尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区逆冲构造演化特征
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摘要
关于尼日尔三角洲盆地陆坡深水区的逆冲构造,其逆冲背景下的构造演化阶段及古地貌变迁特征,是一个需要深入研究的问题。以尼日尔三角洲盆地某深水研究区为例,基于三维地震资料解释,识别了3个关键界面和4种构造样式,将新生界划分为3个超层序,进一步分析了SSQ_1超层序内部的泥岩滑脱面;厘定了中新统逆冲构造的演化阶段,并分析了不同阶段内的地貌特征。形成于构造活动期的超层序(SSQ_3)可进一步划分为3个三级层序,自下而上依次由逆冲断层、泥底辟和披覆沉积所主控,对应3个不同的构造演化阶段:①逆冲断层主控阶段。在重力滑脱作用下,逆冲断层沿不同深度滑脱面发育,所产生的位移差导致构造变换带内地层受到剪切应力而发育撕裂断层,其走向与逆冲断层近垂直;剪切破裂面的存在使地层抗应力强度大幅降低,在地层超压作用下,构造变换带内沿撕裂断层发育泥底辟褶皱;顺陆坡倾向搬运的重力流沉积物受到逆冲相关褶皱阻挡而发生沉积,导致重力流岩性圈闭集中分布于逆冲断层上盘的地貌低部位。②泥底辟主控阶段。在差异负荷作用下,塑性超压泥岩向逆冲相关褶皱与撕裂断层相关褶皱核部集中,形成大型滑脱褶皱;泥岩的塑性变形主要发生在由不同深度滑脱面所限定的地层单元内;滑脱褶皱的存在使其两侧形成了沿陆坡倾向展布的地貌低部位,并成为重力流储层发育的有利场所。③构造平静阶段。构造活动明显减弱,在填平补齐作用下地貌逐渐趋于平缓。
The structural evolution and topography controlled by thrust faults in continental slope of Niger Delta Basin deserve further study. Based on 3 D seismic data in one deep water zone, three super sequence boundaries are identified, by which the Cenozoic is divided into three super sequences(SSQ1, SSQ2, SSQ3), and three detachment levels are analyzed. As about the SSQ3, it is divided into three sequences from bottom to top, representing three stages controlled by thrust fault, mud-diapir, and sedimentation respectively. In the first stage, thrust faults developed along detachment level in different depth under the control of gravity slide, and due to the translocation difference, tear fault perpendicular to the strike of thrust faults developed in transfer zone. Along the tear fault, mud-diapir fold formed under the control of overpressure mud. The gravity flow transported along the structural lows in the hanging walls of thrust faults, thus lithologic traps concentrated in minibasins. In the second stage, huge detachment fold formed due to the concentrating of overpressure mud at the core of thrust-related fold and tear-related fold under the control of load difference, in which the deformation of mud is confined by the detachment levels. The gravity flow and lithologic traps developed along the structural lows on both sides of the mud-diapir anticline. In the third stage, the structural activity weakened obviously, and the topography tended to be flat under the control of sedimentation.
The structural evolution and topography controlled by thrust faults in continental slope of Niger Delta Basin deserve further study. Based on 3 D seismic data in one deep water zone, three super sequence boundaries are identified, by which the Cenozoic is divided into three super sequences(SSQ1, SSQ2, SSQ3), and three detachment levels are analyzed. As about the SSQ3, it is divided into three sequences from bottom to top, representing three stages controlled by thrust fault, mud-diapir, and sedimentation respectively. In the first stage, thrust faults developed along detachment level in different depth under the control of gravity slide, and due to the translocation difference, tear fault perpendicular to the strike of thrust faults developed in transfer zone. Along the tear fault, mud-diapir fold formed under the control of overpressure mud. The gravity flow transported along the structural lows in the hanging walls of thrust faults, thus lithologic traps concentrated in minibasins. In the second stage, huge detachment fold formed due to the concentrating of overpressure mud at the core of thrust-related fold and tear-related fold under the control of load difference, in which the deformation of mud is confined by the detachment levels. The gravity flow and lithologic traps developed along the structural lows on both sides of the mud-diapir anticline. In the third stage, the structural activity weakened obviously, and the topography tended to be flat under the control of sedimentation.
引文
[1]王振奇,李士涛,于水,等.尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积的二元结构特征及层序划分[J].地质学报,2013,87(8):1149-1157.
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[5]陈书平,王春修,肖华,等.尼日尔三角洲新生代褶皱作用及相关的油气圈闭[J].高校地质学报,2013,19(2):355-363.
[6]于水,李涛,胡望水,等.尼日尔三角洲盆地泥收缩构造发育特征及对沉积的控制[J].海相油气地质,2017,22(4):53-60.
[7]谢昭涵,孙永河,闫玉民,等.尼日尔三角洲E背斜顶部断裂演化机制及封闭性[J].石油与天然气地质,2017,38(5):973-982.
[8]孙永河,李雪松,刘志达,等.尼日尔三角洲东部斜向背斜形成演化特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2018,45(1):51-61.
[9]韩文明,邓运华,于水,等.尼日尔三角洲深水勘探研究面临的挑战及其对策[J].地质学报,2012,86(4):671-678.
[10]高印军,杨磊,韩文明,等.尼日尔三角洲泥底辟和泥火山的形成机理[J].新疆石油地质,2010,31(3):332-334.
[11]CORREDOR F, SHAW J H, BILOTTI F. Structural styles in the deep-water fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta[J].AAPG bulletin, 2005, 89(6):753-780.
[12]BRIGGS S E, DAVIES R J, CARTWRIGHT J A, et al. Multiple detachment levels and their control on fold styles in the compressional domain of the deepwater west Niger Delta[J].Basin research, 2006, 18(4):435-450.
[13]SHAW H J, CONNORS C, SUPPE J. Seismic interpretation of contractional fault-related folds:an AAPG seismic atlas[M]. Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2005:11-46.
[14]BILOTTI F, SHAW J H. Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical-taper wedge:the influence of elevated basal fluid pressure on structural styles[J].AAPG bulletin, 2005, 89(11):1475-1491.
[15]NYANTAKYI E K, LI T, HU W S, et al. Structural and stratigraphic characteristics on distal parts of the outer fold and thrust belt of southern Niger Delta, Nigeria[J]. Arabian journal of geosciences, 2015, 8(9):6677-6695.
[16]MALONEY D, DAVIES R, IMBER J, et al. New insights into deformation mechanisms in the gravitationally driven Niger Delta deep-water fold and thrust belt[J]. AAPG bulletin, 2010,94(9):1401-1424.
[17]朱伟林,陈书平,王春修,等.非洲含油气盆地[M].北京:科学出版社,2013:141-162.
[18]GOLONKA J, BOCHAROVA N Y. Hot spot activity and the break-up of Pangea[J]. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology,palaeoecology, 2000, 161(1):49-69.
[19]BONATTI E. Anomalous opening of the Equatorial Atlantic due to an equatorial mantle thermal minimum[J]. Earth and planetary science letters, 1996, 143(1/4):147-160.
[20]邓荣敬,邓运华,于水,等.尼日尔三角洲盆地油气地质与成藏特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(6):755-762.
[21]FAIRHEAD J D, BINKS R M. Differential opening of the Central and South Atlantic Oceans and the opening of the West African rift system[J]. Tectonophysics, 1991, 187(1):191-203.
[22]N譈RNBERG D, M譈LLER R D. The tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic from Late Jurassic to present[J]. Tectonophysics,1991, 191(1/2):27-53.
[23]温志新,徐洪,王兆明,等.被动大陆边缘盆地分类及其油气分布规律[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(5):678-688.
[24]李国玉,金之均,李俊,等.世界含油气盆地[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005:320-321.
[25]冯国良,徐志诚,靳久强,等.西非海岸盆地群形成演化及深水油气田发育特征[J].海相油气地质,2012,17(1):23-28.
[26]SHORT K C, ST魧UBLE A J. Outline of geology of Niger Delta[J]. AAPG bulletin, 1967, 51(5):761-779.
[27]DAMUTH J E. Neogene gravity tectonics and depositional processes on the deep Niger Delta continental margin[J].Marine and petroleum geology, 1994, 11(3):320-346.
[28]张兴.尼日尔三角洲盆地油气地质特征及潜力分析[J].石油学报,2000,21(1):40-43.
[29]吕明,王颖,陈莹.尼日利亚深水区海底扇沉积模式成因探讨及勘探意义[J].中国海上油气,2008,20(4):275-282.
[30]HAQ B U, HARDENBOL J, VAIL P R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic[J]. Science, 1987, 235(4793):1156-1167.
[31]于水,程涛,陈莹.尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2012,37(4):763-770.
[32]姚超,焦贵浩,王同和,等.中国含油气构造样式[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:1-15.
[33]刘和甫,夏义平,殷进垠,等.走滑造山带与盆地耦合机制[J].地学前缘,1999,6(3):121-132.
[34]漆家福,夏义平,杨桥.油区构造解析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006:74-75.
[35]李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.尼日尔三角洲坡脚逆冲带沉积样式及构造控制[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2008,33(5):71-78.
[36]李涛,胡望水,于水,等.西非被动大陆边缘重力滑脱构造体系下的塑性构造[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(3):69-76.
[37]胡望水,薛天庆.底辟构造成因类型[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),1997,19(4):1-7.
[2]COBBOLD P R, CLARKE B J, L覫SETH H, et al. Structural consequences of fluid overpressure and seepage forces in the outer thrust belt of the Niger Delta[J]. Petroleum geoscience,2009, 15(1):3-15.
[3]吕福亮,贺训云,武金云,等.全球深水油气勘探简论[J].海相油气地质,2006,11(4):22-28.
[4]王力,屈红军,张功成,等.世界主要被动大陆边缘深水含油气盆地生储盖组合发育规律[J].海相油气地质,2011,16(4):22-31.
[5]陈书平,王春修,肖华,等.尼日尔三角洲新生代褶皱作用及相关的油气圈闭[J].高校地质学报,2013,19(2):355-363.
[6]于水,李涛,胡望水,等.尼日尔三角洲盆地泥收缩构造发育特征及对沉积的控制[J].海相油气地质,2017,22(4):53-60.
[7]谢昭涵,孙永河,闫玉民,等.尼日尔三角洲E背斜顶部断裂演化机制及封闭性[J].石油与天然气地质,2017,38(5):973-982.
[8]孙永河,李雪松,刘志达,等.尼日尔三角洲东部斜向背斜形成演化特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2018,45(1):51-61.
[9]韩文明,邓运华,于水,等.尼日尔三角洲深水勘探研究面临的挑战及其对策[J].地质学报,2012,86(4):671-678.
[10]高印军,杨磊,韩文明,等.尼日尔三角洲泥底辟和泥火山的形成机理[J].新疆石油地质,2010,31(3):332-334.
[11]CORREDOR F, SHAW J H, BILOTTI F. Structural styles in the deep-water fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta[J].AAPG bulletin, 2005, 89(6):753-780.
[12]BRIGGS S E, DAVIES R J, CARTWRIGHT J A, et al. Multiple detachment levels and their control on fold styles in the compressional domain of the deepwater west Niger Delta[J].Basin research, 2006, 18(4):435-450.
[13]SHAW H J, CONNORS C, SUPPE J. Seismic interpretation of contractional fault-related folds:an AAPG seismic atlas[M]. Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2005:11-46.
[14]BILOTTI F, SHAW J H. Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical-taper wedge:the influence of elevated basal fluid pressure on structural styles[J].AAPG bulletin, 2005, 89(11):1475-1491.
[15]NYANTAKYI E K, LI T, HU W S, et al. Structural and stratigraphic characteristics on distal parts of the outer fold and thrust belt of southern Niger Delta, Nigeria[J]. Arabian journal of geosciences, 2015, 8(9):6677-6695.
[16]MALONEY D, DAVIES R, IMBER J, et al. New insights into deformation mechanisms in the gravitationally driven Niger Delta deep-water fold and thrust belt[J]. AAPG bulletin, 2010,94(9):1401-1424.
[17]朱伟林,陈书平,王春修,等.非洲含油气盆地[M].北京:科学出版社,2013:141-162.
[18]GOLONKA J, BOCHAROVA N Y. Hot spot activity and the break-up of Pangea[J]. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology,palaeoecology, 2000, 161(1):49-69.
[19]BONATTI E. Anomalous opening of the Equatorial Atlantic due to an equatorial mantle thermal minimum[J]. Earth and planetary science letters, 1996, 143(1/4):147-160.
[20]邓荣敬,邓运华,于水,等.尼日尔三角洲盆地油气地质与成藏特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(6):755-762.
[21]FAIRHEAD J D, BINKS R M. Differential opening of the Central and South Atlantic Oceans and the opening of the West African rift system[J]. Tectonophysics, 1991, 187(1):191-203.
[22]N譈RNBERG D, M譈LLER R D. The tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic from Late Jurassic to present[J]. Tectonophysics,1991, 191(1/2):27-53.
[23]温志新,徐洪,王兆明,等.被动大陆边缘盆地分类及其油气分布规律[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(5):678-688.
[24]李国玉,金之均,李俊,等.世界含油气盆地[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005:320-321.
[25]冯国良,徐志诚,靳久强,等.西非海岸盆地群形成演化及深水油气田发育特征[J].海相油气地质,2012,17(1):23-28.
[26]SHORT K C, ST魧UBLE A J. Outline of geology of Niger Delta[J]. AAPG bulletin, 1967, 51(5):761-779.
[27]DAMUTH J E. Neogene gravity tectonics and depositional processes on the deep Niger Delta continental margin[J].Marine and petroleum geology, 1994, 11(3):320-346.
[28]张兴.尼日尔三角洲盆地油气地质特征及潜力分析[J].石油学报,2000,21(1):40-43.
[29]吕明,王颖,陈莹.尼日利亚深水区海底扇沉积模式成因探讨及勘探意义[J].中国海上油气,2008,20(4):275-282.
[30]HAQ B U, HARDENBOL J, VAIL P R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic[J]. Science, 1987, 235(4793):1156-1167.
[31]于水,程涛,陈莹.尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2012,37(4):763-770.
[32]姚超,焦贵浩,王同和,等.中国含油气构造样式[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:1-15.
[33]刘和甫,夏义平,殷进垠,等.走滑造山带与盆地耦合机制[J].地学前缘,1999,6(3):121-132.
[34]漆家福,夏义平,杨桥.油区构造解析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006:74-75.
[35]李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.尼日尔三角洲坡脚逆冲带沉积样式及构造控制[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2008,33(5):71-78.
[36]李涛,胡望水,于水,等.西非被动大陆边缘重力滑脱构造体系下的塑性构造[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(3):69-76.
[37]胡望水,薛天庆.底辟构造成因类型[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),1997,19(4):1-7.
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