陇东旱塬地表覆盖方式对苹果生育后期叶片质量及根际土壤微环境的影响
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摘要
为探明陇东旱塬区不同覆盖方式对苹果生育后期叶片质量、根际生态环境的影响,以16 a生,连续6 a覆盖的盛果期"长富2号"苹果树为试材,设清耕(CK)、覆膜、麦草覆盖、覆黑膜+麦草(膜+草)等4个处理,调查叶片养分、活性氧代谢功能,测定0～100 cm内不同深度土层土壤水分、容重、有机质等,对根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明:麦草覆盖处理可有效提高苹果叶片叶绿素与淀粉含量,增幅分别为CK的2.79%、29.09%;根系集中分布层(20～40 cm)土壤水分、有机质含量增高,分别为CK的102.93%,135.96%;土壤容重仅为CK的96.32%,并有效提高各土层土壤酶活性,特别提高土壤表层(0～20 cm)酶活性,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性为CK的157.14%、218.5%、118.02%、193.21%,可有效提高土壤中微生物总量,为CK的134.19%,其中细菌与真菌的数量增高,放线菌的数量降低;根系活力与土壤水分、孔隙度、微生物含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶等呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重、过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关。覆膜与膜+草处理对叶片及土壤环境改善效果较差。综合分析根际土壤理化性状及土壤酶、微生物空间分布特征等,认为麦草覆盖处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园适宜的地表覆盖方式.
The objective of this study is to identify the effects of ground mulching on the leaf quality at late growth stages of apple as well as rhizosphere environment in Longdong arid areas. Leaf nutrients and reactive oxygen metabolism of the 16-years-old apple trees with six consecutive years coverage were measured,which included conventional tillage( CK) with three coverage types of plastic mulching,straw mulching,and film + straw. Soil moisture,soil bulk density,and organic matter content in different layers were determined as well as the soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere. The results indicated that straw mulching increased leaf chlorophyll and starch contents by 2.79% and 29. 09%,respectively. In the concentrated layer of apple roots( 20 ～ 40 cm),straw mulching increased content of soil moisture by 102.93% and organic matter content by 135.96% over the control. Also,the soil bulk density was reduced by 96.32%. The activities of urease,alkaline phosphatase,catalase,and sucrase in top 20 cm soil layer were significantly increased by 157. 14%,218. 5%,118. 02%,and193.21% over that of the control,respectively. The amount of microorganisms in the soil with straw mulching was134.19% of that in the control and the population of bacteria and fungi were increased,but the population of actinomycetes was reduced in other soil layers. Also,soil moisture,porosity,microbial population,and activity of urease and sucrase were positively associated with root activity. In addition,there were negative correlations between soil bulk density,catalase,and root activity. The treatments of plastic mulching and film + straw did not improve the leaf quality and soil rhizosphere environment as much as straw mulching. The results of soil physical and chemical properties,soil enzyme,and microbial community distribution showed that the straw mulching is a better option for improving most of the parameters in apple orchard in dryland of the eastern Gansu.
The objective of this study is to identify the effects of ground mulching on the leaf quality at late growth stages of apple as well as rhizosphere environment in Longdong arid areas. Leaf nutrients and reactive oxygen metabolism of the 16-years-old apple trees with six consecutive years coverage were measured,which included conventional tillage( CK) with three coverage types of plastic mulching,straw mulching,and film + straw. Soil moisture,soil bulk density,and organic matter content in different layers were determined as well as the soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere. The results indicated that straw mulching increased leaf chlorophyll and starch contents by 2.79% and 29. 09%,respectively. In the concentrated layer of apple roots( 20 ～ 40 cm),straw mulching increased content of soil moisture by 102.93% and organic matter content by 135.96% over the control. Also,the soil bulk density was reduced by 96.32%. The activities of urease,alkaline phosphatase,catalase,and sucrase in top 20 cm soil layer were significantly increased by 157. 14%,218. 5%,118. 02%,and193.21% over that of the control,respectively. The amount of microorganisms in the soil with straw mulching was134.19% of that in the control and the population of bacteria and fungi were increased,but the population of actinomycetes was reduced in other soil layers. Also,soil moisture,porosity,microbial population,and activity of urease and sucrase were positively associated with root activity. In addition,there were negative correlations between soil bulk density,catalase,and root activity. The treatments of plastic mulching and film + straw did not improve the leaf quality and soil rhizosphere environment as much as straw mulching. The results of soil physical and chemical properties,soil enzyme,and microbial community distribution showed that the straw mulching is a better option for improving most of the parameters in apple orchard in dryland of the eastern Gansu.
引文
[1]刘国锋.不同土壤表层管理措施对陇东旱塬苹果园土壤的生态效应研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.
[2]刘小勇,李红旭,李建明,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地果园水热特征的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):746-756.
[3]程存刚.渤海湾北部苹果园土壤系统有机化过程的动力因素研究与优化[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013.
[4]孙文泰,刘兴禄,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果园不同覆盖措施对土壤性状、根系分布和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(5):841-851.
[5]孙文泰,马明,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果根系分布规律及生理特性对地表覆盖的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3153-3163.
[6]孙文泰,董铁,刘兴禄,等.覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):88-95.
[7]周江涛,吕德国,秦嗣军.不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区苹果园土壤水温环境及速效养分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2551-2556.
[8]孙文泰,马明,董铁,等.地表覆盖对陇东旱塬苹果根系生长与越冬前后树体贮藏营养的影响[J].果树学报,2016,33(11):1367-1378
[9]王倩.不同覆盖模式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、微生物和酶活性影响的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[10]李合生.植物生理学和生物化学的实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[11]李玲.植物生理学实验[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[12]孙步蕾.残根对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量及土壤环境影响的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2014.
[13]陈锡龙,罗文文,韩明玉,等.纺锤形苹果树冠层不同区位叶片光合有效辐射积累与叶片质量关系的研究[J].果树学报,2013,30(6):952-957.
[14]丁宁,姜远茂,彭福田,等.分次追施氮肥对红富士苹果叶片衰老及15N吸收、利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(3):758-764.
[15]惠竹梅,岳泰新,张瑾,等.西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(11):2310-2317.
[16]陈汝.苹果园土壤微生物多样性及酵母菌新种研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.
[17]陈伟.苹果园土壤微生物类群与栽培环境关系的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[18]陈月星,温晓霞,孙瑜琳,等.地表覆盖对渭北旱作苹果园土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响[J].微生物学报,2015,55(7):892-904.
[2]刘小勇,李红旭,李建明,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地果园水热特征的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):746-756.
[3]程存刚.渤海湾北部苹果园土壤系统有机化过程的动力因素研究与优化[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013.
[4]孙文泰,刘兴禄,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果园不同覆盖措施对土壤性状、根系分布和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(5):841-851.
[5]孙文泰,马明,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果根系分布规律及生理特性对地表覆盖的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3153-3163.
[6]孙文泰,董铁,刘兴禄,等.覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):88-95.
[7]周江涛,吕德国,秦嗣军.不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区苹果园土壤水温环境及速效养分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2551-2556.
[8]孙文泰,马明,董铁,等.地表覆盖对陇东旱塬苹果根系生长与越冬前后树体贮藏营养的影响[J].果树学报,2016,33(11):1367-1378
[9]王倩.不同覆盖模式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、微生物和酶活性影响的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[10]李合生.植物生理学和生物化学的实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[11]李玲.植物生理学实验[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[12]孙步蕾.残根对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量及土壤环境影响的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2014.
[13]陈锡龙,罗文文,韩明玉,等.纺锤形苹果树冠层不同区位叶片光合有效辐射积累与叶片质量关系的研究[J].果树学报,2013,30(6):952-957.
[14]丁宁,姜远茂,彭福田,等.分次追施氮肥对红富士苹果叶片衰老及15N吸收、利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(3):758-764.
[15]惠竹梅,岳泰新,张瑾,等.西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(11):2310-2317.
[16]陈汝.苹果园土壤微生物多样性及酵母菌新种研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.
[17]陈伟.苹果园土壤微生物类群与栽培环境关系的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[18]陈月星,温晓霞,孙瑜琳,等.地表覆盖对渭北旱作苹果园土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响[J].微生物学报,2015,55(7):892-904.
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