改革开放以来我国农业科技创新政策的演变及效果评价——来自我国农业科研机构的经验证据
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摘要
本文从政策层级、政策目标、政策措施三个维度对改革开放以来(1978—2015年)国家层面出台的农业科技创新政策进行分类和量化,进而定量探究了我国农业科技创新政策演变趋势和特征;同时基于量化政策的结果构建计量经济模型,实证分析其对我国农业科研机构科技创新产出的影响效果。研究发现,从政策演变趋势和特征来看,我国农业科技创新的政策数量、政策强度、政策目标力度和政策措施力度均呈现整体性波动增加的趋势;我国农业科技创新政策呈现以科技成果转化为主要目标、政策措施侧重管理体制改革层面的特征;从政策效果看,农业科技创新政策强度显著提高了农业科研机构的技术性收入和专利申请量,科技成果转化目标力度与人才激励措施力度显著提高了农业科研机构的技术性收入和专利申请量,而基础研究目标力度、管理体制改革措施力度未产生应有的政策效果。基于此,本文从提高对基础研究的重视程度,增强农业科技成果转化的政策力度,完善农业科技管理体制等方面提出了政策建议。
This paper classified and quantified the agricultural science and technology innovation policy from three dimensions of policy level,policy goal and policy measure,and described the evolution trend and characteristics of agricultural science and technology innovation policy in China,and built a econometric model based on the results of quantitative policy,and analysis its impact on scientific and technological innovation output of agricultural research institutions in China. The analysis results show that,from the perspective of policies evolution trend,With the progress of the reform of China's agricultural science and technology system,the number,intensity,goals and measures of agricultural science and technology innovation policies have increased,i in which the target strength of commercialization of research findings and the reform policy strength of management system increased obviously. From the perspective of policies effect,in general,the policies intensity of agricultural science and technology innovation has significantly increased the number of patent applications of agricultural research institutions,the policies objective of transformation of scientific and technological achievements,and the measures of talent incentive have significantly increased the technical income and patent authorization of agricultural research institutions. However,the reform measures of agricultural science and technology system and the policies objectives of basic research have not achieved good policies effects,Based on this,this paper puts forward some Suggestions from the aspects of further increasing the attention to basic research,strengthening the policy of transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements and improving the management coordination mechanism of agricultural research institutions.
This paper classified and quantified the agricultural science and technology innovation policy from three dimensions of policy level,policy goal and policy measure,and described the evolution trend and characteristics of agricultural science and technology innovation policy in China,and built a econometric model based on the results of quantitative policy,and analysis its impact on scientific and technological innovation output of agricultural research institutions in China. The analysis results show that,from the perspective of policies evolution trend,With the progress of the reform of China's agricultural science and technology system,the number,intensity,goals and measures of agricultural science and technology innovation policies have increased,i in which the target strength of commercialization of research findings and the reform policy strength of management system increased obviously. From the perspective of policies effect,in general,the policies intensity of agricultural science and technology innovation has significantly increased the number of patent applications of agricultural research institutions,the policies objective of transformation of scientific and technological achievements,and the measures of talent incentive have significantly increased the technical income and patent authorization of agricultural research institutions. However,the reform measures of agricultural science and technology system and the policies objectives of basic research have not achieved good policies effects,Based on this,this paper puts forward some Suggestions from the aspects of further increasing the attention to basic research,strengthening the policy of transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements and improving the management coordination mechanism of agricultural research institutions.
引文
1.Roy Rothwell.Public Innovation Policies:To Have or to Have not?.R&D Management,1986,16(1):25~35
2.Dodgson M,Bessant J R.Effective innovation policy.1996
3.Frikkie Liebenberg,Philip G.Pardey.South African agricultural R&D:Policies and public institutions,1880-2007.Agrekon,2011,50(1):1~15
4.Akcakaya R.Procedure for the Assessment of R&D Performance for a Manufacturing Company.Marmara University,Institute for Graduate Studiesin Pure and Applied Sciences,2001
5.Beneito P,Sanchis A.The path of R&D efficiency over time.International Journal of Industrial Organization,2015,42:57~69
6.Chiara Franco.Product market regulation and innovation efficiency.Journal of Productivity Analysis,2016,45(3):299~315
7.罗伟,连燕华,方新.技术创新与政府政策.人民出版社,1996
8.莫鸣,曾福生.农业科技创新政策的基本内涵.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,5(4):19~22
9.谷中原,吴师法.西方社会现代化理论发展阶段论略.湖北省社会主义学院学报,2007(5):58~61
10.董江爱,张嘉凌.政策变迁、科技驱动与农业现代化进程.科学技术哲学研究,2016(5):104~109
11.张朝华.制度变迁视角下我国农业科技政策发展及展望.科技进步与对策,2013,30(10):119~123
12.刘冬梅,郭强.我国农村科技政策:回顾、评价与展望.农业经济问题,2013(1):43~48
13.王汉林.建国以来我国农业科技政策分析.科技进步与对策,2010(1):93~97
14.旷宗仁,梁植睿,左停.中国农业科技创新政策目标设定与实现情况分析.华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,11(2):59~68
15.王敬华,杨闯,陈江涛,钟春艳.农业科技成果转化政策与机制研究.湖南农业科学,2012(5):141~144
16.鹿丽,郑朝阳,王忠文等.辽宁省海洋农业科技创新政策支撑效果评估实证分析.大连海事大学学报(社科版),2016,15(1):29~33
17.彭纪生,仲为国,孙文祥.政策测量、政策协同演变与经济绩效:基于创新政策的实证研究.管理世界,2008(9):25~36
18.张永安,闫瑾.技术创新政策对企业创新绩效影响研究---基于政策文本分析.科技进步与对策,2016,33(1):108~113
19.盛亚,孔莎莎.中国知识产权政策对技术创新绩效影响的实证研究.科学学研究,2012,30(11):1735~1740
*本文在借鉴《中国改革开放30年》中对农业科技创新体系发展历程的划分方法,以标志性的政策及战略出台为划分依据,将1978—2015年的农业科技创新政策演变划分为四个阶段:恢复建设阶段(1978—1984年)、科技体制改革启动阶段(1985—1997年)、科技体制深化改革阶段(1998—2005年);全面建设创新体系阶段(2006—2015年)
*一项政策只要没有被废除就会一直对创新主体产生影响,截止到某个时点,发挥作用的政策不仅包括当前的政策还包括之前颁布的政策。因此本文选择考虑重复和废止后的累计政策强度和力度值
2.Dodgson M,Bessant J R.Effective innovation policy.1996
3.Frikkie Liebenberg,Philip G.Pardey.South African agricultural R&D:Policies and public institutions,1880-2007.Agrekon,2011,50(1):1~15
4.Akcakaya R.Procedure for the Assessment of R&D Performance for a Manufacturing Company.Marmara University,Institute for Graduate Studiesin Pure and Applied Sciences,2001
5.Beneito P,Sanchis A.The path of R&D efficiency over time.International Journal of Industrial Organization,2015,42:57~69
6.Chiara Franco.Product market regulation and innovation efficiency.Journal of Productivity Analysis,2016,45(3):299~315
7.罗伟,连燕华,方新.技术创新与政府政策.人民出版社,1996
8.莫鸣,曾福生.农业科技创新政策的基本内涵.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,5(4):19~22
9.谷中原,吴师法.西方社会现代化理论发展阶段论略.湖北省社会主义学院学报,2007(5):58~61
10.董江爱,张嘉凌.政策变迁、科技驱动与农业现代化进程.科学技术哲学研究,2016(5):104~109
11.张朝华.制度变迁视角下我国农业科技政策发展及展望.科技进步与对策,2013,30(10):119~123
12.刘冬梅,郭强.我国农村科技政策:回顾、评价与展望.农业经济问题,2013(1):43~48
13.王汉林.建国以来我国农业科技政策分析.科技进步与对策,2010(1):93~97
14.旷宗仁,梁植睿,左停.中国农业科技创新政策目标设定与实现情况分析.华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,11(2):59~68
15.王敬华,杨闯,陈江涛,钟春艳.农业科技成果转化政策与机制研究.湖南农业科学,2012(5):141~144
16.鹿丽,郑朝阳,王忠文等.辽宁省海洋农业科技创新政策支撑效果评估实证分析.大连海事大学学报(社科版),2016,15(1):29~33
17.彭纪生,仲为国,孙文祥.政策测量、政策协同演变与经济绩效:基于创新政策的实证研究.管理世界,2008(9):25~36
18.张永安,闫瑾.技术创新政策对企业创新绩效影响研究---基于政策文本分析.科技进步与对策,2016,33(1):108~113
19.盛亚,孔莎莎.中国知识产权政策对技术创新绩效影响的实证研究.科学学研究,2012,30(11):1735~1740
*本文在借鉴《中国改革开放30年》中对农业科技创新体系发展历程的划分方法,以标志性的政策及战略出台为划分依据,将1978—2015年的农业科技创新政策演变划分为四个阶段:恢复建设阶段(1978—1984年)、科技体制改革启动阶段(1985—1997年)、科技体制深化改革阶段(1998—2005年);全面建设创新体系阶段(2006—2015年)
*一项政策只要没有被废除就会一直对创新主体产生影响,截止到某个时点,发挥作用的政策不仅包括当前的政策还包括之前颁布的政策。因此本文选择考虑重复和废止后的累计政策强度和力度值
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