英国城乡历史环境保护的要素类型与操作方法
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摘要
英国城乡遗产保护历来有着悠久的实践历史与法制传统,其近20年来致力推行的历史环境保护改革也与联合国教科文组织所倡导的新兴保护理念有着共通的思想内涵,引领着当前世界遗产保护的理论方向。为此,文章从保护制度演变、要素类型、管理模式、保护方法等方面系统梳理、介绍了英国城乡历史环境保护的体系架构与操作经验,并在此基础上总结出其关注价值内涵、尊重特征差异、强调发展弹性的特色保护思想,以资我国遗产保护工作借鉴参考。
British historic environment preservation has a long practice and legislation tradition. A new concept advocated by UNESCO, which guides the current direction of theoretical research on World Heritage conservation, has much in common with the reform of Britain's historic environment preservation over the past two decades. Therefore, this article introduces the British historic environment preservation experience from four aspects: evolution process of preservation system, elements types, management mode, and operational methodologies. On this basis, this article summarizes the characteristic preservation ideologies of the UK model(focusing on value connotation, respecting characteristic differences, and emphasizing development flexibility), so as to provide a reference for our country's heritage preservation work.
British historic environment preservation has a long practice and legislation tradition. A new concept advocated by UNESCO, which guides the current direction of theoretical research on World Heritage conservation, has much in common with the reform of Britain's historic environment preservation over the past two decades. Therefore, this article introduces the British historic environment preservation experience from four aspects: evolution process of preservation system, elements types, management mode, and operational methodologies. On this basis, this article summarizes the characteristic preservation ideologies of the UK model(focusing on value connotation, respecting characteristic differences, and emphasizing development flexibility), so as to provide a reference for our country's heritage preservation work.
引文
[1]UNESCO.Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape[R].2011.
[2]杨丽霞.英国文化遗产保护管理制度发展简史(上)[J].中国文物科学研究,2011(4):84-87.
[3]肖竞,曹珂,李和平.城镇历史景观的演进规律与层积管理[J].城市发展研究,2018, 25(3):59-69.
[4]张松.历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001.
[5]肖竞,曹珂.历史街区保护研究评述、技术方法与关键问题[J].城市规划学刊,2017(3):110-118.
[6]王元.活态世界遗产英国运河管理规划解析——兼论对中国大运河的启示[J].城市规划,2015, 39(6):90-98.
[7]巴里·卡林沃思.英国城乡规划[M].陈闽齐,戚冬瑾,周剑云,等译.张京祥,译校.南京:东南大学出版社,2011.
[8] English Heritage. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance[R].2008.
[9]肖竞,李和平,曹珂.拉萨城市历史景观的地域特征与层积过程研究[J].建筑学报,2017(9):58-63.
[10]Liverpool City Council. Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City World Heritage Site Local Development Framework Supplementary Planning Document[R]. 2010.
[11]Planning(Listed Buildings and Conservation Area)Act[Z].1990.
[12]The City of Edinburgh Council. Pre-1750 Building Investigation in Edinburgh Old Town[R]. 2015.
[13]肖竞,李和平,曹珂.历史城镇“景观一文化”构成关系与作用机制研究[J].城市规划,2016(12):81-90.
[14]Glasgow City Council. Glasgow Central Conservation Area Appraisal[R]. 2012.
[15]Historic England. 2015/15 Annual Report and Accounts[R]. 2015.
[16]Winchester City Council&English Heritage.Winchester Conservation Area Project[R]. 2003.
[17]Aberdeen City Council. Duthie Park Restoration Guidance[R].2009.
[18] Aberdeen City Council. The Battle of Harlaw[R].2008.
[19]肖竞,曹珂.今生的前世——从布达拉宫的“形意轮回”看卫藏地标建筑的历史层积[J].新建筑,2018(3):152-157.
[20]Department for Communities and Local Government&Historic England. Power of Place:the Future of Historic Environment[R]. 2000.
[21]肖竞,曹珂.基于景观“叙事语法”与“层积机制”的历史城镇保护方法研究[J].中国园林,2016(6):20-26.
[22]张杰.英国保护区的发展与现状[J].北京规划建设,2000(4):16-18.
[23]肖竞,曹珂.矛盾共轭:历史街区内生平衡的保护思路与方法[J].城市发展研究,2017, 24(3):38-46.
[24]杨丽霞.英国文化遗产保护管理制度发展简史(下)[J].中国文物科学研究,2012(1):95-96.
1)皇家古迹委员会,The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments,1908;古迹委员会,Ancient Monuments Commission,1913。
2)DOE:环境部(Department of the Environment),成立于1971年,1997年、2001年先后改组为环境,运输和地区部(Department of the Environment,Transport and the Regions,DETR)以及环境、食品和农村事务部(Department for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs,DEFRA);DNH:国家遗产部(Department of National Heritage),成立于1992年,1997年改组为文化、媒体和体育部(Department for Culture,Media and Sport,DCMS);DCLG:社区和地方政府部(Department for Communities and Local Government),成立于2006年。
3)1984年成立,由先前的历史古迹皇家委员会(1908)、古迹委员会(1913)、历史建筑委员会(Historic Buildings Council,1953)等机构合并而来,2015年前称为English Heritage(EH),后更名为Historic England。威尔士、苏格兰地区同类机构为Historic Wales与Historic Scotland。
[2]杨丽霞.英国文化遗产保护管理制度发展简史(上)[J].中国文物科学研究,2011(4):84-87.
[3]肖竞,曹珂,李和平.城镇历史景观的演进规律与层积管理[J].城市发展研究,2018, 25(3):59-69.
[4]张松.历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001.
[5]肖竞,曹珂.历史街区保护研究评述、技术方法与关键问题[J].城市规划学刊,2017(3):110-118.
[6]王元.活态世界遗产英国运河管理规划解析——兼论对中国大运河的启示[J].城市规划,2015, 39(6):90-98.
[7]巴里·卡林沃思.英国城乡规划[M].陈闽齐,戚冬瑾,周剑云,等译.张京祥,译校.南京:东南大学出版社,2011.
[8] English Heritage. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance[R].2008.
[9]肖竞,李和平,曹珂.拉萨城市历史景观的地域特征与层积过程研究[J].建筑学报,2017(9):58-63.
[10]Liverpool City Council. Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City World Heritage Site Local Development Framework Supplementary Planning Document[R]. 2010.
[11]Planning(Listed Buildings and Conservation Area)Act[Z].1990.
[12]The City of Edinburgh Council. Pre-1750 Building Investigation in Edinburgh Old Town[R]. 2015.
[13]肖竞,李和平,曹珂.历史城镇“景观一文化”构成关系与作用机制研究[J].城市规划,2016(12):81-90.
[14]Glasgow City Council. Glasgow Central Conservation Area Appraisal[R]. 2012.
[15]Historic England. 2015/15 Annual Report and Accounts[R]. 2015.
[16]Winchester City Council&English Heritage.Winchester Conservation Area Project[R]. 2003.
[17]Aberdeen City Council. Duthie Park Restoration Guidance[R].2009.
[18] Aberdeen City Council. The Battle of Harlaw[R].2008.
[19]肖竞,曹珂.今生的前世——从布达拉宫的“形意轮回”看卫藏地标建筑的历史层积[J].新建筑,2018(3):152-157.
[20]Department for Communities and Local Government&Historic England. Power of Place:the Future of Historic Environment[R]. 2000.
[21]肖竞,曹珂.基于景观“叙事语法”与“层积机制”的历史城镇保护方法研究[J].中国园林,2016(6):20-26.
[22]张杰.英国保护区的发展与现状[J].北京规划建设,2000(4):16-18.
[23]肖竞,曹珂.矛盾共轭:历史街区内生平衡的保护思路与方法[J].城市发展研究,2017, 24(3):38-46.
[24]杨丽霞.英国文化遗产保护管理制度发展简史(下)[J].中国文物科学研究,2012(1):95-96.
1)皇家古迹委员会,The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments,1908;古迹委员会,Ancient Monuments Commission,1913。
2)DOE:环境部(Department of the Environment),成立于1971年,1997年、2001年先后改组为环境,运输和地区部(Department of the Environment,Transport and the Regions,DETR)以及环境、食品和农村事务部(Department for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs,DEFRA);DNH:国家遗产部(Department of National Heritage),成立于1992年,1997年改组为文化、媒体和体育部(Department for Culture,Media and Sport,DCMS);DCLG:社区和地方政府部(Department for Communities and Local Government),成立于2006年。
3)1984年成立,由先前的历史古迹皇家委员会(1908)、古迹委员会(1913)、历史建筑委员会(Historic Buildings Council,1953)等机构合并而来,2015年前称为English Heritage(EH),后更名为Historic England。威尔士、苏格兰地区同类机构为Historic Wales与Historic Scotland。
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