Evaluation of Typhoon Waves Simulated by Wave Watch-Ⅲ Model in Shallow Waters Around Zhoushan Islands
|
摘要
In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-Ⅲ(WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Specifically, we used in-situ measurements to evaluate the performance of seven packages of input/dissipation source terms in the WW3 model. We forced the WW3 model by wind fields derived from a combination of the parametric Holland model and high-resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) wind data in a 0.125? grid, herein called H-E winds. We trained the H-E winds by fitting a shape parameter B to buoy-measured observations, which resulted in a smallest root mean square error(RMSE) of 3 m s~(-1) for B, when treated as a constant 0.4. Then, we applied the seven input/dissipation terms of WW3, labelled ST1, ST2, ST2+STAB2, ST3, ST3+STAB3, ST4, and ST6, to simulate the significant wave height(SWH) up to 5 m during typhoons Fungwong and Chan-hom around the Zhoushan Islands. We then compared the SWHs of the simulated waves with those measured by the in-situ buoys. The results indicate that the simulation using ST2 performs best with an RMSE of 0.79 m for typhoon Fung-wong and an RMSE of 1.12 m for typhoon Chan-hom. Interestingly, we found the simulated SWH results to be relatively higher than those of the observations in the area between Hangzhou Bay and the Zhoushan Islands. This behavior is worthy of further investigation in the future.
In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-Ⅲ(WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Specifically, we used in-situ measurements to evaluate the performance of seven packages of input/dissipation source terms in the WW3 model. We forced the WW3 model by wind fields derived from a combination of the parametric Holland model and high-resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) wind data in a 0.125? grid, herein called H-E winds. We trained the H-E winds by fitting a shape parameter B to buoy-measured observations, which resulted in a smallest root mean square error(RMSE) of 3 m s~(-1) for B, when treated as a constant 0.4. Then, we applied the seven input/dissipation terms of WW3, labelled ST1, ST2, ST2+STAB2, ST3, ST3+STAB3, ST4, and ST6, to simulate the significant wave height(SWH) up to 5 m during typhoons Fungwong and Chan-hom around the Zhoushan Islands. We then compared the SWHs of the simulated waves with those measured by the in-situ buoys. The results indicate that the simulation using ST2 performs best with an RMSE of 0.79 m for typhoon Fung-wong and an RMSE of 1.12 m for typhoon Chan-hom. Interestingly, we found the simulated SWH results to be relatively higher than those of the observations in the area between Hangzhou Bay and the Zhoushan Islands. This behavior is worthy of further investigation in the future.
In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-Ⅲ(WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Specifically, we used in-situ measurements to evaluate the performance of seven packages of input/dissipation source terms in the WW3 model. We forced the WW3 model by wind fields derived from a combination of the parametric Holland model and high-resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) wind data in a 0.125? grid, herein called H-E winds. We trained the H-E winds by fitting a shape parameter B to buoy-measured observations, which resulted in a smallest root mean square error(RMSE) of 3 m s~(-1) for B, when treated as a constant 0.4. Then, we applied the seven input/dissipation terms of WW3, labelled ST1, ST2, ST2+STAB2, ST3, ST3+STAB3, ST4, and ST6, to simulate the significant wave height(SWH) up to 5 m during typhoons Fungwong and Chan-hom around the Zhoushan Islands. We then compared the SWHs of the simulated waves with those measured by the in-situ buoys. The results indicate that the simulation using ST2 performs best with an RMSE of 0.79 m for typhoon Fung-wong and an RMSE of 1.12 m for typhoon Chan-hom. Interestingly, we found the simulated SWH results to be relatively higher than those of the observations in the area between Hangzhou Bay and the Zhoushan Islands. This behavior is worthy of further investigation in the future.
引文
Abdalla,S.,and Bidlot,J.R.,2002.Wind gustiness and air density effects and other key changes to wave model in CY25R1ECMWF Research Department Technical Report Memorandum R60.9/SA/0273.European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,England.
Ardhuin,F.,Rogers,E.,Babanin,A.V.,Filipot,J.F.,Magne,R.,Roland,A.,Van Der Westhuysen,A.,Queffeulou,P.,Lefevre,J.M.,Aouf,L.,and Collard,F.,2010.Semiempirical dissipation source functions for ocean waves.Part I:Definition,calibration,and validation.Journal of Physical Oceanography,40(9):1917-1941.
Bidlot,J.R.,Abdalla,S.,and Janssen,P.,2005.A revised formulation for ocean wave dissipation in CY25R1.ECMWFResearch Department Technical Report Memorandum R60.9/JB/0516.European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts England.
Bi,F.,Song,J.B.,Wu,K.J.,and Xu,Y.,2015.Evaluation of the simulation capability of the WavewatchⅢmodel for Pacific Ocean wave.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(9):43-57.
Charmock,H.,1955.Wind stress on a water surface.The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,81(350):639-640.
Guan,C.L.,2000.Review and prospect of wave theory and forecast research in China.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,30(4):549-556(in Chinese with English abstract).
Holland,G.J.,1980.An analytic model of the wind and pressure profiles in hurricanes.Monthly Weather Review,108(8):1212-1218.
Janssen,P.,2004.The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,169-268.
Kong,C.Y.,Shi,J.,Li,R.J.,Yu,D.S.,and Pan,X.S.,2013.Numerical simulation of typhoon waves around the waters in China’s offshore.Marine Environmental Science,32(3):419-423.
Komen,G.J.,Hasswlmann,S.,and Hasselmann,K.,1984.On the existence of a fully developed wind-sea spectrum.Journal of Physical Oceanography,14(8):1271-1285.
Liu,Q.X.,Babanin,A.,Fan,Y.,Zieger,S.,Guan,C.L.,and Moon,I.J.,2017.Numerical simulations of ocean surface waves under hurricane conditions:Assessment of existing model performance.Ocean Modelling,118:73-93.
Pierson,W.J.,and Moskowitz,L.,1964.A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theoy of S.A.Kitaigorodskii.Journal of Geophysical Researcher,69(24):5181-5190.
Qi,Y.,Chu,P.C.,Shi,P.,Mao,Q.,and Fan,C.,2003.Analysis of significant wave heights from wwatch and topex/poseidon altimetry.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,25(4):1-9.
Snyder,R.L.,Dobson,F.W.,Elliott,J.A.,and Long,R.B.,2006.Array measurements of atmospheric pressure fluctuations above surface gravity waves.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,102:1-59.
Sun,J.,Guan,C.L.,and Liu,B.,2006.Ocean wave diffraction in near-shore regions observed by synthetic aperture radar.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,24(1):48-56.
Tolman,H.L.,and Booij,N.,1998.Modeling wind waves using wave number direction spectra and a variable wavenumber grid.Global Atmosphere and Ocean System,6(4):295-309.
Tolman,H.L.,and Chalikov,D.V.,1996.Source terms in a thirdgeneration wind wave model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,26(11):2497-2518.
Tolman,H.L.,2002.Validation of WAVEWATCH III Version1.15 for a Global Domain.Technical Note 213.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Camp Springs,US.
Tolman,H.L.,2003.Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models.Ocean Modelling,5(3):219-231.
The WAMDI Group,1988.The WAM Model-A third generation ocean wave prediction model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,18(12):1775-1810.
The WAVEWATCH-III Development Group,2016.User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 5.16.Technical Note 329.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Camp Springs,US.
Wang,J.,Zhang,J.,Yang,J.,Bao,W.,Wu,G.,and Ren,Q.,2017a.An evaluation of input/dissipation terms in wavewatch III using in situ,and satellite significant wave height data in the South China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(3):20-25.
Wang,Z.F.,Zhou,L.M.,Li,Q.J.,and Sun,X.J.,2017b.Storm surge along the Yellow River Delta under directional extreme wind conditions.Journal of Coastal Research,80:86-91.
Wu,J.,1982.Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface from breeze to hurricane.Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,87(C12):9704-9706.
Xu,F.M.,Perrie,W.,Zhang,J.L.,Song,Z.Y.,and Bechara,T.,2005.Simulation of typhoon-driven waves in the Yangtze Estuary with multiple-nested wave models.China Ocean Engineering,19(4):613-624.
Zec,J.,and Jones,W.L.,2000.Scatterometer-retrieved hurricane wind direction ambiguity removal using spiral dealias.Proceeding of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,Honolulu,USA,24-28.
Zheng,K.W.,Sun,J.,Guan,C.L.,and Shao,W.Z.,2016.Analysis of the global swell and wind sea energy distribution using WAVEWATCH III.Advances in Meteorology,2016(7):1-9.
Zhou,L.M.,Li,Z.B.,Mou,L.,and Wang,A.F.,2014.Numerical simulation of wave field in the South China Sea using WAVEWATCH III.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,32(3):656-664.
Zieger,S.,Babanin,A.V.,Rogers,W.E.,and Young,I.R.,2015.Observation-based source terms in the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH.Ocean Modeling,96(1):2-25.
Ardhuin,F.,Rogers,E.,Babanin,A.V.,Filipot,J.F.,Magne,R.,Roland,A.,Van Der Westhuysen,A.,Queffeulou,P.,Lefevre,J.M.,Aouf,L.,and Collard,F.,2010.Semiempirical dissipation source functions for ocean waves.Part I:Definition,calibration,and validation.Journal of Physical Oceanography,40(9):1917-1941.
Bidlot,J.R.,Abdalla,S.,and Janssen,P.,2005.A revised formulation for ocean wave dissipation in CY25R1.ECMWFResearch Department Technical Report Memorandum R60.9/JB/0516.European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts England.
Bi,F.,Song,J.B.,Wu,K.J.,and Xu,Y.,2015.Evaluation of the simulation capability of the WavewatchⅢmodel for Pacific Ocean wave.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(9):43-57.
Charmock,H.,1955.Wind stress on a water surface.The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,81(350):639-640.
Guan,C.L.,2000.Review and prospect of wave theory and forecast research in China.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,30(4):549-556(in Chinese with English abstract).
Holland,G.J.,1980.An analytic model of the wind and pressure profiles in hurricanes.Monthly Weather Review,108(8):1212-1218.
Janssen,P.,2004.The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,169-268.
Kong,C.Y.,Shi,J.,Li,R.J.,Yu,D.S.,and Pan,X.S.,2013.Numerical simulation of typhoon waves around the waters in China’s offshore.Marine Environmental Science,32(3):419-423.
Komen,G.J.,Hasswlmann,S.,and Hasselmann,K.,1984.On the existence of a fully developed wind-sea spectrum.Journal of Physical Oceanography,14(8):1271-1285.
Liu,Q.X.,Babanin,A.,Fan,Y.,Zieger,S.,Guan,C.L.,and Moon,I.J.,2017.Numerical simulations of ocean surface waves under hurricane conditions:Assessment of existing model performance.Ocean Modelling,118:73-93.
Pierson,W.J.,and Moskowitz,L.,1964.A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theoy of S.A.Kitaigorodskii.Journal of Geophysical Researcher,69(24):5181-5190.
Qi,Y.,Chu,P.C.,Shi,P.,Mao,Q.,and Fan,C.,2003.Analysis of significant wave heights from wwatch and topex/poseidon altimetry.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,25(4):1-9.
Snyder,R.L.,Dobson,F.W.,Elliott,J.A.,and Long,R.B.,2006.Array measurements of atmospheric pressure fluctuations above surface gravity waves.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,102:1-59.
Sun,J.,Guan,C.L.,and Liu,B.,2006.Ocean wave diffraction in near-shore regions observed by synthetic aperture radar.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,24(1):48-56.
Tolman,H.L.,and Booij,N.,1998.Modeling wind waves using wave number direction spectra and a variable wavenumber grid.Global Atmosphere and Ocean System,6(4):295-309.
Tolman,H.L.,and Chalikov,D.V.,1996.Source terms in a thirdgeneration wind wave model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,26(11):2497-2518.
Tolman,H.L.,2002.Validation of WAVEWATCH III Version1.15 for a Global Domain.Technical Note 213.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Camp Springs,US.
Tolman,H.L.,2003.Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models.Ocean Modelling,5(3):219-231.
The WAMDI Group,1988.The WAM Model-A third generation ocean wave prediction model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,18(12):1775-1810.
The WAVEWATCH-III Development Group,2016.User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 5.16.Technical Note 329.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Camp Springs,US.
Wang,J.,Zhang,J.,Yang,J.,Bao,W.,Wu,G.,and Ren,Q.,2017a.An evaluation of input/dissipation terms in wavewatch III using in situ,and satellite significant wave height data in the South China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(3):20-25.
Wang,Z.F.,Zhou,L.M.,Li,Q.J.,and Sun,X.J.,2017b.Storm surge along the Yellow River Delta under directional extreme wind conditions.Journal of Coastal Research,80:86-91.
Wu,J.,1982.Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface from breeze to hurricane.Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,87(C12):9704-9706.
Xu,F.M.,Perrie,W.,Zhang,J.L.,Song,Z.Y.,and Bechara,T.,2005.Simulation of typhoon-driven waves in the Yangtze Estuary with multiple-nested wave models.China Ocean Engineering,19(4):613-624.
Zec,J.,and Jones,W.L.,2000.Scatterometer-retrieved hurricane wind direction ambiguity removal using spiral dealias.Proceeding of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,Honolulu,USA,24-28.
Zheng,K.W.,Sun,J.,Guan,C.L.,and Shao,W.Z.,2016.Analysis of the global swell and wind sea energy distribution using WAVEWATCH III.Advances in Meteorology,2016(7):1-9.
Zhou,L.M.,Li,Z.B.,Mou,L.,and Wang,A.F.,2014.Numerical simulation of wave field in the South China Sea using WAVEWATCH III.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,32(3):656-664.
Zieger,S.,Babanin,A.V.,Rogers,W.E.,and Young,I.R.,2015.Observation-based source terms in the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH.Ocean Modeling,96(1):2-25.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |