the subtropical high over East Asia[C]∥Proceedings of the International Conference on the General Circulation of East Asia.Chengdu:[s.n.],1987
[42]苗秋菊,徐祥德,张雪金.长江中下游旱涝的环流型与赤道东太平洋海温遥相关波列特征[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):688
[43]李建平,吴国雄,胡敦欣.亚印太交汇区海气相互作用及其对我国短期气候的影响[M].北京:气象出版社,2011:516
[44]黎伟标,纪立人.亚洲夏季风活动激发的北半球大气环流遥相关型[J].大气科学,1997,22(3):283
[45]黎伟标,纪立人.亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨Ⅰ:正规模及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量分析[J].大气科学,1999,24(4):477
[46]黎伟标,纪立人.亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨Ⅱ:最优强迫模及其响应[J].大气科学,1999,24(4):477
[47]LEATHERS D J,YARNAL B,PALECKI M A.The Pacific North American teleconnection pattern and United States climate.Part I:regional temperature and precipitation associations[J].Journal of Climate,1991,4(5):517
[48]HUANG G.An index measuring the interannual variation of the East Asian summer monsoon:the EAPindex[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2004,21(1):41
[49]BOER G J,FOUREST S,YU B.The signature of the annular modes in the moisture budget[J].Journal of Climate,2001,14(17):3655
[50]KIMOTO M,JIN F F,WATANABE M,et al.Zonaleddy coupling and a neutral mode theory for the Arctic Oscillation[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(4):737
[51]孙诚,李建平.北半球500hPa位势高度场时空频谱特征分析[J].大气科学,2011,36(6):1079
[52]SUN C,LI J.Space-time spectral analysis of the southern hemisphere daily 500hPa geopotential height[J].Monthly Weather Review,2012,140(12):3844
[53]SUN C,LI J,JIN F F,et al.Contrasting meridional structures of stratospheric and tropospheric planetary wave variability in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Tellus Series A:Dynamic Meteorology&Oceanography,2014,66(1):25303
[54]HOSKINS B J,AMBRIZZI T.Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinally varying flow[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1993,50(12):1661
[55]EDMON H J J,HOSKINS B J,MCINTYRE M E.Eliassen-Palm cross sections for the troposphere[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1980,37(12):2600
[56]CHEN W,TAKAHASHI M,GRAF H F.Interannual variations of stationary planetary wave activity in the northern winter troposphere and stratosphere and their relations to NAM and SST[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(24):4797
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