黄河湿地孟津段生态环境状况及对策研究
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摘要
通过对黄河湿地孟津段遥感影像进行土地利用类型及该区域2011-2017年鱼塘、荷塘的提取与解译,认为在湿地保护区三区中人类活动频繁。结果表明,农用地约占研究区域土地面积的41.7%,6a间鱼塘、荷塘面积增加了58.5%。此外,研究区域内农业面源污染情况不容乐观,生态环境脆弱。同时,孟津湿地中一部分处于库区,一部分位于滩区,滩区湿地的生态需水量也难以得到保证。黄河湿地在河心洲、岛及嫩滩中采用主动恢复的方式,其他区域使用被动恢复方式,以依靠恢复湿地植物群落、满足湿地生态需水量为主要恢复方法,在避免二次破坏的前提下进行湿地修复。当前情况下,可通过改变耕种方式、科普宣教、加强管理的方式保护湿地生态环境及动植物资源,未来可通过生态补偿机制等实现湿地保护区中村庄及农田的逐步退出。
In order to protect the ecological environment and the resources of the animals and plants within the Yellow River wetland,the land use types and fish-lotus ponds in Mengjin section were interpreted from the relative satellite images.It was found that human activities were frequent in the region.The agricultural area accounted for 41.7%,the fish and lotus ponds increased by 58.5%from 2011 to 2017.In addition,the agricultural non-point source pollution in the study area was not optimistic and the ecological environment was fragile.At the same time,the ecological water demand of wetland in shoal region was also difficult to be guaranteed.It was recommended that active restoration measures should be adopted in the newly formed floodplain and the islands in the mainstreams,passive recovery measures however,should be followed in other regions.The key method of restoration was to restore the plant communities to meed the ecological water demand of the wetland under the premise of not causing any secondary damages.In the current situation,the wetland ecological environment could be protected by changing farming methods,popularizing science education and strengthening management.In the future,villages and farmlands would be phased out through the ecological compensation.
In order to protect the ecological environment and the resources of the animals and plants within the Yellow River wetland,the land use types and fish-lotus ponds in Mengjin section were interpreted from the relative satellite images.It was found that human activities were frequent in the region.The agricultural area accounted for 41.7%,the fish and lotus ponds increased by 58.5%from 2011 to 2017.In addition,the agricultural non-point source pollution in the study area was not optimistic and the ecological environment was fragile.At the same time,the ecological water demand of wetland in shoal region was also difficult to be guaranteed.It was recommended that active restoration measures should be adopted in the newly formed floodplain and the islands in the mainstreams,passive recovery measures however,should be followed in other regions.The key method of restoration was to restore the plant communities to meed the ecological water demand of the wetland under the premise of not causing any secondary damages.In the current situation,the wetland ecological environment could be protected by changing farming methods,popularizing science education and strengthening management.In the future,villages and farmlands would be phased out through the ecological compensation.
引文
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[2]张明祥,刘国强,唐小平.湿地恢复的技术与方法研究[J].湿地科学与管理,2009,5(3):12-15.ZHANG M X,LIU G Q,TANG X P.Techniques and method of wetland restoration[J].Wetland Science and Management,2009,5(3):12-15.(in Chinese)
[3] EHRENFELD J G.Defining the limits of restoration:the need for realistic goals[J].Restoration Ecology,2000,8:2-9.
[4] NIKHIL K,BENDOR T K.The land value impacts of wetland restoration[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,127(2):289-299.
[5]高俊琴,郑姚闽,张明祥,等.长江中游生态区湿地保护现状及保护空缺分析[J].湿地科学,2011,9(1):42-46.GAO J Q,ZHENG Y M,ZHANG M X,et al.The GAP analysis of wetland conservation in central Yangtze ecoregion[J].Wetland Science,2011,9(1):42-46.(in Chinese)
[6]王春平.河南重要湿地生态状况评价[J].林业资源管理,2016(3):86-91.WANG C P.Evaluation on ecological conditions of important wetlands in Henan Province[J].Forestry Resource Management,2016(3):86-91.(in Chinese)
[7] PRACH K,HOBBS R J.Spontaneous succession versus technical reclamation in the restoration of disturbed sites[J].Restoration Ecology,2008,16:363-366.
[8]李晓文,李梦迪,梁晨,等.湿地恢复若干问题探讨[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(7):1257-1269.LI X W,LI M D,LIANG C,et al.On the current key issues in wetland restoration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(7):1257-1269.(in Chinese)
[9]崔丽娟,张曼胤,张岩,等.湿地恢复研究现状及前瞻[J].世界林业研究,2011,24(2):5-9.CUI L J,ZHANG M Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Status and outlook of wetland restoration research[J].World Forestry Research,2011,24(2):5-9.(in Chinese)
[10]张明祥,张阳武,朱文星,等.河南省郑州黄河湿地自然保护区湿地恢复模式研究[J].湿地科学,2010,8(1):67-73.ZHANG M X,ZHANG Y W,ZHU W X,et al.Wetland restoration models in Zhengzhou Yellow River nation resewe,Henan Province[J].Wetland Science,2010,8(1):67-73.(in Chinese)
[11]肖春艳,邰超,赵同谦,等.黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(6):55-61.XIAO C Y,TAI C,ZHAO T Q,et al.Distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from the Mengjin wetland[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(6):55-61.(in Chinese)
[12]孟红旗,赵同谦,张华,等.孟津黄河滩区降雨产流及面源污染特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):48-51.MENG H Q,ZHAO T Q,ZHANG H,et al.Study on characteristics of runoff and non-point source pollution in Mengjin floodplain of Yellow River[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(1):48-51.(in Chinese)
[13]汤顺林,刘俊,黄中伟,等.孟津黄河湿地国家级自然保护区生态系统中汞的分布研究[J].河南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2013,32(3):235-240.TANG S L,LIU J,HUANG Z W,et al.Mercury distribution in Henan Mengjin Yellow River wetland national nature reserve ecosystem[J].Journal of Henan Polytechnic University:Natural Science Edition,2013,32(3):235-240.(in Chinese)
[14]赵同谦,张华,徐华山,等.黄河湿地孟津段不同植物群落类型土壤有机质含量变化特征研究[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(6):638-643.ZHAO T Q,ZHANG H,XU H S,et al.Research on variation characteristices of soil organic matter contents in different vegetation community types in Mengjin part of Yellow River wetland[J].Advance in Earth Science,2008,23(6):638-643.(in Chinese)
[15]杨薇,杨志峰,孙涛.湿地生态需水量与配水研究进展[J].湿地科学,2008,6(4):531-535.YANG W,YANG Z F,SUN T.A review of requirement quantity and allocation of ecological water for wetland[J].Wetland Science,2008,6(4):531-535.(in Chinese)
[16] KLIMKOWSKA A,BEKKER R M,DIGGELEN R V,et al.Species trait shifts in vegetation and soil seed bank during fen degradation[J].Plant Ecology,2010,206(1):59-82.
[17]黄翀,刘高焕,王新功,等.不同补水条件下黄河三角洲湿地恢复情景模拟[J].地理研究,2010,29(11):2026-2034.HUANG C,LIU G H,WANG X G,et al.Scenario simulation of wetland restoration in the Yellow River delta[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(11):2026-2034.(in Chinese)
[18]孙博,谢屹,温亚利.中国湿地生态补偿机制研究进展[J].湿地科学,2016,14(1):89-96.SUN B,XIE Y,WEN Y L.Advance in ecological compensation mechanism for wetland in China[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(1):89-96.(in Chinese)
[19]彭少麟,任海,张倩媚.退化湿地生态系统恢复的一些理论问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(11):2026-2030.PENG S L,REN H,ZHANG Q M.Theories and techniques of degraded wetland ecosystem restoration[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):2026-2030.(in Chinese)
[20]刘伸伸,张震,何金玲,等.水生植物对氮磷及重金属污染水体的净化作用[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,35(5):910-919.LIU S S,ZHANG Z,HE J L,et al.Purification effect of aquatic plants on nitrogen,phosphorus and heavy metal polluted water[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University,2016,35(5):910-919.(in Chinese)
[21]汤显强,李金中,李学菊,等.7种水生植物对富营养化水体中氮磷去除效果的比较研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2007,2(2):8-14.TANG X Q,LI J Z,LI X J,et al.Research on seven hydrophytes removal effect on nitrogen and phosphorus in eutrophic water[J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2007,2(2):8-14.(in Chinese)
[22] KESKINKAN O,GOKSU M Z,BASIBUYUK M,et al.Heavy metal adsorption properties of a submerged aquatic plant(Ceratophyllum demersum)[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,92(2):197-200.
[23]徐新洲,薛建辉.基于AHP-模糊综合评价的城市湿地公园植物景观美感评价[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):213-216.XU X Z,XUE J H.A esthetic evaluation for plant landscape of wetland park based on AHP[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(2):213-216.(in Chinese)
[24]崔保山,李英华,杨志峰.基于管理目标的黄河三角洲湿地生态需水量[J].生态学报,2005,25(3):606-614.
[25]张珮纶,王浩,雷晓辉,等.湿地生态补水研究综述[J].人民黄河,2017,39(9):69-74.
[26]孟红旗,马朝红,徐华山,等.优化耕作制度对孟津沿黄农业湿地生态效益的影响[J].湿地科学与管理,2011,7(2):59-62.MENG H Q,MA C H,XU H S,et al.Effects of optimizing farming system the ecological benefits of riparian agricultural wetlands along the lower Yellow River[J].Wetland Science and Management,2011,7(2):59-62.(in Chinese)
[27]许静宜,贺玉晓,赵同谦,等.河滩湿地资源保护与开发社区意愿调查——以黄河孟津湿地扣马段为例[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1228-1235.XU J Y,HE Y X,ZHAO T Q,et al.An investigation on the willingness of community residents tow ard protection or development of riparian wetland resources a case study in the Kouma section of the Mengjin Yellow River wetland[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(7):1228-1235.(in Chinese)
[28]白军红,邓伟,张勇,等.扎龙自然保护区湿地生物生境安全保护[J].西北林学院学报,2003,18(3):6-9.BAI J H,DENG W,ZHANG Y,et al.Protection for habitat security of biological resources in wetland of Zhalong natural reserve[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2003,18(3):6-9.(in Chinese)
[2]张明祥,刘国强,唐小平.湿地恢复的技术与方法研究[J].湿地科学与管理,2009,5(3):12-15.ZHANG M X,LIU G Q,TANG X P.Techniques and method of wetland restoration[J].Wetland Science and Management,2009,5(3):12-15.(in Chinese)
[3] EHRENFELD J G.Defining the limits of restoration:the need for realistic goals[J].Restoration Ecology,2000,8:2-9.
[4] NIKHIL K,BENDOR T K.The land value impacts of wetland restoration[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,127(2):289-299.
[5]高俊琴,郑姚闽,张明祥,等.长江中游生态区湿地保护现状及保护空缺分析[J].湿地科学,2011,9(1):42-46.GAO J Q,ZHENG Y M,ZHANG M X,et al.The GAP analysis of wetland conservation in central Yangtze ecoregion[J].Wetland Science,2011,9(1):42-46.(in Chinese)
[6]王春平.河南重要湿地生态状况评价[J].林业资源管理,2016(3):86-91.WANG C P.Evaluation on ecological conditions of important wetlands in Henan Province[J].Forestry Resource Management,2016(3):86-91.(in Chinese)
[7] PRACH K,HOBBS R J.Spontaneous succession versus technical reclamation in the restoration of disturbed sites[J].Restoration Ecology,2008,16:363-366.
[8]李晓文,李梦迪,梁晨,等.湿地恢复若干问题探讨[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(7):1257-1269.LI X W,LI M D,LIANG C,et al.On the current key issues in wetland restoration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(7):1257-1269.(in Chinese)
[9]崔丽娟,张曼胤,张岩,等.湿地恢复研究现状及前瞻[J].世界林业研究,2011,24(2):5-9.CUI L J,ZHANG M Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Status and outlook of wetland restoration research[J].World Forestry Research,2011,24(2):5-9.(in Chinese)
[10]张明祥,张阳武,朱文星,等.河南省郑州黄河湿地自然保护区湿地恢复模式研究[J].湿地科学,2010,8(1):67-73.ZHANG M X,ZHANG Y W,ZHU W X,et al.Wetland restoration models in Zhengzhou Yellow River nation resewe,Henan Province[J].Wetland Science,2010,8(1):67-73.(in Chinese)
[11]肖春艳,邰超,赵同谦,等.黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(6):55-61.XIAO C Y,TAI C,ZHAO T Q,et al.Distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from the Mengjin wetland[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(6):55-61.(in Chinese)
[12]孟红旗,赵同谦,张华,等.孟津黄河滩区降雨产流及面源污染特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):48-51.MENG H Q,ZHAO T Q,ZHANG H,et al.Study on characteristics of runoff and non-point source pollution in Mengjin floodplain of Yellow River[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(1):48-51.(in Chinese)
[13]汤顺林,刘俊,黄中伟,等.孟津黄河湿地国家级自然保护区生态系统中汞的分布研究[J].河南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2013,32(3):235-240.TANG S L,LIU J,HUANG Z W,et al.Mercury distribution in Henan Mengjin Yellow River wetland national nature reserve ecosystem[J].Journal of Henan Polytechnic University:Natural Science Edition,2013,32(3):235-240.(in Chinese)
[14]赵同谦,张华,徐华山,等.黄河湿地孟津段不同植物群落类型土壤有机质含量变化特征研究[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(6):638-643.ZHAO T Q,ZHANG H,XU H S,et al.Research on variation characteristices of soil organic matter contents in different vegetation community types in Mengjin part of Yellow River wetland[J].Advance in Earth Science,2008,23(6):638-643.(in Chinese)
[15]杨薇,杨志峰,孙涛.湿地生态需水量与配水研究进展[J].湿地科学,2008,6(4):531-535.YANG W,YANG Z F,SUN T.A review of requirement quantity and allocation of ecological water for wetland[J].Wetland Science,2008,6(4):531-535.(in Chinese)
[16] KLIMKOWSKA A,BEKKER R M,DIGGELEN R V,et al.Species trait shifts in vegetation and soil seed bank during fen degradation[J].Plant Ecology,2010,206(1):59-82.
[17]黄翀,刘高焕,王新功,等.不同补水条件下黄河三角洲湿地恢复情景模拟[J].地理研究,2010,29(11):2026-2034.HUANG C,LIU G H,WANG X G,et al.Scenario simulation of wetland restoration in the Yellow River delta[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(11):2026-2034.(in Chinese)
[18]孙博,谢屹,温亚利.中国湿地生态补偿机制研究进展[J].湿地科学,2016,14(1):89-96.SUN B,XIE Y,WEN Y L.Advance in ecological compensation mechanism for wetland in China[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(1):89-96.(in Chinese)
[19]彭少麟,任海,张倩媚.退化湿地生态系统恢复的一些理论问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(11):2026-2030.PENG S L,REN H,ZHANG Q M.Theories and techniques of degraded wetland ecosystem restoration[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):2026-2030.(in Chinese)
[20]刘伸伸,张震,何金玲,等.水生植物对氮磷及重金属污染水体的净化作用[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,35(5):910-919.LIU S S,ZHANG Z,HE J L,et al.Purification effect of aquatic plants on nitrogen,phosphorus and heavy metal polluted water[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University,2016,35(5):910-919.(in Chinese)
[21]汤显强,李金中,李学菊,等.7种水生植物对富营养化水体中氮磷去除效果的比较研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2007,2(2):8-14.TANG X Q,LI J Z,LI X J,et al.Research on seven hydrophytes removal effect on nitrogen and phosphorus in eutrophic water[J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2007,2(2):8-14.(in Chinese)
[22] KESKINKAN O,GOKSU M Z,BASIBUYUK M,et al.Heavy metal adsorption properties of a submerged aquatic plant(Ceratophyllum demersum)[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,92(2):197-200.
[23]徐新洲,薛建辉.基于AHP-模糊综合评价的城市湿地公园植物景观美感评价[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):213-216.XU X Z,XUE J H.A esthetic evaluation for plant landscape of wetland park based on AHP[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(2):213-216.(in Chinese)
[24]崔保山,李英华,杨志峰.基于管理目标的黄河三角洲湿地生态需水量[J].生态学报,2005,25(3):606-614.
[25]张珮纶,王浩,雷晓辉,等.湿地生态补水研究综述[J].人民黄河,2017,39(9):69-74.
[26]孟红旗,马朝红,徐华山,等.优化耕作制度对孟津沿黄农业湿地生态效益的影响[J].湿地科学与管理,2011,7(2):59-62.MENG H Q,MA C H,XU H S,et al.Effects of optimizing farming system the ecological benefits of riparian agricultural wetlands along the lower Yellow River[J].Wetland Science and Management,2011,7(2):59-62.(in Chinese)
[27]许静宜,贺玉晓,赵同谦,等.河滩湿地资源保护与开发社区意愿调查——以黄河孟津湿地扣马段为例[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1228-1235.XU J Y,HE Y X,ZHAO T Q,et al.An investigation on the willingness of community residents tow ard protection or development of riparian wetland resources a case study in the Kouma section of the Mengjin Yellow River wetland[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(7):1228-1235.(in Chinese)
[28]白军红,邓伟,张勇,等.扎龙自然保护区湿地生物生境安全保护[J].西北林学院学报,2003,18(3):6-9.BAI J H,DENG W,ZHANG Y,et al.Protection for habitat security of biological resources in wetland of Zhalong natural reserve[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2003,18(3):6-9.(in Chinese)
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