海外植物药辣木叶的中药药性研究概括
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摘要
辣木叶是印度传统草药,现代医学研究证明,辣木叶可以治疗高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、肝肾功能异常、肥胖、癌症、癫痫、老年痴呆等多种疾病,是一种具有极高的药用价值且价位低廉的植物药,对其药性研究有利于扩大辣木叶的适用范围,更好地挖掘其药用价值。根据现有的研究,结合中医性味归经理论,推测辣木叶性寒凉,味甘、苦,性沉降,归肝、脾(或/及胃)经,属安全剂量下的无毒类药材,其配伍及禁忌尚不明,功效为健脾化痰除湿、清肝泻火,可用于治疗肝火上炎的甲亢、肝阳上亢及痰湿中阻的高血压病、脾虚痰湿的肥胖症及糖尿病等。借助实验室手段,可以更加客观地评估辣木叶的中药药性,以促进海外植物药辣木叶的"中药化",拓展中药新资源。
Moringa oleifera is a traditional Indian herbal medicine. Modern medical research proves that it can be used to treat various diseases such as hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,abnormal liver and kidney function,obesity,cancer,epilepsy,Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. It is a kind of botanical medicine with extremely high medicinal value and low price. The medical research of Moringa oleifera leaves is conducive to expanding its application scope and better explore its medicinal value. According to the existing research,combined with the Taste theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine,we speculated that Moringa oleifera leaves are of cold property,of sweet and bitter taste,with the characteristic of sedimentation,belonging to liver,spleen,( and/or stomach),and can be classified as non-toxic medicinal material at a safe dose. Its compatibility and taboo is still unknown. The efficacy of the Moringa oleifera leaves includes strengthening the spleen and reducing phlegm,clearing liver-fire,which can be used to treat the hyperthyroidism caused by hyperpyrexia of liver,the hypertension caused by excessive rising of liver-yang or retention of phlegmatic dampness,and obesity and diabetes caused by spleen-deficiency and phlegm-turbid stagnation. In the future,with the help of experimental means,we can assess traditional Chinese medicine medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera leaves more objectively to promote the"Chinese medicinalization"of Moringa oleifera leaves,an overseas plant medicine,and expand the new resources of Chinese medicine.
Moringa oleifera is a traditional Indian herbal medicine. Modern medical research proves that it can be used to treat various diseases such as hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,abnormal liver and kidney function,obesity,cancer,epilepsy,Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. It is a kind of botanical medicine with extremely high medicinal value and low price. The medical research of Moringa oleifera leaves is conducive to expanding its application scope and better explore its medicinal value. According to the existing research,combined with the Taste theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine,we speculated that Moringa oleifera leaves are of cold property,of sweet and bitter taste,with the characteristic of sedimentation,belonging to liver,spleen,( and/or stomach),and can be classified as non-toxic medicinal material at a safe dose. Its compatibility and taboo is still unknown. The efficacy of the Moringa oleifera leaves includes strengthening the spleen and reducing phlegm,clearing liver-fire,which can be used to treat the hyperthyroidism caused by hyperpyrexia of liver,the hypertension caused by excessive rising of liver-yang or retention of phlegmatic dampness,and obesity and diabetes caused by spleen-deficiency and phlegm-turbid stagnation. In the future,with the help of experimental means,we can assess traditional Chinese medicine medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera leaves more objectively to promote the"Chinese medicinalization"of Moringa oleifera leaves,an overseas plant medicine,and expand the new resources of Chinese medicine.
引文
[1] GANGULY S. Indian ayurvedic and traditional medicinal implications of indigenously available plants,herbs and fruits:A review[J]. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda&Pharmacy,2013,4(4):623-625.
[2] MUTHEESWARAN S,PANDIKUMAR P,CHELLAPPANDIAN M,et al. Documentation and quantitative analysis of the local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional Siddha,healers in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu,India[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2011,137(1):523-533.
[3] FAHEY J W. Moringa oleifera:A Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional,Therapeutic,and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1[J]. Trees for Life Journal,2005,1:1-15.
[4] EWUOLA E O,SOKUNBI O A,SANNI K M,et al. Haematological and serum biochemical responses of rabbit does to crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract at gestation and lactation[J]. Tropical Animal Health&Production,2015,47(4):637-642.
[5] POPOOLA J O,OBEMBE O O. Local knowledge,use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam.(Moringaceae)in Nigeria[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2013,150(2):682-691.
[6] SIVASANKARI B,ANANDHARAJ M,GUNASEKARAN P. An ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the village peoples of Thoppampatti,Dindigul district,Tamilnadu,India[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2014,153(2):408-423.
[7] ABE R,OHTANI K. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island,the Philippines[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2013,145(2):554-565.
[8] YABESH J E,PRABHU S,VIJAYAKUMAR S. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in silent valley of Kerala,India[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2014,154(3):774-789.
[9] KASOLO J N. Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,2010,4(9):753-757.
[10] MAJAMBU M. Therapeutic Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Chronic Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia:A Review[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology,2012,3(24):1-12.
[11] SHARIFUDIN S A,FAKURAZI S,HIDAYAT M T,et al. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera extracts against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology,2013,51(3):279-288.
[12] ADEYEMI O S,ELEBIYO T C. Moringa oleifera Supplemented Diets Prevented Nickel-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats[J]. Journal of Nutrition&Metabolism,2014:1-8.
[13] PAMOK S,SAENPHET K. Antiproliferative effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Pseuderanthemum palatiferum(Nees)Radlkextracts on the colon cancer cells[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,2012,6(1):139-145.
[14] PAMOK S,SAENPHETt K. Antiproliferative effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Pseuderanthemum palatiferum(Nees)Radlk extracts on the colon cancer cells[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,2012,6(1):139-145.
[15] LEONE A,SPADA A,BATTEZZATI A,et al. Cultivation,Genetic,Ethnopharmacology,Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves:An Overview[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2015,16(6):12791-12835.
[16]刘子记,孙继华,刘昭华,等.特色植物辣木的应用价值及发展前景分析[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(9):1871-1878.
[17]郑学勤,刘福利,刘兴地,等.辣木[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(12):64-68.
[18] TAHILIANI P,KAR A. Role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in the regulation of thyroid hormone status in adult male and female rats[J]. Pharmacological Research,2000,41(3):319-323.
[19]贺银凤,任安祥,林经桓.辣木叶对小白鼠通便作用的初步研究[J].食品工业,2009,41(6):10-12.
[20] ALI M A,YUSOF Y A,CHIN N L,et al. Development and Standardization of Moringa oleifera Leaves as a Natural Dietary Supplement[J]. J Diet Suppl,2018,22:1-20.
[21]李武,周冬梅,黎跃东.寒凉药的药性特征及其配伍作用浅析[J].新疆中医药,2002,20(4):39-41.
[22] OLSON M E,SANKARAN R P,FAHEY J W,et al. Leaf Protein and Mineral Concentrations across the“Miracle Tree”Genus Moringa[J]. Plos One,2016,11(7):1-17.
[23]朱荣林,杨秋秀.寒热中药微量元素的比较与分析[J].广东微量元素科学,1995,2(8):17-21.
[24]张卓,张卫.宋金元时期中药药味标定及演变规律考证[J].中国中药杂志,2014,39(3):548-552.
[25]刘靖华.中药五味标准化检验方法研究[J].亚太传统医药,2016,12(4):43-45.
[26] ADEDAPO A A,FALAYI O O,OYAGBEMI A A. Evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, phytochemical and toxicological properties of the methanolic leaf extract of commercially processed Moringa oleifera in some laboratory animals[J]. Journal of Basic&Clinical Physiology&Pharmacology,2015,26(5):491-499.
[27] WATERMAN C,CHENG D M,ROJAS-Silva P,et al. Stable,water extractableisothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera,leaves attenuate inflammation in vitro[J]. Phytochemistry,2014,103(10):114-122.
[28]张铁军,刘昌孝.中药五味药性理论辨识及其化学生物学实质表征路径[J].中草药,2015,46(1):1-6.
[29] MOYO B,MASIKA P J,HUGO A,et al. Nutritional characterization of Moringa(Moringa oleifera Lam.)leaves[J]. African Journal of Biotechnology,2011,10(60):12925-12933.
[30]任安祥,贺银凤,靳桂敏,等.辣木水溶性多糖提取工艺的研究[J].食品科技,2008,33(5):191-193.
[31]张涛,马海乐,钟慧慧.分光光度法测定辣木多糖含量[J].粮油食品科技,2004,12(1):32-33.
[32]彭凌.辣木多糖超声波辅助提取工艺条件优化研究[J].江苏农业科学,2008,18(4):238-239.
[33]任飞,王羽梅,孙鸣燕.不同采收期辣木多糖及可溶性糖含量变化的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2010,21(9):2204-2205.
[34]韩彦琪,许浚,龚苏晓,等.基于味觉、嗅觉受体分子对接技术的中药性味物质基础研究的路径和方法[J].中草药,2018,49(1):14-19.
[35]李涛,胡洪民.浅述药性理论的物质基础[J].国医论坛,2001,16(2):47-47.
[36] KELLY G S. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones:areview[J]. Alternative Medicine Review A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic,2000,5(4):306-333.
[37] RAJANANDH M G,SATISHKUMAR M N,ELANGO K,et al.Moringa Oleifera Lam. A herbal medicine for hyperlipidemia:A pre-clinical report[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease,2012,2(2):790-795.
[38]王纪常.中药性味理论探析[J].安徽中医药大学学报,2002,21(1):4-6.
[39] ASARE G A,GYAN B,BUGYEI K,et al. Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation levels[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2012,139(1):265-272.
[40]陈艳,张梅,王金萍,等.辣木叶和种子的提取及急性毒性评价[J].药学实践杂志,2017,35(4):334-336.
[41]蔡光先,朱克俭,韩育明,等.高血压病常见证候临床流行病学观察[J].中医杂志,1999,40(8):492-493.
[42]钱忠直,齐平,王国荣.《中国药典》2005年版(一部)品种主要增修订情况[J].中国药品标准,2005,6(1):25-30.
[43]刘洋,刘志洋,郑毅男.水飞蓟的研究进展[J].人参研究,2016,28(2):55-58.
[44] LOPEZTEROS V,FORD J L,GREEN M H,et al. Use of a"Super-child"Approach to Assess the Vitamin A Equivalence of Moringa oleifera Leaves,Develop a Compartmental Model for Vitamin A Kinetics,and Estimate Vitamin A Total Body Stores in Young Mexican Children[J]. Journal of Nutrition,2017,147(12):2356-2363.
[45] GLOVER-Amengor M,ARYEETEY R,AFARI E,et al. Micronutrient composition and acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf-fortified dishes by children in Ada-East district,Ghana[J]. Food Science&Nutrition,2016,5(2):317-323.
[46] PARLESAK A,GEELHOED D,ROBERTSON A. Toward the prevention of childhood undernutrition:diet diversity strategies using locally produced food can overcome gaps in nutrient supply[J]. Food&Nutrition Bulletin,2014,35(2):191-199.
[47]李松峰,黎青.辣木的应用价值及在贵州的发展前景分析[J].农技服务,2007,24(9):100-100.
[48]刘昌芬,伍英,龙继明.不同品种和产地辣木叶片营养成分含量[J].热带农业科技,2003,26(4):1-2.
[2] MUTHEESWARAN S,PANDIKUMAR P,CHELLAPPANDIAN M,et al. Documentation and quantitative analysis of the local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional Siddha,healers in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu,India[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2011,137(1):523-533.
[3] FAHEY J W. Moringa oleifera:A Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional,Therapeutic,and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1[J]. Trees for Life Journal,2005,1:1-15.
[4] EWUOLA E O,SOKUNBI O A,SANNI K M,et al. Haematological and serum biochemical responses of rabbit does to crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract at gestation and lactation[J]. Tropical Animal Health&Production,2015,47(4):637-642.
[5] POPOOLA J O,OBEMBE O O. Local knowledge,use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam.(Moringaceae)in Nigeria[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2013,150(2):682-691.
[6] SIVASANKARI B,ANANDHARAJ M,GUNASEKARAN P. An ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the village peoples of Thoppampatti,Dindigul district,Tamilnadu,India[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2014,153(2):408-423.
[7] ABE R,OHTANI K. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island,the Philippines[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2013,145(2):554-565.
[8] YABESH J E,PRABHU S,VIJAYAKUMAR S. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in silent valley of Kerala,India[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2014,154(3):774-789.
[9] KASOLO J N. Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,2010,4(9):753-757.
[10] MAJAMBU M. Therapeutic Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Chronic Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia:A Review[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology,2012,3(24):1-12.
[11] SHARIFUDIN S A,FAKURAZI S,HIDAYAT M T,et al. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera extracts against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology,2013,51(3):279-288.
[12] ADEYEMI O S,ELEBIYO T C. Moringa oleifera Supplemented Diets Prevented Nickel-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats[J]. Journal of Nutrition&Metabolism,2014:1-8.
[13] PAMOK S,SAENPHET K. Antiproliferative effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Pseuderanthemum palatiferum(Nees)Radlkextracts on the colon cancer cells[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,2012,6(1):139-145.
[14] PAMOK S,SAENPHETt K. Antiproliferative effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Pseuderanthemum palatiferum(Nees)Radlk extracts on the colon cancer cells[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,2012,6(1):139-145.
[15] LEONE A,SPADA A,BATTEZZATI A,et al. Cultivation,Genetic,Ethnopharmacology,Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves:An Overview[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2015,16(6):12791-12835.
[16]刘子记,孙继华,刘昭华,等.特色植物辣木的应用价值及发展前景分析[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(9):1871-1878.
[17]郑学勤,刘福利,刘兴地,等.辣木[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(12):64-68.
[18] TAHILIANI P,KAR A. Role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in the regulation of thyroid hormone status in adult male and female rats[J]. Pharmacological Research,2000,41(3):319-323.
[19]贺银凤,任安祥,林经桓.辣木叶对小白鼠通便作用的初步研究[J].食品工业,2009,41(6):10-12.
[20] ALI M A,YUSOF Y A,CHIN N L,et al. Development and Standardization of Moringa oleifera Leaves as a Natural Dietary Supplement[J]. J Diet Suppl,2018,22:1-20.
[21]李武,周冬梅,黎跃东.寒凉药的药性特征及其配伍作用浅析[J].新疆中医药,2002,20(4):39-41.
[22] OLSON M E,SANKARAN R P,FAHEY J W,et al. Leaf Protein and Mineral Concentrations across the“Miracle Tree”Genus Moringa[J]. Plos One,2016,11(7):1-17.
[23]朱荣林,杨秋秀.寒热中药微量元素的比较与分析[J].广东微量元素科学,1995,2(8):17-21.
[24]张卓,张卫.宋金元时期中药药味标定及演变规律考证[J].中国中药杂志,2014,39(3):548-552.
[25]刘靖华.中药五味标准化检验方法研究[J].亚太传统医药,2016,12(4):43-45.
[26] ADEDAPO A A,FALAYI O O,OYAGBEMI A A. Evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, phytochemical and toxicological properties of the methanolic leaf extract of commercially processed Moringa oleifera in some laboratory animals[J]. Journal of Basic&Clinical Physiology&Pharmacology,2015,26(5):491-499.
[27] WATERMAN C,CHENG D M,ROJAS-Silva P,et al. Stable,water extractableisothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera,leaves attenuate inflammation in vitro[J]. Phytochemistry,2014,103(10):114-122.
[28]张铁军,刘昌孝.中药五味药性理论辨识及其化学生物学实质表征路径[J].中草药,2015,46(1):1-6.
[29] MOYO B,MASIKA P J,HUGO A,et al. Nutritional characterization of Moringa(Moringa oleifera Lam.)leaves[J]. African Journal of Biotechnology,2011,10(60):12925-12933.
[30]任安祥,贺银凤,靳桂敏,等.辣木水溶性多糖提取工艺的研究[J].食品科技,2008,33(5):191-193.
[31]张涛,马海乐,钟慧慧.分光光度法测定辣木多糖含量[J].粮油食品科技,2004,12(1):32-33.
[32]彭凌.辣木多糖超声波辅助提取工艺条件优化研究[J].江苏农业科学,2008,18(4):238-239.
[33]任飞,王羽梅,孙鸣燕.不同采收期辣木多糖及可溶性糖含量变化的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2010,21(9):2204-2205.
[34]韩彦琪,许浚,龚苏晓,等.基于味觉、嗅觉受体分子对接技术的中药性味物质基础研究的路径和方法[J].中草药,2018,49(1):14-19.
[35]李涛,胡洪民.浅述药性理论的物质基础[J].国医论坛,2001,16(2):47-47.
[36] KELLY G S. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones:areview[J]. Alternative Medicine Review A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic,2000,5(4):306-333.
[37] RAJANANDH M G,SATISHKUMAR M N,ELANGO K,et al.Moringa Oleifera Lam. A herbal medicine for hyperlipidemia:A pre-clinical report[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease,2012,2(2):790-795.
[38]王纪常.中药性味理论探析[J].安徽中医药大学学报,2002,21(1):4-6.
[39] ASARE G A,GYAN B,BUGYEI K,et al. Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation levels[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2012,139(1):265-272.
[40]陈艳,张梅,王金萍,等.辣木叶和种子的提取及急性毒性评价[J].药学实践杂志,2017,35(4):334-336.
[41]蔡光先,朱克俭,韩育明,等.高血压病常见证候临床流行病学观察[J].中医杂志,1999,40(8):492-493.
[42]钱忠直,齐平,王国荣.《中国药典》2005年版(一部)品种主要增修订情况[J].中国药品标准,2005,6(1):25-30.
[43]刘洋,刘志洋,郑毅男.水飞蓟的研究进展[J].人参研究,2016,28(2):55-58.
[44] LOPEZTEROS V,FORD J L,GREEN M H,et al. Use of a"Super-child"Approach to Assess the Vitamin A Equivalence of Moringa oleifera Leaves,Develop a Compartmental Model for Vitamin A Kinetics,and Estimate Vitamin A Total Body Stores in Young Mexican Children[J]. Journal of Nutrition,2017,147(12):2356-2363.
[45] GLOVER-Amengor M,ARYEETEY R,AFARI E,et al. Micronutrient composition and acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf-fortified dishes by children in Ada-East district,Ghana[J]. Food Science&Nutrition,2016,5(2):317-323.
[46] PARLESAK A,GEELHOED D,ROBERTSON A. Toward the prevention of childhood undernutrition:diet diversity strategies using locally produced food can overcome gaps in nutrient supply[J]. Food&Nutrition Bulletin,2014,35(2):191-199.
[47]李松峰,黎青.辣木的应用价值及在贵州的发展前景分析[J].农技服务,2007,24(9):100-100.
[48]刘昌芬,伍英,龙继明.不同品种和产地辣木叶片营养成分含量[J].热带农业科技,2003,26(4):1-2.