利用景观指数定量化评估历史土壤图制图精度
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摘要
判断历史土壤类型图件的制图精度,是正确利用这些珍贵数据资料的前提条件。利用收集整理的、标记为福建省1∶25万土壤图的全国第二次土壤普查数据,分析了土类、亚类、土属不同土壤分类层次在栅格数据下15个景观指数的粒度效应,以粒度30m×30m对应的景观指数为基准数据,不同粒度对应的景观指数与基准数据比较,设定相对变异百分数|VIV|<1%时所对应的最大粒度为土壤矢量图栅格化的最佳表征粒度,并以此推断土壤类型图的比例尺,定量化评估其制图精度。结果表明,景观指数具有明显的粒度效应,土类、亚类、土属水平的最佳表征粒度分别为4.00 km×4.00 km、3.45 km×3.45 km和1.90 km×1.90 km,对应实际土壤图的比例尺分别为1∶180万、1∶160万、1∶85万。为判断历史土壤类型图的制图精度提供了新的有效途径和方法,对于珍贵历史数据资料的正确判断和利用具有重要价值。
【Objective】It is a precondition for making proper use of these precious data like soil maps to judge mapping precision of historical soil type maps.【Method】A map marked as 1∶ 250 000 scale Fujian Province soil map plotted on the basis of the soil survey data of the Second National Soil Survey, was collected and digitized into a vector soil map, which was rasterized by taxonomical hierarchy.From each level of the hierarchy, 50 raster grains, varying in interval from 30 m to 8 000 m, were selected for calculation of 15 landscape indices of each grain in three taxonomical levels, i.e. great group, subgroup and family, separately, using Fragstats 4.2, a software for landscape pattern analysis, and further for analysis of responses of the landscape indices to variation of the raster grains. Five landscape indices, i.e.TA, PR, PRD, SHDI and SHEI, were selected as indices to quantitatively evaluate soil mapping precision.The landscape indices corresponding to grains 30 m×30 m in size were set as benchmarks. Comparison was made of landscape indices corresponding to grains of various sizes with the benchmarks. Given that when the absolute values of relative variability(VIV, %) of all the selected landscape index are less than 1%, the corresponding maximum grain size is deemed as the optimal characterization grain size for data conversion from parent vector soil map to raster soil map. Then based on the functional relationship, y =-0.80×10-6 x2 +0.0 228 x + 0.0 211(R~2 = 0.9994,P < 0.05), between optimal characterization grain size and soil mapping scale, soil mapping scales could be deduced and mapping precision of the map quantitatively evaluated.【Result】Results show that landscape index is obviously grain-size dependent, and based on the trend of landscape indices varying with rising grain size, grain-size dependence of landscape indices could be divided into four types, i.e. Type I: landscape indices increasing with rising grain size, such as PAFRAC and AREA_SD; Type II: landscape indices declining with rising grain size, such as TE, LSI, COHESION and AI; Type III: landscape indices varying irregularly with rising grain size, such as LPI, DIVISION, MESH and SPLIT; and Type Ⅳ: landscape indices remaining almost unchanged or fluctuating later on with rising grain size, such as TA, PR, PRD, SHDI and SHEI. The optimal characterization grain size at the soil great group level, subgroup level and family level is 4.00 km×4.00 km, 3.45 km×3.45 km and 1.90 km×1.90 km, respectively, and their corresponding soil map scale, 1∶ 1 800 000, 1∶ 1 600 000 and 1∶ 850 000,respectively, which all differ significantly from the marked map scale 【Conclusion】This study provides a novel and effective way and method to judge mapping precision of historical soil maps, which is of great value to correctly judge and utilize precious historical soil data.
【Objective】It is a precondition for making proper use of these precious data like soil maps to judge mapping precision of historical soil type maps.【Method】A map marked as 1∶ 250 000 scale Fujian Province soil map plotted on the basis of the soil survey data of the Second National Soil Survey, was collected and digitized into a vector soil map, which was rasterized by taxonomical hierarchy.From each level of the hierarchy, 50 raster grains, varying in interval from 30 m to 8 000 m, were selected for calculation of 15 landscape indices of each grain in three taxonomical levels, i.e. great group, subgroup and family, separately, using Fragstats 4.2, a software for landscape pattern analysis, and further for analysis of responses of the landscape indices to variation of the raster grains. Five landscape indices, i.e.TA, PR, PRD, SHDI and SHEI, were selected as indices to quantitatively evaluate soil mapping precision.The landscape indices corresponding to grains 30 m×30 m in size were set as benchmarks. Comparison was made of landscape indices corresponding to grains of various sizes with the benchmarks. Given that when the absolute values of relative variability(VIV, %) of all the selected landscape index are less than 1%, the corresponding maximum grain size is deemed as the optimal characterization grain size for data conversion from parent vector soil map to raster soil map. Then based on the functional relationship, y =-0.80×10-6 x2 +0.0 228 x + 0.0 211(R~2 = 0.9994,P < 0.05), between optimal characterization grain size and soil mapping scale, soil mapping scales could be deduced and mapping precision of the map quantitatively evaluated.【Result】Results show that landscape index is obviously grain-size dependent, and based on the trend of landscape indices varying with rising grain size, grain-size dependence of landscape indices could be divided into four types, i.e. Type I: landscape indices increasing with rising grain size, such as PAFRAC and AREA_SD; Type II: landscape indices declining with rising grain size, such as TE, LSI, COHESION and AI; Type III: landscape indices varying irregularly with rising grain size, such as LPI, DIVISION, MESH and SPLIT; and Type Ⅳ: landscape indices remaining almost unchanged or fluctuating later on with rising grain size, such as TA, PR, PRD, SHDI and SHEI. The optimal characterization grain size at the soil great group level, subgroup level and family level is 4.00 km×4.00 km, 3.45 km×3.45 km and 1.90 km×1.90 km, respectively, and their corresponding soil map scale, 1∶ 1 800 000, 1∶ 1 600 000 and 1∶ 850 000,respectively, which all differ significantly from the marked map scale 【Conclusion】This study provides a novel and effective way and method to judge mapping precision of historical soil maps, which is of great value to correctly judge and utilize precious historical soil data.
引文
[1]王丹丹,岳书平,林芬芳,等.东北地区旱地土壤全氮空间变异性对幅度拓展的响应.土壤学报,2012,49(4):625-635Wang D D,Yue S P,Lin F F,et al.Response of spatial variability of soil total nitrogen to expansion of uplands in scale in Northeast China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(4):625-635
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[3]王秀虹,于东升,潘月,等.单种复合类型单元土壤全量元素空间变异的幅度效应.土壤学报,2017,54(4):864-873Wang X H,Yu D S,Pan Y,et al.Scale effect on spatial variability of soil total elements in single complex type unit of land use-soil type(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):864-873
[4]Lam N S N,Quattrochi D A.On the issues of scale,resolution,and fractal analysis in the mapping sciences.Professional Geographer,1992,144:88-98
[5]Jenerette G D,Wu J G.On the definitions of scale.Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,2000,81:104-105
[6]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级.第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2000Wu J G.Landscape ecology-pattern,process,scale and hierarchy(In Chinese).2nd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000
[7]Qi Y,Wu J G.Effects of changing spatial resolution on the results of landscape pattern analysis using spatial autocorrelation indices.Landscape Ecology,1996,11(1):39-49
[8]Wu J G.Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis:Scaling relations.Landscape Ecology,2004,19(2):125-138
[9]陈永林,谢炳庚,李晓青.长沙市土地利用格局变化的空间粒度效应.地理科学,2016,36(4):564-570Chen Y L,Xie B G,Li X Q.Spatial grain size effect on land use pattern changes in Changsha City(In Chinese).Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(4):564-570
[10]赵文武,傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观指数的粒度变化效应.第四纪研究,2003,23(3):326-333Zhao W W,Fu B J,Chen L D.The eff e c ts of grain change on landscape indices(In Chinese).Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(3):326-333
[11]邱扬,杨磊,王军,等.黄土丘陵小流域景观格局指数的粒度效应.应用生态学报,2010,21(5):11591166Q i u Y,Yang L,Wang J,et al.Grain effect of landscape pattern indices in a gully catchment of Loess Plateau,China(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(5):1159-1166
[12]朱开群.土地整理项目区景观粒度效应与景观格局分析.南京:南京大学,2011Zhu K Q.The landscape grain size effect and landscape pattern analysis for land consolidation district(In Chinese).Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011
[13]郭冠华,陈颖彪,魏建兵,等.粒度变化对城市热岛空间格局分析的影响.生态学报,2012,32(12):3764-3772Guo G H,Chen Y B,Wei J B,et al.Impacts of grid sizes on urban heat island pattern analysis(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3764-3772
[14]包宇.深圳市景观指数的粒度效应分析及指数时空动态研究.武汉:武汉大学,2017Bao Y.Particle size effect analysis and index temporal and spatial dynamics of landscape index in Shenzhen City(In Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University,2017
[15]Yu D S,Yang H,Shi X Z,et al.Effects of soil spati a l r e s o l u t ion on quan t i f y ing CH4 and N2Oemissions from rice fields in the Tai Lake region of China by DNDC model.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2010,25(2):1-8
[16]Yu D S,Ni Y L,Shi X Z,et al.Optimal soil raster unit resolutions in estimation of soil organic carbon pool at different map scales.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78(3):1079-1086
[17]陈粲,张忠启,史学正,等.不同分类级别土壤矢量图与最小可分栅格的关系研究.土壤学报,2011,48(3):470-478Chen C,Zhang Z Q,Shi X Z,et al.Relationship of soil vector maps of different classification grades and the smallest dividable raster(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):470-478
[18]Shi X Z,Yu D S,Warner E D,et al.Soil database of 1∶1000000 digital soil survey and reference system of the Chinese genetic soil classification system.Soil Survery Horizons,2004,45(4):129-136
[19]福建土壤普查办公室.福建土壤.福州:福建科技出版社,1991Fujian Soil Survey Office.Fujian soil(In Chinese).Fuzhou:Fujian Science and Technology Press,1991
[20]布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,等.景观指数之间的相关分析.生态学报,2005,25(10):2764-2775Bu R C,Hu Y M,Chang Y,et al.A correlation analysis on landscape metrics(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(10):2764-2775
[21]Mcgarigal K S,Cushman S A,Neel M C,et al.Fragstats:Spat ial pat tern analysis program for categorical maps.Analysis 3.3.2002
[22]Yu D S,Pan Y,Zhang H D,et al.Equality testing for soil grid unit resolutions to polygon unit scales with DNDC modeling of regional SOC pools.Chinese Geographical Science,2017,27(4):552-568
[23]Whitmore A P,Klein-Gunnewiek H,Crocker G J,et al.Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in longterm experiments using the Verbeme/MOTOR model.Geoderma,1997,81(1):137-151
[24]史学正,于东升,高鹏,等.中国土壤信息系统(SISChina)及其应用基础研究.土壤,2007,39(3):329-333Shi X Z,Yu D S,Gao P,et al.Soil information system of China(SISChina)and its application(In Chinese).Soils,2007,39(3):329-333
[25]吴未,范诗薇,许丽萍,等.无锡市景观指数的粒度效应研究.自然资源学报,2016,31(3):413-424Wu W,Fan S W,Xu L P,et al.Grain size effect of landscape metrics in Wuxi City(In Chinese).Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(3):413-424
[26]张庆印,樊军.高精度遥感影像下农牧交错带小流域景观特征的粒度效应.生态学报,2013,33(24):7739-7747Zhang Q Y,Fan J.Effects of higher resolution image and spatial grain size on landscape pattern in a small watershed of the farming-pastoral zone(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7739-7747
[27]Wu J G,Shen W J,Sun W Z,et al.Empirical patterns of the effects of changing scale on landscape metrics.Landscape Ecology,2002,17(8):761-782
[28]游丽平,林广发,杨陈照,等.景观指数的空间尺度效应分析--以厦门岛土地利用格局为例.地球信息科学,2008,10(1):74-79You L P,Lin G F,Yang C Z,et al.The effects of spatial scales on landscape indices-A case study of the landuse pattern of Xiamen Island(In Chinese).GeoInformation Science,2008,10(1):74-79
[29]余新晓,牛健植,关文彬,等.景观生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,2006Yu X X,Niu J Z,Guan W B,et al.Landscape ecology(In Chinese).Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006
[30]Carver S J,Brunsdon C F.Vector to raster conversion error and feature complexity:An empirical study using simulated data.International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1994,8(3):261-270
[31]倪元龙,于东升,张黎明,等.不同比例尺农田土壤碳库模拟的最佳栅格单元分辨率.土壤学报,2014,51(1):32-40N i Y L,Yu D S,Zhang L M,et a l.O p t imal resolution of grid units of simulated paddy soil organic carbon pools of various scales(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(1):32-40
[32]李锦,曹锦铎,王鹤林.中国1∶100万土壤图制图原则和方法的研究.土壤,1986,18(1):8-14Li J,Cao J D,Wang H L.Studies on the principles and methods of soil map mapping at 1∶1000000 of China(In Chinese).Soils,1986,18(1):8-14
[33]李锦,周明枞.1∶400万中华人民共和国土壤图.中国科学院地学情报网网讯,1986(Z1):97-98L i J,Zhou M Z.1∶4000000 soil map of the People’s Republic of China(In Chinese).Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth Science Information Network News,1986(Z1):97-98
[2]Zhang Z Q,Yu D S,Shi X Z,et al.Priority selection rating of sampling density and interpolation method for detecting the spatial variability of soil organic carbon in China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(5):2287-2297
[3]王秀虹,于东升,潘月,等.单种复合类型单元土壤全量元素空间变异的幅度效应.土壤学报,2017,54(4):864-873Wang X H,Yu D S,Pan Y,et al.Scale effect on spatial variability of soil total elements in single complex type unit of land use-soil type(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):864-873
[4]Lam N S N,Quattrochi D A.On the issues of scale,resolution,and fractal analysis in the mapping sciences.Professional Geographer,1992,144:88-98
[5]Jenerette G D,Wu J G.On the definitions of scale.Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,2000,81:104-105
[6]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级.第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2000Wu J G.Landscape ecology-pattern,process,scale and hierarchy(In Chinese).2nd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000
[7]Qi Y,Wu J G.Effects of changing spatial resolution on the results of landscape pattern analysis using spatial autocorrelation indices.Landscape Ecology,1996,11(1):39-49
[8]Wu J G.Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis:Scaling relations.Landscape Ecology,2004,19(2):125-138
[9]陈永林,谢炳庚,李晓青.长沙市土地利用格局变化的空间粒度效应.地理科学,2016,36(4):564-570Chen Y L,Xie B G,Li X Q.Spatial grain size effect on land use pattern changes in Changsha City(In Chinese).Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(4):564-570
[10]赵文武,傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观指数的粒度变化效应.第四纪研究,2003,23(3):326-333Zhao W W,Fu B J,Chen L D.The eff e c ts of grain change on landscape indices(In Chinese).Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(3):326-333
[11]邱扬,杨磊,王军,等.黄土丘陵小流域景观格局指数的粒度效应.应用生态学报,2010,21(5):11591166Q i u Y,Yang L,Wang J,et al.Grain effect of landscape pattern indices in a gully catchment of Loess Plateau,China(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(5):1159-1166
[12]朱开群.土地整理项目区景观粒度效应与景观格局分析.南京:南京大学,2011Zhu K Q.The landscape grain size effect and landscape pattern analysis for land consolidation district(In Chinese).Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011
[13]郭冠华,陈颖彪,魏建兵,等.粒度变化对城市热岛空间格局分析的影响.生态学报,2012,32(12):3764-3772Guo G H,Chen Y B,Wei J B,et al.Impacts of grid sizes on urban heat island pattern analysis(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3764-3772
[14]包宇.深圳市景观指数的粒度效应分析及指数时空动态研究.武汉:武汉大学,2017Bao Y.Particle size effect analysis and index temporal and spatial dynamics of landscape index in Shenzhen City(In Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University,2017
[15]Yu D S,Yang H,Shi X Z,et al.Effects of soil spati a l r e s o l u t ion on quan t i f y ing CH4 and N2Oemissions from rice fields in the Tai Lake region of China by DNDC model.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2010,25(2):1-8
[16]Yu D S,Ni Y L,Shi X Z,et al.Optimal soil raster unit resolutions in estimation of soil organic carbon pool at different map scales.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78(3):1079-1086
[17]陈粲,张忠启,史学正,等.不同分类级别土壤矢量图与最小可分栅格的关系研究.土壤学报,2011,48(3):470-478Chen C,Zhang Z Q,Shi X Z,et al.Relationship of soil vector maps of different classification grades and the smallest dividable raster(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):470-478
[18]Shi X Z,Yu D S,Warner E D,et al.Soil database of 1∶1000000 digital soil survey and reference system of the Chinese genetic soil classification system.Soil Survery Horizons,2004,45(4):129-136
[19]福建土壤普查办公室.福建土壤.福州:福建科技出版社,1991Fujian Soil Survey Office.Fujian soil(In Chinese).Fuzhou:Fujian Science and Technology Press,1991
[20]布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,等.景观指数之间的相关分析.生态学报,2005,25(10):2764-2775Bu R C,Hu Y M,Chang Y,et al.A correlation analysis on landscape metrics(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(10):2764-2775
[21]Mcgarigal K S,Cushman S A,Neel M C,et al.Fragstats:Spat ial pat tern analysis program for categorical maps.Analysis 3.3.2002
[22]Yu D S,Pan Y,Zhang H D,et al.Equality testing for soil grid unit resolutions to polygon unit scales with DNDC modeling of regional SOC pools.Chinese Geographical Science,2017,27(4):552-568
[23]Whitmore A P,Klein-Gunnewiek H,Crocker G J,et al.Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in longterm experiments using the Verbeme/MOTOR model.Geoderma,1997,81(1):137-151
[24]史学正,于东升,高鹏,等.中国土壤信息系统(SISChina)及其应用基础研究.土壤,2007,39(3):329-333Shi X Z,Yu D S,Gao P,et al.Soil information system of China(SISChina)and its application(In Chinese).Soils,2007,39(3):329-333
[25]吴未,范诗薇,许丽萍,等.无锡市景观指数的粒度效应研究.自然资源学报,2016,31(3):413-424Wu W,Fan S W,Xu L P,et al.Grain size effect of landscape metrics in Wuxi City(In Chinese).Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(3):413-424
[26]张庆印,樊军.高精度遥感影像下农牧交错带小流域景观特征的粒度效应.生态学报,2013,33(24):7739-7747Zhang Q Y,Fan J.Effects of higher resolution image and spatial grain size on landscape pattern in a small watershed of the farming-pastoral zone(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7739-7747
[27]Wu J G,Shen W J,Sun W Z,et al.Empirical patterns of the effects of changing scale on landscape metrics.Landscape Ecology,2002,17(8):761-782
[28]游丽平,林广发,杨陈照,等.景观指数的空间尺度效应分析--以厦门岛土地利用格局为例.地球信息科学,2008,10(1):74-79You L P,Lin G F,Yang C Z,et al.The effects of spatial scales on landscape indices-A case study of the landuse pattern of Xiamen Island(In Chinese).GeoInformation Science,2008,10(1):74-79
[29]余新晓,牛健植,关文彬,等.景观生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,2006Yu X X,Niu J Z,Guan W B,et al.Landscape ecology(In Chinese).Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006
[30]Carver S J,Brunsdon C F.Vector to raster conversion error and feature complexity:An empirical study using simulated data.International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1994,8(3):261-270
[31]倪元龙,于东升,张黎明,等.不同比例尺农田土壤碳库模拟的最佳栅格单元分辨率.土壤学报,2014,51(1):32-40N i Y L,Yu D S,Zhang L M,et a l.O p t imal resolution of grid units of simulated paddy soil organic carbon pools of various scales(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(1):32-40
[32]李锦,曹锦铎,王鹤林.中国1∶100万土壤图制图原则和方法的研究.土壤,1986,18(1):8-14Li J,Cao J D,Wang H L.Studies on the principles and methods of soil map mapping at 1∶1000000 of China(In Chinese).Soils,1986,18(1):8-14
[33]李锦,周明枞.1∶400万中华人民共和国土壤图.中国科学院地学情报网网讯,1986(Z1):97-98L i J,Zhou M Z.1∶4000000 soil map of the People’s Republic of China(In Chinese).Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth Science Information Network News,1986(Z1):97-98
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