秦巴山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征
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摘要
降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征的研究对区域土壤侵蚀风险评估及水土保持规划具有重要的意义。利用秦巴山区及周边地区共63个气象站1961～2016年的逐日降雨量数据计算各站的降雨侵蚀力,借助Kriging空间插值法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验等方法分析了秦巴山区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征。结果表明:秦巴山区年均降雨侵蚀力为3 696 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a),年内变化呈单峰型,7月最大,占全年的26. 6%;四季中,夏季最大,冬季最小。代际间,20世纪80年代的降雨侵蚀力最大,90年代最小。年际间,年降雨侵蚀力存在明显的阶段性,但未表现出显著的趋势性和突变性特征。秦巴山区多年平均降雨侵蚀力呈南高北低的分布格局,不同地区年均降雨侵蚀力变化于787～8 858 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a)之间;整体而言,年降雨侵蚀力随纬度增加而减小,随海拔升高而减小。
The investigation of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of rainfall erosivity is significant in regional soil erosion risk assessment as well as water and soil conservation planning. Based on long-period( 1961-2016) daily rainfall data from 63 meteorological stations located in Qin-Ba mountains region and its surrounding area,this study calculated values of rainfall erosivity and analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of rainfall erosivity using Kriging spatial interpolation method,Mann-kendall trend test,Pettitt test and other methods. Results showed that the regional average annual rainfall erosivity was 3 696 MJ · mm/( hm~2· h · a). The rainfall erosivity showed a unimodal intra-annual variation with a maximum value in July accounting for 26. 6 % of the total year and also had a strong seasonal pattern with maximum rainfall erosivity in summer and minimum in winter. The rainfall erosivity reached its maximum in the 1980 s and minimum in the 1990 s. The annual rainfall erosivity had distinct phases,whereas had no significant trends and mutations. It turned out that the spatial distribution of the average annual rainfall erosivity in the region increased from north to south varying from 787 to8 858 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a). Furthermore,the average annual rainfall erosivity of Qin-Ba mountains region generally decreased with the increasing of latitude( P<0. 01) and altitude( P<0. 01).
The investigation of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of rainfall erosivity is significant in regional soil erosion risk assessment as well as water and soil conservation planning. Based on long-period( 1961-2016) daily rainfall data from 63 meteorological stations located in Qin-Ba mountains region and its surrounding area,this study calculated values of rainfall erosivity and analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of rainfall erosivity using Kriging spatial interpolation method,Mann-kendall trend test,Pettitt test and other methods. Results showed that the regional average annual rainfall erosivity was 3 696 MJ · mm/( hm~2· h · a). The rainfall erosivity showed a unimodal intra-annual variation with a maximum value in July accounting for 26. 6 % of the total year and also had a strong seasonal pattern with maximum rainfall erosivity in summer and minimum in winter. The rainfall erosivity reached its maximum in the 1980 s and minimum in the 1990 s. The annual rainfall erosivity had distinct phases,whereas had no significant trends and mutations. It turned out that the spatial distribution of the average annual rainfall erosivity in the region increased from north to south varying from 787 to8 858 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a). Furthermore,the average annual rainfall erosivity of Qin-Ba mountains region generally decreased with the increasing of latitude( P<0. 01) and altitude( P<0. 01).
引文
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[12]钟科元,郑粉莉. 1960-2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(2):278-291.ZHONG K Y,ZHENG F L. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River basin from1960-2014[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2):278-291.
[13]穆兴民,戴海伦,高鹏,等.陕北黄土高原降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(3):37-43.MU X M,DAI H L,GAO P,et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics of rainfall erosivity in northern Shaanxi region in the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land and Resources and Environment,2010,24(3):37-43.
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[15]吴明作,何瑞珍,安树青,等.河南省降雨侵蚀力时空变异特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(3):22-28.WU M Z,HE R Z,AN S Q,et al. Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Henan Province[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(3):22-28.
[16]陈东东,程路,栗晓玮,等.基于地统计学的四川省降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(1):206-213.CHEN D D,CHENG L,LI X W,et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Sichuan Province based on geostatistics[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(1):206-213.
[17]张家其,龚箭,吴宜进.基于日降雨数据的湖北省降雨侵蚀力初步分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(2):274-280.ZHANG J Q,GONG J,WU Y J. A preliminary study on rainfall erosion force in Hubei based on the data of daily rainfall[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(2):274-280.
[18] ZHAI P,ZHANG X,WAN H,et al. Trends in total precipitation and frequency of daily precipitation extremes over China[J].Journal of Climate,2005,18(18):1096-1108.
[19]李双双,杨赛霓,刘宪锋. 1960-2013年秦岭—淮河南北极端降水时空变化特征及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(3):354-363.LI S S,YANG S N,LIU X F. Spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation in north and south of the Qingling-Huaihe region and influencing factors during 1960-2013[J]. Progress in Geography,2015,34(3):354-363.
[20]刘宪锋,潘耀忠,朱秀芳,等. 2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):705-716.LIU X F,PAN Y Z,ZHU X F,et al. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in Qingling-Daba Mountains in relation to environmental factors[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):705-716.
[21]杨波,张勃,安美玲,等. 1961-2011年秦巴山区极端降水事件的时空特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(1):110-116.YANG B,ZHANG B,AN M L,et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation extremes in the Qinba Mountains Region during 1961-2011[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):110-116.
[22]谢云,刘宝元,章文波.侵蚀性降雨标准研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):6-11.XIE Y,LIU B Y,ZHANG W B. Study on standard of erosive rainfall[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):6-11.
[23]穆兴民,李靖,王飞,等.黄河天然径流量年际变化过程分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(2):1-5.MU X M,LI J,WANG F,et al. Analysis on the annual natural runoff variety process of the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Arid Land and Resources and Environment,2003,17(2):1-5.
[24] MANN H B. Nonparametric Tests Against Trend[J]. Econometrica,1945,13(3):245-259.
[25] KENDALL M G. Rank Correlation Measures[M]. London:Charles Griffin,1975.
[26] PETTITT A N. A Non-Parametric Approach to the ChangePoint Problem[J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1979,28(2):126-135.
[27]李英杰,延军平,刘永林.秦岭南北气候干湿变化与降水非均匀性的关系[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(3):619-627.LI Y J,YAN J P,LIU Y L. Relationship between dryness/wetness and precipitation heterogeneity in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains[J]. Arid Zone Research,2016,33(3):619-627.
[28]孔祥东,刘武林,邓玉林,等.基于日降雨量计算川北深丘低山区降雨侵蚀力初步研究[J].中国水土保持,2007(5):29-31.KONG X D,LIU W L,DENG Y L,et al. Preliminary study on rainfall erosivity force in low hill regions of the northern Sichuan based on daily rainfall calculation[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2007(5):29-31.
[2] RAMOS M C,MARTINEZ-CASASNOVAS J A. Nutrient losses from a vineyard soil in Northeastern Spain caused by an extraordinary rainfall event[J]. Catena,2004,55(1):79-90.
[3] WANG X,ZHAO X,ZHANG Z,et al. Assessment of soil erosion change and its relationships with land use/cover change in China from the end of the 1980s to 2010[J]. Catena,2016,137:256-268.
[4] WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D. Rainfall energy and its relationship to soil loss[J]. Eos Transactions American Geoghysical Union,1958,39(2):285-291.
[5] ANGULO-MARTINEZ M,BEGUERIA S. Estimating rainfall erosivity from daily precipitation records:A comparison among methods using data from the Ebro Basin(NE Spain)[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2009,379(1-2):111-121.
[6] BONILLA C A,VIDAL K L. Rainfall erosivity in Central Chile[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2011,410(1-2):126-133.
[7]王万中,焦菊英,郝小品,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布(Ⅱ)[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):29-39.WANG W Z,JIAO J Y,HAO X P,et al. Distribution of rainfall erosivity R value in China[J]. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation,1996,2(1):29-39.
[8]刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等1960-2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):245-256.LIU B T,TAO H P,SONG C F,et al. Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall erosivity in China during 1960 to 2009[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(2):245-256.
[9]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.中国降雨侵蚀力空间变化特征[J].山地学报,2003,21(1):33-40.ZHANG W B,XIE Y,LIU B Y. Spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(1):33-40.
[10]孙泉忠,王朝军,赵佳,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R指标研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(4):1-5.SUN Q Z,WANG C J,ZHAO J,et al. Research evolution of rainfall erosivity(R)in China[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(4):1-5.
[11]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.ZHANG W B,XIE Y,LIU B Y. Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.
[12]钟科元,郑粉莉. 1960-2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(2):278-291.ZHONG K Y,ZHENG F L. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River basin from1960-2014[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2):278-291.
[13]穆兴民,戴海伦,高鹏,等.陕北黄土高原降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(3):37-43.MU X M,DAI H L,GAO P,et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics of rainfall erosivity in northern Shaanxi region in the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land and Resources and Environment,2010,24(3):37-43.
[14]何绍浪,郭小君,李凤英,等.中国南方地区近60 a来降雨量与降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(9):1406-1416.HE S L,GUO X J,LI F Y,et al. Spatiotemporal variation of rainfall and rainfall erosivity in Southern China in recent 60years[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(9):1406-1416.
[15]吴明作,何瑞珍,安树青,等.河南省降雨侵蚀力时空变异特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(3):22-28.WU M Z,HE R Z,AN S Q,et al. Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Henan Province[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(3):22-28.
[16]陈东东,程路,栗晓玮,等.基于地统计学的四川省降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(1):206-213.CHEN D D,CHENG L,LI X W,et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Sichuan Province based on geostatistics[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(1):206-213.
[17]张家其,龚箭,吴宜进.基于日降雨数据的湖北省降雨侵蚀力初步分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(2):274-280.ZHANG J Q,GONG J,WU Y J. A preliminary study on rainfall erosion force in Hubei based on the data of daily rainfall[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(2):274-280.
[18] ZHAI P,ZHANG X,WAN H,et al. Trends in total precipitation and frequency of daily precipitation extremes over China[J].Journal of Climate,2005,18(18):1096-1108.
[19]李双双,杨赛霓,刘宪锋. 1960-2013年秦岭—淮河南北极端降水时空变化特征及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(3):354-363.LI S S,YANG S N,LIU X F. Spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation in north and south of the Qingling-Huaihe region and influencing factors during 1960-2013[J]. Progress in Geography,2015,34(3):354-363.
[20]刘宪锋,潘耀忠,朱秀芳,等. 2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):705-716.LIU X F,PAN Y Z,ZHU X F,et al. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in Qingling-Daba Mountains in relation to environmental factors[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):705-716.
[21]杨波,张勃,安美玲,等. 1961-2011年秦巴山区极端降水事件的时空特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(1):110-116.YANG B,ZHANG B,AN M L,et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation extremes in the Qinba Mountains Region during 1961-2011[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):110-116.
[22]谢云,刘宝元,章文波.侵蚀性降雨标准研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):6-11.XIE Y,LIU B Y,ZHANG W B. Study on standard of erosive rainfall[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):6-11.
[23]穆兴民,李靖,王飞,等.黄河天然径流量年际变化过程分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(2):1-5.MU X M,LI J,WANG F,et al. Analysis on the annual natural runoff variety process of the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Arid Land and Resources and Environment,2003,17(2):1-5.
[24] MANN H B. Nonparametric Tests Against Trend[J]. Econometrica,1945,13(3):245-259.
[25] KENDALL M G. Rank Correlation Measures[M]. London:Charles Griffin,1975.
[26] PETTITT A N. A Non-Parametric Approach to the ChangePoint Problem[J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1979,28(2):126-135.
[27]李英杰,延军平,刘永林.秦岭南北气候干湿变化与降水非均匀性的关系[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(3):619-627.LI Y J,YAN J P,LIU Y L. Relationship between dryness/wetness and precipitation heterogeneity in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains[J]. Arid Zone Research,2016,33(3):619-627.
[28]孔祥东,刘武林,邓玉林,等.基于日降雨量计算川北深丘低山区降雨侵蚀力初步研究[J].中国水土保持,2007(5):29-31.KONG X D,LIU W L,DENG Y L,et al. Preliminary study on rainfall erosivity force in low hill regions of the northern Sichuan based on daily rainfall calculation[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2007(5):29-31.
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