秸秆覆盖和生物炭对玉米田间地温和产量的影响
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摘要
为了探究秸秆覆盖和生物炭对土壤温度和玉米产量的影响,设置2种覆盖方式(不覆盖和秸秆覆盖)和3个生物炭施用量水平(0、4和12 t·hm-2)的田间小区试验,对玉米田间地温和产量及产量性状进行分析。结果表明:秸秆覆盖显著降低土壤温度,降温效应在不同土层上表现为随土层深度的增大而减小,在全生育期内表现为前期大、后期小的变化趋势;在不同覆盖条件下,生物炭对地温的影响有所不同,在不覆盖条件下,生物炭处理有增温保温效应,随生物炭施用量的增大而增大;在秸秆覆盖条件下,生物炭对0～10 cm土层有降温效应,而对15～25 cm土层则有增温效应;秸秆覆盖和生物炭处理均能显著提高玉米产量、产量构成和经济系数,其中秸秆覆盖和12 t·hm-2生物炭组合处理的玉米产量最高,产量、产量构成和经济系数显著高于对照,较对照分别提高24.2%、6.4%～15.7%和15.0%;各产量构成因素中穗长和行粒数对产量影响最大,其中穗长与产量表现为负相关关系,行粒数与产量表现为正相关关系。
To explore the effects of straw mulching and biochar addition on soil temperature and maize yield,a field experiment was conducted following two-factor split-plot design,with two types of mulching( non-mulching,straw mulching) as main plots and three levels of biochar application( 0,4 and 12 t·hm-2) as sub-plots. Maize grain yield,yield components,and soil temperature in different soil depths were measured. The results showed that straw mulching decreased soil temperature,with such effect decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil temperature showed a large change in the early growth period and a small change in the later period.Under different cover conditions,biochar addition had different effects on soil temperature. Under the non-mulching condition,biochar addition increased soil temperature,with the magnitude of such effect positively depending on application rates. Under straw mulching condition,biochar amendment resulted in a lower soil temperature in the 0-10 cm soil layer but an increase in 15-25 cm soil layer in vertical dimension. Straw mulching and biochar treatments significantly increased maize yield,yield composition and economic coefficient. The highest yield was achieved at the treatment of straw mulching incorporating with 12 t·hm-2 biochar; this treatment increased grain yield,its components and economic coefficient by 24.2%,6.4%-15.7% and 15% respectively,compared to the non-mulching and biochar-free treatment. Among all yield components,spike length and grain number had the greatest impacts on yield. Grain yield was negatively correlated with spike length and positively correlated with grain number.
To explore the effects of straw mulching and biochar addition on soil temperature and maize yield,a field experiment was conducted following two-factor split-plot design,with two types of mulching( non-mulching,straw mulching) as main plots and three levels of biochar application( 0,4 and 12 t·hm-2) as sub-plots. Maize grain yield,yield components,and soil temperature in different soil depths were measured. The results showed that straw mulching decreased soil temperature,with such effect decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil temperature showed a large change in the early growth period and a small change in the later period.Under different cover conditions,biochar addition had different effects on soil temperature. Under the non-mulching condition,biochar addition increased soil temperature,with the magnitude of such effect positively depending on application rates. Under straw mulching condition,biochar amendment resulted in a lower soil temperature in the 0-10 cm soil layer but an increase in 15-25 cm soil layer in vertical dimension. Straw mulching and biochar treatments significantly increased maize yield,yield composition and economic coefficient. The highest yield was achieved at the treatment of straw mulching incorporating with 12 t·hm-2 biochar; this treatment increased grain yield,its components and economic coefficient by 24.2%,6.4%-15.7% and 15% respectively,compared to the non-mulching and biochar-free treatment. Among all yield components,spike length and grain number had the greatest impacts on yield. Grain yield was negatively correlated with spike length and positively correlated with grain number.
引文
白伟,安景文,张立祯,等.2017.秸秆还田配施氮肥改善土壤理化性状提高春玉米产量.农业工程学报,33(15):168-176.
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程宏波,牛建彪,柴守玺,等.2016.不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响.草业学报,25(2):47-57.
崔爱花,杜传莉,黄国勤,等.2018.秸秆覆盖量对红壤旱地棉花生长及土壤温度的影响.生态学报,38(2):733-740.
冯浩,刘匣,余坤,等.2016.不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响.农业机械学报,47(12):192-202.
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匡恩俊,宿庆瑞,迟凤琴,等.2017.不同材料覆盖对玉米生长及水分利用效率影响.土壤与作物,6(2):96-103.
兰宇,孟军,杨旭,等.2015.秸秆不同还田方式对棕壤N2O排放和土壤理化性质的影响.生态学杂志,34(3):790-796.
李昌见,屈忠义,勾芒芒,等.2014.生物炭对土壤水肥热效应的影响试验研究.生态环境学报,23(7):1141-1147.
李培培,韩燕来,金修宽,等.2014.生物炭对砂质潮土养分及玉米产量的影响.土壤通报,45(5):1164-1169.
刘连华,陈源泉,杨静,等.2015.免耕覆盖对不同质地土壤水分与作物产量的影响.生态学杂志,34(2):393-398.
尚杰,耿增超,赵军,等.2015.生物炭对塿土水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响.应用生态学报,26(7):1969-1976.
汪可欣,付强,姜辛,等.2014.秸秆覆盖模式对玉米生理指标及水分利用效率的影响.农业机械学报,45(12):181-186.
汪可欣,付强,张中昊,等.2016.秸秆覆盖与表土耕作对东北黑土根区土壤环境的影响.农业机械学报,47(3):131-137.
王芳,程宏波,李瑞,等.2017.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,37(6):777-785.
韦茂贵,王晓玉,谢光辉.2012.中国各省大田作物田间秸秆资源量及其时间分布.中国农业大学学报,17(6):32-44.
武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.2014.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展.地球科学进展,29(1):68-79.
谢光辉,王晓玉,任兰天.2010.中国作物秸秆资源评估研究现状.生物工程学报,26(7):855-863.
张萌,李立科,郝明德.2013.免耕覆盖对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响.西北农业学报,22(6):67-72.
张娜,李佳,刘学欢,等.2014.生物炭对夏玉米生长和产量的影响.农业环境科学学报,33(8):1569-1574.
张阳阳,胡学玉,张迪,等.2015.生物炭对农田地表反照率及土壤温度与湿度的影响.环境科学研究,28(8):1234-1239.
Cook HF,Valdes GSB,Lee HC.2006.Mulch effects on rainfall interception,soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zea mays L.Soil&Tillage Research,91:227-235.
Laird DA,Brown RC,Amonette JE,et al.2009.Review of the pyrolysis platform for coproducing bio-oil and biochar.Biofuels,Bioproducts and Biorefining,3:547-562.
Ram H,Singh Y,Saini KS,et al.2012.Agronomic and economic evaluation of permanent raised beds,no tillage and straw mulching for an irrigated maize-wheat system in northwest India.Experimental Agriculture,48:21-38.
Uzoma KC,Inoue M,Andry H,et al.2011.Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition.Soil Use and Management,27:205-212.
Wang X,Yang L,Steinberger Y,et al.2013.Field crop residue estimate and availability for biofuel production in China.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,27:864-875.
蔡太义,陈志超,黄会娟,等.2013.不同秸秆覆盖模式下农田土壤水温效应研究.农业环境科学学报,32(7):1396-1404.
陈温福,张伟明,孟军.2013.农用生物炭研究进展与前景.中国农业科学,46(16):3324-3333.
程宏波,牛建彪,柴守玺,等.2016.不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响.草业学报,25(2):47-57.
崔爱花,杜传莉,黄国勤,等.2018.秸秆覆盖量对红壤旱地棉花生长及土壤温度的影响.生态学报,38(2):733-740.
冯浩,刘匣,余坤,等.2016.不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响.农业机械学报,47(12):192-202.
高利华,屈忠义.2017.膜下滴灌条件下生物质炭对土壤水热肥效应的影响.土壤,49(3):614-620.
匡恩俊,宿庆瑞,迟凤琴,等.2017.不同材料覆盖对玉米生长及水分利用效率影响.土壤与作物,6(2):96-103.
兰宇,孟军,杨旭,等.2015.秸秆不同还田方式对棕壤N2O排放和土壤理化性质的影响.生态学杂志,34(3):790-796.
李昌见,屈忠义,勾芒芒,等.2014.生物炭对土壤水肥热效应的影响试验研究.生态环境学报,23(7):1141-1147.
李培培,韩燕来,金修宽,等.2014.生物炭对砂质潮土养分及玉米产量的影响.土壤通报,45(5):1164-1169.
刘连华,陈源泉,杨静,等.2015.免耕覆盖对不同质地土壤水分与作物产量的影响.生态学杂志,34(2):393-398.
尚杰,耿增超,赵军,等.2015.生物炭对塿土水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响.应用生态学报,26(7):1969-1976.
汪可欣,付强,姜辛,等.2014.秸秆覆盖模式对玉米生理指标及水分利用效率的影响.农业机械学报,45(12):181-186.
汪可欣,付强,张中昊,等.2016.秸秆覆盖与表土耕作对东北黑土根区土壤环境的影响.农业机械学报,47(3):131-137.
王芳,程宏波,李瑞,等.2017.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,37(6):777-785.
韦茂贵,王晓玉,谢光辉.2012.中国各省大田作物田间秸秆资源量及其时间分布.中国农业大学学报,17(6):32-44.
武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.2014.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展.地球科学进展,29(1):68-79.
谢光辉,王晓玉,任兰天.2010.中国作物秸秆资源评估研究现状.生物工程学报,26(7):855-863.
张萌,李立科,郝明德.2013.免耕覆盖对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响.西北农业学报,22(6):67-72.
张娜,李佳,刘学欢,等.2014.生物炭对夏玉米生长和产量的影响.农业环境科学学报,33(8):1569-1574.
张阳阳,胡学玉,张迪,等.2015.生物炭对农田地表反照率及土壤温度与湿度的影响.环境科学研究,28(8):1234-1239.
Cook HF,Valdes GSB,Lee HC.2006.Mulch effects on rainfall interception,soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zea mays L.Soil&Tillage Research,91:227-235.
Laird DA,Brown RC,Amonette JE,et al.2009.Review of the pyrolysis platform for coproducing bio-oil and biochar.Biofuels,Bioproducts and Biorefining,3:547-562.
Ram H,Singh Y,Saini KS,et al.2012.Agronomic and economic evaluation of permanent raised beds,no tillage and straw mulching for an irrigated maize-wheat system in northwest India.Experimental Agriculture,48:21-38.
Uzoma KC,Inoue M,Andry H,et al.2011.Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition.Soil Use and Management,27:205-212.
Wang X,Yang L,Steinberger Y,et al.2013.Field crop residue estimate and availability for biofuel production in China.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,27:864-875.
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