工业发达城市土壤重金属时空变异与源解析
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摘要
采集了宁波市区2003和2013年两期共1 130个土壤样品,测定了8种典型重金属元素的含量,运用污染指数评价法对土壤重金属污染程度进行了评价,运用地统计学方法剖析了污染的时空变异特征,并分别运用主成分分析和UNMIX受体模型解析了重金属的污染来源.结果表明:(1)除了As,两期重金属元素的含量均值都超过了浙江省土壤背景值和国家土壤背景值,说明土壤普遍存在重金属污染;从2003～2013年,所有元素的含量均值都不同程度地增大,说明10年间重金属污染普遍加剧;(2)单因子污染指数的评价结果表明,Hg为重度污染,Cd、Cu、Pb为中度污染,Zn、Cr、Ni为轻度污染,As为非污染状态;所有采样点的内梅罗综合污染指数都超过了警戒值,10年间综合污染指数> 3、呈重度污染的样本显著增加.(3)同种元素不同时期的污染空间格局相近,不同元素则呈现一定差异,Pb和Hg,Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Ni的空间分布特征具有相似性,高值区主要集中在污染企业分布密集和人类活动频繁的海曙、江北、江东、镇海四区;(4)研究区重金属污染源主要包括两类,即以Ni、As、Cr、Zn、Cd为主要成分的工业污染源,以Pb和Hg为主要成分的生活污染源,前者源自工业废水、废气和废渣的排放;后者源自于生活垃圾、汽车尾气及道路磨损造成的颗粒物和粉尘污染.
In the present study,a total of 1 130 soil samples were collected in 2003 and 2013 in the Ningbo city district,and the content of eight typical heavy metals were measured. The degree of heavy metal pollution in the soil in the study area was evaluated using the pollution index evaluation method. The temporal and spatial variation in the pollution were analyzed by the geostatistics method,and principal component analysis( PCA) and the UNMIX model were used to analyze the heavy metal pollution sources. The results showed that:(1) excluding As,the mean values of the other seven heavy metals in both periods exceeded the soil background values in Zhejiang province and national background values,which indicated that heavy metal pollution is common in the soil from the study area. From 2003 to 2013,the mean content of all elements increased to some degree,indicating that the heavy metals pollution was generally aggravated in 10 a; the increase in the mean Hg content was the greatest.(2) The evaluation results based on the singlefactor pollution index showed that the pollution degree was high for Hg; moderate for Cd,Cu,and Pb; slight for Zn,Cr,and Ni; and unpolluted for As. The evaluation results based on Nemero's comprehensive pollution index showed that the pollution index for all samples exceeded the precaution value, and the number of soil samples that were characterized as heavily polluted with a comprehensive pollution index over 3 had increased significantly.(3) The spatial distribution of the same heavy metal in different periods presented similar characteristics. Generally speaking,the spatial distribution of Pb was similar to that of Hg,and the spatial distributions of Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni were similar to each other; high value areas were mainly concentrated in the four areas of Haishu,Jiangbei,Jiangdong,and Zhenhai districts,where the polluted enterprises were densely distributed and human activities were frequent.(4) Based on PCA and the UNMIX receptor model,the source analysis results of soil heavy metals in 2013 were essentially the same,i. e.,the source of heavy metal pollution in the study area included industrial sources and living sources. Industrial sources of heavy metal pollution had the highest contribution rate and derived from industrial wastewater,waste gas,and waste residue discharged by plasticizing,mining,and metallurgical enterprises; chemical and mechanical manufacturing enterprises; etc.,causing the accumulation of Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni in the soil. The living sources had the second highest contribution rate and originated from the pollution of particulates and dust caused by domestic waste,automobile exhaust,and road wear. Additionally,natural factors had small contribution rates,mainly due to the spread of pollutants by prevailing winds and atmospheric settlement.
In the present study,a total of 1 130 soil samples were collected in 2003 and 2013 in the Ningbo city district,and the content of eight typical heavy metals were measured. The degree of heavy metal pollution in the soil in the study area was evaluated using the pollution index evaluation method. The temporal and spatial variation in the pollution were analyzed by the geostatistics method,and principal component analysis( PCA) and the UNMIX model were used to analyze the heavy metal pollution sources. The results showed that:(1) excluding As,the mean values of the other seven heavy metals in both periods exceeded the soil background values in Zhejiang province and national background values,which indicated that heavy metal pollution is common in the soil from the study area. From 2003 to 2013,the mean content of all elements increased to some degree,indicating that the heavy metals pollution was generally aggravated in 10 a; the increase in the mean Hg content was the greatest.(2) The evaluation results based on the singlefactor pollution index showed that the pollution degree was high for Hg; moderate for Cd,Cu,and Pb; slight for Zn,Cr,and Ni; and unpolluted for As. The evaluation results based on Nemero's comprehensive pollution index showed that the pollution index for all samples exceeded the precaution value, and the number of soil samples that were characterized as heavily polluted with a comprehensive pollution index over 3 had increased significantly.(3) The spatial distribution of the same heavy metal in different periods presented similar characteristics. Generally speaking,the spatial distribution of Pb was similar to that of Hg,and the spatial distributions of Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni were similar to each other; high value areas were mainly concentrated in the four areas of Haishu,Jiangbei,Jiangdong,and Zhenhai districts,where the polluted enterprises were densely distributed and human activities were frequent.(4) Based on PCA and the UNMIX receptor model,the source analysis results of soil heavy metals in 2013 were essentially the same,i. e.,the source of heavy metal pollution in the study area included industrial sources and living sources. Industrial sources of heavy metal pollution had the highest contribution rate and derived from industrial wastewater,waste gas,and waste residue discharged by plasticizing,mining,and metallurgical enterprises; chemical and mechanical manufacturing enterprises; etc.,causing the accumulation of Cr,As,Cu,Zn,and Ni in the soil. The living sources had the second highest contribution rate and originated from the pollution of particulates and dust caused by domestic waste,automobile exhaust,and road wear. Additionally,natural factors had small contribution rates,mainly due to the spread of pollutants by prevailing winds and atmospheric settlement.
引文
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[22]王俊坚,赵宏伟,钟秀萍,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属浓度水平及空间分布[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):298-304.Wang J J,Zhao H W,Zhong X P,et al. Concentration levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant(Shenzhen)[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):298-304.
[23] Xue J L,Zhi Y Y,Yang L P,et al. Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant(Changxing county,China)[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(12):7698-7707.
[24]艾建超,王宁,杨净.基于UNMIX模型的夹皮沟金矿区土壤重金属源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(9):3530-3536.Ai J C,Yu N,Yang J. Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in Jiapigou goldmine based on the UNMIX model[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(9):3530-3536.
[25]李娇,吴劲,蒋进元,等.近十年土壤污染物源解析研究综述[J].土壤通报,2018,49(1):232-242.Li J,Wu J,Jiang J Y,et al. Review on source apportionment of soil pollutants in recent ten years[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(1):232-242.
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[2]陈秀端,卢新卫.基于受体模型与地统计的城市居民区土壤重金属污染源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2513-2521.Chen X D,Lu X W. Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in city residential areas based on the receptor model and Geostatistics[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2513-2521.
[3]戴彬,吕建树,战金成,等.山东省典型工业城市土壤重金属来源、空间分布及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):507-515.Dai B,Lv J S,Zhan J C,et al. Assessment of sources,spatial distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals in soils in a typical industry-based city of Shandong province,Eastern China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(2):507-515.
[4] Hu B F,Jia X L,Hu J et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in the soil-plant-human system in the Yangtze River Delta, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(9):1042.
[5]骆永民.土壤环境与生态安全[M].北京:科学出版社,2009. 1-10.Luo Y M. Soil environment and ecological safety[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2009. 1-10.
[6]于元赫,吕建树,王亚梦.黄河下游典型区域土壤重金属来源解析及空间分布.环境科学,2018,39(6):2866-2874.Yu Y H,Lv J S,Wang Y M. Source identification and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils in typical areas around the lower Yellow River[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2866-2874.
[7] Jiang Y X,Chao S H,Liu J W,et al. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province,China[J]. Chemosphere,2017,168:1658-1668.
[8]张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):692-703.Zhang X M,Zhang X Y,Zhong T Y,et al. Spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy metal in arable land soil of China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):692-703.
[9]夏敏,赵炳梓,张佳宝.基于GIS的黄淮海平原典型潮土区土壤重金属积累研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(4):684-692.Xia M,Zhao B Z,Zhang J B. GIS-based research on soil heavy metal accumulation in a fluvo-aquic soil area typical of the Huang-Huai-Hai plain[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):684-692.
[10]高智群,张美剑,赵科理,等.土壤-水稻系统重金属空间异质性研究——以浙江省嵊州市为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):215-224.Gao Z Q, Zhang M J, Zhao K L, et al. Heavy metal contamination in soil-rice system and its spatial variation in Shengzhou City[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(1):215-224.
[11] Parra S,Bravo M A,Quiroz W,et al. Source apportionment for contaminated soils using multivariate statistical methods[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,2014,138:127-132.
[12]董騄睿,胡文友,黄标,等.基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田土壤重金属源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2103-2111.Dong L R,Hu W Y,Huang B,et al. Source appointment of heavy metals in suburban farmland soils based on positive matrix factorization[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(7):2103-2111.
[13]张海珍,唐宇力,陆骏,等.西湖景区土壤典型重金属污染物的来源及空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1516-1522.Zhang H Z, Tang Y L, Lu J, et al. Sources and spatial distribution of typical heavy metal pollutants in soils in Xihu scenic area[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(4):1516-1522.
[14] Hu B F,Wang J Y,Jin B,et al. Assessment of the potential health risks of heavy metals in soils in a coastal industrial region of the Yangtze River Delta[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(24):19816-19826.
[15] Hu W Y,Huang B,He Y,et al. Assessment of potential health risk of heavy metals in soils from a rapidly developing region of China[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2016,22(1):211-225.
[16]王菲,吴泉源,吕建树,等.山东省典型金矿区土壤重金属空间特征分析与环境风险评估[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):3144-3150.Wang F,Wu Q Y,Lv J S,et al. Spatial characteristics and environmental risk of heavy metals in typical gold mining area of Shandong province[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(8):3144-3150.
[17]邱孟龙,李芳柏,王琦,等.工业发达城市区域耕地土壤重金属时空变异与来源变化[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):298-305.Qiu M L,Li F B,Wang Q,et al. Spatio-temporal variation and source changes of heavy metals in cultivated soils in industrial developed urban areas[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(2):298-305.
[18]杨勇,梅杨,张楚天,等.基于时空克里格的土壤重金属时空建模与预测[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(21):249-255.Yang Y,Mei Y,Zhang C T,et al. Spatio-temporal modeling and prediction of soil heavy metal based on spatio-temporal Kriging[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(21):249-255.
[19]孙焰,祁士华,李绘,等.福建闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃含量、来源及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1821-1829.Sun Y,Qi S H,Li H,et al. Concentrations,sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils collected along the banks of Minjiang River,Fujian,China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(6):1821-1829.
[20] Kelepertzis E,Komárek M,Argyraki A,et al. Metal(loid)distribution and Pb isotopic signatures in the urban environment of Athens,Greece[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,213:420-431.
[21] Mizwar A, Priatmadi B J, Abdi C, et al. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)contamination in surface soil of coal stockpile sites in South Kalimantan,Indonesia[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(3):152.
[22]王俊坚,赵宏伟,钟秀萍,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属浓度水平及空间分布[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):298-304.Wang J J,Zhao H W,Zhong X P,et al. Concentration levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant(Shenzhen)[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):298-304.
[23] Xue J L,Zhi Y Y,Yang L P,et al. Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant(Changxing county,China)[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(12):7698-7707.
[24]艾建超,王宁,杨净.基于UNMIX模型的夹皮沟金矿区土壤重金属源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(9):3530-3536.Ai J C,Yu N,Yang J. Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in Jiapigou goldmine based on the UNMIX model[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(9):3530-3536.
[25]李娇,吴劲,蒋进元,等.近十年土壤污染物源解析研究综述[J].土壤通报,2018,49(1):232-242.Li J,Wu J,Jiang J Y,et al. Review on source apportionment of soil pollutants in recent ten years[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(1):232-242.
[26] Hu B F,Jia X L,Hu J,et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in the soil-plant-human system in the Yangtze River Delta, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(9):1042.
[27] Shao S,Hu B F,Fu Z Y,et al. Source identification and apportionment of trace elements in soils in the Yangtze River Delta, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018, 15(6):1240, doi:10. 3390/ijerph15061240.
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