近15a兰州市空气质量变化特征及沙尘天气影响
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摘要
采用2002-2016年兰州市PM10、SO_2及NO_2质量浓度监测数据、空气质量指数和地面常规气象观测资料,统计分析了兰州市的空气质量变化特征及沙尘天气的影响.结果表明,兰州市空气重污染天数减少,空气质量呈好转趋势,首要污染物仍以PM10为主,其污染天数占总污染天数的89%.较重的空气污染主要出现在11-4月,尤其春季的沙尘天气对空气污染有重要影响.兰州市每3～4 a会出现一个沙尘天气多发年, 3类沙尘天气以浮尘为主;沙尘天气的月、季分布特征明显, 90%以上的沙尘天气出现在春季.沙尘天气的PM10年均质量浓度最高,为非沙尘天气的1.2～5.4倍,平均为2.6倍;沙尘天气的PM2.5年均质量浓度比非沙尘天气高2.4倍, SO_2和NO_2的年均质量浓度差别不大.沙尘天气对兰州市PM10月均质量浓度贡献率较大的月份为3、4月,对PM2.5月均质量浓度贡献率较大的月份则持续至5月. 14 a间3类沙尘天气对PM10日均质量浓度的平均贡献率均为正值,对SO_2和NO_2,除沙尘暴对SO_2的贡献率为正值外,其余均为负值, 2013-2016年浮尘对PM2.5日均质量浓度的平均贡献率为110%,扬沙对PM2.5的平均贡献率为-30%.不同强度的沙尘天气对兰州市空气质量的影响体现在细颗粒物和粗颗粒物上有差异.
Charactertics of air quality variations and impact of sand and dust weather were investigated by using air pollutant concentration(including PM10, SO_2 and NO_2), air quality index and ground meteorological observational data. The results indicated that an obvious decreasing trend of heavy air pollution days in Lanzhou City was observed, revealing that air quality over the valley improved significantly in recent years. The primary pollutant was PM10, whose polluting days amounted to 89% of the year. Heavy air pollution events mainly occurred from November to April in the next year. Especially in spring, thesand and dust weather had a great contribution to these heavy air pollution events. The year cycle of high occurrence of dust weather would last 3 to 4 years. The most frequent occurrence in the three types of dust weather was the floating dust. The seasonal distribution characteristics of sand-dust weather were obvious and more than 90% of the sand-dust weather appeared in spring. A comparative analysis was performed to study the average pollutant concentration in non-dust and dust weather days, with the result that a ratio of annual average PM10 concentrations in the dust weather days to that in the non-dust days varied from 1.2 to 5.4 with an average of 2.6. The annual average PM2.5 concentrations in the dust weather days were also higher than those in non-dust days with an average ratio of 2.4. As for SO_2 and NO_2, the differences in their annual average concentrations between the dust and non-dust days were small. The contribution rate of dust on the monthly average PM10 concentration was significant from March to April,while the impact on monthly average PM2.5 concentration was obvious from March to May. During the recent 14 years, all the contribution rates of the three kinds of dust weather on PM10 concentrations were positive, while for SO_2 and NO_2 they were negative, apart from the impact of dust storm on SO_2 concentration. The contribution rate of the floating dust on the daily mean of PM2.5 concentrations from 2013 to 2016 was up to 110%, while the contribution rate of the blowing sand was-30%. The impact of different intensity dust weather on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Lanzhou City exhibited substantial differences.
Charactertics of air quality variations and impact of sand and dust weather were investigated by using air pollutant concentration(including PM10, SO_2 and NO_2), air quality index and ground meteorological observational data. The results indicated that an obvious decreasing trend of heavy air pollution days in Lanzhou City was observed, revealing that air quality over the valley improved significantly in recent years. The primary pollutant was PM10, whose polluting days amounted to 89% of the year. Heavy air pollution events mainly occurred from November to April in the next year. Especially in spring, thesand and dust weather had a great contribution to these heavy air pollution events. The year cycle of high occurrence of dust weather would last 3 to 4 years. The most frequent occurrence in the three types of dust weather was the floating dust. The seasonal distribution characteristics of sand-dust weather were obvious and more than 90% of the sand-dust weather appeared in spring. A comparative analysis was performed to study the average pollutant concentration in non-dust and dust weather days, with the result that a ratio of annual average PM10 concentrations in the dust weather days to that in the non-dust days varied from 1.2 to 5.4 with an average of 2.6. The annual average PM2.5 concentrations in the dust weather days were also higher than those in non-dust days with an average ratio of 2.4. As for SO_2 and NO_2, the differences in their annual average concentrations between the dust and non-dust days were small. The contribution rate of dust on the monthly average PM10 concentration was significant from March to April,while the impact on monthly average PM2.5 concentration was obvious from March to May. During the recent 14 years, all the contribution rates of the three kinds of dust weather on PM10 concentrations were positive, while for SO_2 and NO_2 they were negative, apart from the impact of dust storm on SO_2 concentration. The contribution rate of the floating dust on the daily mean of PM2.5 concentrations from 2013 to 2016 was up to 110%, while the contribution rate of the blowing sand was-30%. The impact of different intensity dust weather on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Lanzhou City exhibited substantial differences.
引文
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[6]王海荣,翟秋敏,沈娟.大气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响:以河南省A市为例[J].环境科学与管理, 2011, 36(3):54-57.
[7]魏复盛,胡伟,滕恩江,等.空气污染与儿童呼吸系统患病率的相关分析[J].中国环境科学, 2000, 20(3):220-224.
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[12]元天刚,陈思宇,康丽泰,等. 1961-2010年中国北方沙尘源区沙尘强度时空分布特征及变化趋势[J].干旱气象, 2016, 34(6):927-935.
[13]杨根生,拓万泉.中国西北地区强沙尘暴灾害及防治[J].科学, 1998, 50(6):32-35.
[14]李栋梁,钟海玲.我国沙尘暴的气候成因及未来发展趋势[J].中国环境科学, 2007, 27(1):14-18.
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[16]张宁,张武平,张萌.沙尘暴降尘对甘肃大气环境背景值的影响研究[J].环境科学研究, 2005, 18(5):6-10.
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[18]张宁,倾继祖,黄维,等.沙尘暴对大气背景值的影响及遥感技术应用研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测, 1997,10(3):15-20.
[19]姜大膀,王式功,郎咸梅,等.兰州市区低空大气温度层结特征及其与空气污染的关系[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2001, 37(4):133-138.
[20]马敏劲,郭世奇,王式功.近11年兰州空气污染特征及其边界层结构影响的分析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 48(6):69-73.
[21]周甘霖.兰州市空气污染特征及其与气象条件关系研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院, 2012.
[22]权建农,奚晓霞,王鑫,等.兰州市2001年沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的特征分析[J].中国沙漠, 2005, 25(1):95-99.
[23]张加云,刘晓东.一次强沙尘暴活动对中国城市空气质量的影响[J].中国沙漠, 2008, 28(1):161-169.
[24]薛四社,高雪玲,杨玉珍,等.沙尘天气对陕西城市环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响[J].农业与技术,2012, 32(7):117-119.
[25]杨民,王式功,李文莉,等.沙尘暴天气对兰州市环境影响的个例分析[J].气象, 2004(4):46-50.
[26]祁栋林,马明亮,李晓东,等.我国西北5省5城市API变化特征的对比分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2014, 37(S2):183-189.
[27]王式功,董光荣,陈惠忠,等.沙尘暴研究的进展[J].中国沙漠, 2000, 20(4):5-12.
[28]王莉莉.兰州市机动车尾气排放对大气环境影响分析及对策研究[D].兰州:兰州交通大学图书馆, 2013.
[29]王文路.甘肃省城市环境空气质量2005-2014年(10年)变化趋势研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院,2016.
[2]刘家琼,李金贵,张民力.宁夏中卫地区“五·五”特大沙尘暴灾害调查[J].中国沙漠, 1993, 13(3):75-76.
[3]李耀辉,张书余.中国沙尘暴特征及其与干旱关系的研究进展[J].地球科学进展, 2007, 22(11):1169-1176.
[4]韩永翔,宋连春,赵天良,等.北太平洋地区沙尘沉降与海洋生物兴衰的关系[J].中国环境科学, 2006, 26(2):157-160.
[5]刘莹.亚洲沙尘沉降对中国近海浮游植物生长影响的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学图书馆, 2014.
[6]王海荣,翟秋敏,沈娟.大气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响:以河南省A市为例[J].环境科学与管理, 2011, 36(3):54-57.
[7]魏复盛,胡伟,滕恩江,等.空气污染与儿童呼吸系统患病率的相关分析[J].中国环境科学, 2000, 20(3):220-224.
[8]王金玉.沙尘污染对人群呼吸系统慢性损伤的初步研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院, 2014.
[9]黄玉霞,王宝鉴.兰州市呼吸道疾病与沙尘天气关系的分析[J].甘肃气象, 2001, 19(3):41-44.
[10]颜宏.全国沙尘暴天气研讨会会议总结[J].甘肃气象,1993, 11(3):6-12.
[11]陈亿.近十年中国北方沙尘天气变化特征及其成因研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院, 2013.
[12]元天刚,陈思宇,康丽泰,等. 1961-2010年中国北方沙尘源区沙尘强度时空分布特征及变化趋势[J].干旱气象, 2016, 34(6):927-935.
[13]杨根生,拓万泉.中国西北地区强沙尘暴灾害及防治[J].科学, 1998, 50(6):32-35.
[14]李栋梁,钟海玲.我国沙尘暴的气候成因及未来发展趋势[J].中国环境科学, 2007, 27(1):14-18.
[15]郭慧,王式功,李栋梁,等.甘肃春季(3-5月)沙尘暴成因分析[J].中国沙漠, 2005, 25(3):412-416.
[16]张宁,张武平,张萌.沙尘暴降尘对甘肃大气环境背景值的影响研究[J].环境科学研究, 2005, 18(5):6-10.
[17]张宁,黄维,陆萌,等.沙尘暴降尘在甘肃的沉降状况研究[J].中国沙漠, 1998, 18(1):34-39.
[18]张宁,倾继祖,黄维,等.沙尘暴对大气背景值的影响及遥感技术应用研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测, 1997,10(3):15-20.
[19]姜大膀,王式功,郎咸梅,等.兰州市区低空大气温度层结特征及其与空气污染的关系[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2001, 37(4):133-138.
[20]马敏劲,郭世奇,王式功.近11年兰州空气污染特征及其边界层结构影响的分析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 48(6):69-73.
[21]周甘霖.兰州市空气污染特征及其与气象条件关系研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院, 2012.
[22]权建农,奚晓霞,王鑫,等.兰州市2001年沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的特征分析[J].中国沙漠, 2005, 25(1):95-99.
[23]张加云,刘晓东.一次强沙尘暴活动对中国城市空气质量的影响[J].中国沙漠, 2008, 28(1):161-169.
[24]薛四社,高雪玲,杨玉珍,等.沙尘天气对陕西城市环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响[J].农业与技术,2012, 32(7):117-119.
[25]杨民,王式功,李文莉,等.沙尘暴天气对兰州市环境影响的个例分析[J].气象, 2004(4):46-50.
[26]祁栋林,马明亮,李晓东,等.我国西北5省5城市API变化特征的对比分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2014, 37(S2):183-189.
[27]王式功,董光荣,陈惠忠,等.沙尘暴研究的进展[J].中国沙漠, 2000, 20(4):5-12.
[28]王莉莉.兰州市机动车尾气排放对大气环境影响分析及对策研究[D].兰州:兰州交通大学图书馆, 2013.
[29]王文路.甘肃省城市环境空气质量2005-2014年(10年)变化趋势研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院,2016.
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