三塘湖盆地条湖凹陷中侏罗统西山窑组层序地层及聚煤规律
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摘要
以三塘湖盆地条湖凹陷为研究对象,围绕西山窑组地层的层序地层细分与聚煤规律研究这一关键问题,充分运用含煤岩系层序地层学等理论方法,探讨三塘湖盆地条湖凹陷内西山窑组含煤岩系地层聚煤规律。综合三塘湖盆地条湖凹陷内的钻井、测井和地震等资料,运用层序地层学方法进行高精度地层划分对比,将其划分为3个三级层序(SQ1,SQ2,SQ3),根据地层叠置样式及岩相变化特征进一步在三级层序内部识别出低位体系域(LST)、湖扩体系域(EST)以及高位体系域(HST);在构建的层序格架内部分析其古地理发育特征和演化过程,识别出辫状河、辫状河三角洲及湖泊等沉积相类型;盆缘到盆中心之间的滨浅湖-三角洲平原环境过渡区域是泥炭发育的最佳场所,其中在三角洲前缘及三角洲平原的接触界面处有范围性的厚层煤发育;可容纳空间变化速率与泥炭堆积速率之间的平衡对煤层形成具有重要控制作用,湖扩体系域的早期和晚期成煤厚度大范围广,而高位体系域时期则相对较薄连续性差;在此基础上,建立了条湖凹陷西山窑组的聚煤模式,聚煤中心主要发育于湖扩体系域早期和晚期的湖泊和三角洲过渡部分。系统开展本次研究不但能够进一步了解西山窑期凹陷及全盆的古地理环境,还对该地区煤炭资源评价和勘探开发提供借鉴。
Taking Tiaohu sag of Santanghu Basin as the research subject,this paper focuses on key problems of sequence stratigraphy subdivision and coal accumulation.Meanwhile it makes full use of the theoretical methods such as sequence stratigraphy of coal-bearing strata to discuss the coal accumulation of the Xishanyao formation.Detailed stratigraphic analyses of data from boreholes for the Xishanyao formation have been conducted in Tiaohu sag of Santanghu Basin and it is divided into three third-order sequences.Lowstand systems tract( LST),lake transgressive systems tract( EST),highstand systems tract( HST) are subdivided by the stacking patterns of stra-tigraphy,changes in lithology and lithofacies.A series of sequence-specific paleogeographic maps have been con-structed based on the contours of lithological parameters.The paleogeographic units include braided river,braided river delta and lacustrine sedimentary system facies.The preferred sites of coal accumulation is the transition region between braided river delta and lacustrine from the margin to the center.Furthermore,there are a range of thick coal seams at the contact interface between the delta front and the delta plains.The coal-accumulation features in sequence stratigraphic framework are clarified.Through analyzing coal seam change features,coal-rich zone,the accommodation rate in relation to peat production would have controlled on coal formation and preservation.During initial and late lake transgressive systems tract deposition,coal seams are thick and continuous while only thin,discontinuous and scattered coal seams are formed in the highstand system tract.The comprehensive coal-accumulation model is established based on the researches mentioned and the major coal seams are accumu-lated in the transition of the lake to the delta of the early and late EST.The results will not only provide a se-quence stratigraphical model and paleoenvironmental framework for understand of the whole Santanghu Basin for this interval,but also are of practical significance for after coal resources exploration in Santanghu Basin.
Taking Tiaohu sag of Santanghu Basin as the research subject,this paper focuses on key problems of sequence stratigraphy subdivision and coal accumulation.Meanwhile it makes full use of the theoretical methods such as sequence stratigraphy of coal-bearing strata to discuss the coal accumulation of the Xishanyao formation.Detailed stratigraphic analyses of data from boreholes for the Xishanyao formation have been conducted in Tiaohu sag of Santanghu Basin and it is divided into three third-order sequences.Lowstand systems tract( LST),lake transgressive systems tract( EST),highstand systems tract( HST) are subdivided by the stacking patterns of stra-tigraphy,changes in lithology and lithofacies.A series of sequence-specific paleogeographic maps have been con-structed based on the contours of lithological parameters.The paleogeographic units include braided river,braided river delta and lacustrine sedimentary system facies.The preferred sites of coal accumulation is the transition region between braided river delta and lacustrine from the margin to the center.Furthermore,there are a range of thick coal seams at the contact interface between the delta front and the delta plains.The coal-accumulation features in sequence stratigraphic framework are clarified.Through analyzing coal seam change features,coal-rich zone,the accommodation rate in relation to peat production would have controlled on coal formation and preservation.During initial and late lake transgressive systems tract deposition,coal seams are thick and continuous while only thin,discontinuous and scattered coal seams are formed in the highstand system tract.The comprehensive coal-accumulation model is established based on the researches mentioned and the major coal seams are accumu-lated in the transition of the lake to the delta of the early and late EST.The results will not only provide a se-quence stratigraphical model and paleoenvironmental framework for understand of the whole Santanghu Basin for this interval,but also are of practical significance for after coal resources exploration in Santanghu Basin.
引文
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[2] DIESSEL C F K. Coal-Bearing depositonal systems[M]. Spring,1992:721-723.
[3] BANERJEE I,KALKREUTH W,DAVIES EH.Coal seam splits and transgressive-regressive coal couplets:A key to stratigraphy of highfrequency sequences[J].Geology,1996,24(11):1001-1004.
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[6] DIESSEL C F K,BOYD R,WADSWORTH J,et al.On balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios in the Cretaceous coals from Gates Formation,Western Canada,and their sequence stratigraphic significance[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology,2000,43(1-4):143-186.
[7] SHAO L Y,ZHANG PF,GAYER R A,et al.Coal in a carbonate sequence stratigraphic framework:The upper permian heshan formation in central Guangxi,southern China[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2003,160(2):285-298.
[8] CHALMERS G R L,BOYD R,DIESSEL C F K.Accommodationbased coal cycles and significant surface correlation of low-accommodation lower cretaceous coal seams,lloydminster heavy oil field,Alberta,Canada:Implications for coal quality distribution[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2013,97(8):1347-1369.
[9] LI Meng,SHAO Longyi,LU Jing,et al.Sequence stratigraphy and paleogeography of the middle jurassic coal measures in the Yuqia coalfield,northern Qaidam Basin,northwestern China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2014,12(98):2531-2550.
[10]邵龙义,王学天,鲁静,等.再论中国含煤岩系沉积学研究进展及发展趋[J].沉积学报,2017,35(5):1016-1031.SHAO Longyi,WANG Xuetian,LU Jing,et al.A reappraisal on development and prospect of coal sedimentology in China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2017,35(5):1016-1031.
[11]周鼎武,柳益群,邢秀娟,等.新疆吐-哈、三塘湖盆地二叠纪玄武岩形成古构造环境恢复及区域构造背景示踪[J].中国科学:地球科学,2006,36(2):143-153.ZHOU Dingwu,LIU Yiqun,XING Xiujuan,et al. The paleotectonic setting reverting and regionaltectonic setting tracking of Basalt during Permian in Tu-Ha,SantanghuBasin in Xinjiang[J].Science in China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2006,36(2):143-153.
[12]朱伯生,冯建新,胡斌,等.对三塘湖盆地基底的认识[J].新疆石油地质,1997,18(3):197-200.ZHU Bosheng,FENG Jianxin,HU Bin,et al. The understanding of the basement of the Santanghu Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1997,18(3):197-200.
[13] HACKLEY P C,FISHMAN N,WU Tao,et al. Organic petrology and geochemistry of mudrocks from the lacustrine Lucaogou Formation,Santanghu Basin,northwest China:Application to lake basin evolution[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology,2016,168(S1):20-34.
[14]李玮,柳益群,董云鹏,等.新疆三塘湖地区石炭纪火山岩年代学、地球化学及其大地构造意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(11):1716-1731.LI Wei,LIU Yiqun,DONG Yunpeng,et al.The geochemical characteristics,geochronology and tectonic significance of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Santanghu area in northeastern Xinjiang,China[J]. Science in China(Seri. D):Earth Sciences,2012,42(11):1716-1731.
[15]冯烁.三塘湖盆地中-下侏罗统沉积演化及聚煤规律研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2015:26-35.FENG Shuo. Sedimentary evolution and coal accumulation of the lower and the middle Jurassic in Santanghu Basin[D]. Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2015:26-35.
[16]欧阳征健.三塘湖盆地构造特征及其形成演化[D].西安:西北大学,2003:6-23.OUYANG Zhengjian.Structural feaures and evolution of Santanghu Basin[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2003:6-23.
[17]李玮.新疆三塘湖盆地二叠纪—侏罗纪层序地层学[D].西安:西北大学,2004:19-38.LI Wei. Sequence stratigraphy of Permian-Jurassic in Santanghu Basin,Xinjiang[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2004:19-38.
[18]肖序常,汤粗庆,冯益民,等.新疆北部及其邻区大地构造[M].北京:地质出版社,1992:84-93.
[19]李德生,何登发.中国西北地区沉积盆地石油地质[J].海相油气地质,2002,7(1):1-6.LI Desheng,HE Dengfa.Petroleum geology of sedimentary basins in Northwest China[J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2002,7(1):1-6.
[20]何登发,赵文智.中国西北地区沉积盆地动力学演化与含油气系统旋回[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999:98-112.
[21]田继军,杨曙光.准噶尔盆地南缘下-中侏罗统层序地层格架与聚煤规律[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(1):58-64.TIAN Jijun,YANG Shuguang. Sequence strata and coal accumulation of lower and middle Jurassic formation from southern margin of Junggar Basin,Sinkiang,China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(1):58-64.
[22] MITCHUM R M,VAIL P R,THOMPSON S. Seismic stratigraphy and global changesin sea level,part2:The depositional sequence as the basic unit for stratigraphic analysis//Payton,C.Seismic stratigraphy:Application to hydrocarbon exploration[J]. AAPG Memoir,1977,26:53-62.
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