陇南市尾矿库环境安全现状分析及合理闭库措施探讨
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摘要
2010年和2015年陇南市相继发生重大尾矿外泄事故,尾矿库安全形势极其严峻。因此,为了预防和阻止尾矿库事故的发生,对陇南市尾矿库环境安全现状进行了统计分析,总结出目前陇南市尾矿库的特点及存在的环境安全隐患。结果表明:陇南市尾矿库以铅锌矿和山谷型尾矿库为主,规模小,数量多,安全度水平较低;部分尾矿库无证运行,相关资料不完善;多数尾矿库未进行合理闭库措施,环境风险重大。对陇南市所辖县区的12座尾矿库进行实地调查,分析了陇南市尾矿库合理闭库存在的问题,提出如下解决措施:采用扩挖回填法、灌浆法和土工布覆盖法等措施对坝体存在裂缝的尾矿坝进行修复处理;对"零"坡度排水沟进行V字形、"拱桥形"或"梯形"坡度设计,将环库截洪沟设计为低于库区表面;改滩面反坡为顺坡设计;对稀薄覆土或裸露滩面实施库顶部压覆碎石、上部覆土并恢复植被;闭库后加强管理,完善监测设施。
Tailings leakage accidents had taken place in Longnan City in 2010 and 2015.The tailings reservoir security situation is extremely severe.Therefore,in order to prevent the occurrence of tailing reservoir accidents,we analyzed the environmental safety status of tailings reservoir and summarized the characteristics and potential safety hazards of tailings reservoir in Longnan City. The results show that the tailings reservoir is dominated by lead-zinc mines and valley-type tailings reservoir in Longnan City,with the features of small scale,large quantity,low level of safety. Some tailings reservoirs operated without licenses and most tailings reservoirs have not been closed properly,which poses great environmental risks. At the same time,12 tailings reservoirs in Longnan City were selected for field investigation. According to the field survey results of some tailings reservoir in Longnan City,the problems of reasonable closure measures for tailings reservoir in Longnan City were analyzed,and then key solutions was put forward.The results are as follows:Firstly,there are cracks in tailings dam body.Secondly,the drainage of tailings reservoir is"zero"slope and the interception ditch of tailings reservoir is above the surface of reservoir area. Some tailings reservoirs even have no interception ditch.Thirdly,tailings reservoir beach surface is designed as reverse slope and the tailings reservoir beach surface is covered with thin soil or even exposed directly.Finally,after the closing of tailings reservoir,there is a lack of corresponding management and monitoring facilities. In view of the above problems,the following solutions are proposed.For the first problem,the cracks of tailings dam can be repaired by means of expanding excavation and backfill,grouting and geotextile cover.For the second one,the"zero"slope drainage ditch can be redesigned to V-shape,arch bridge or trapezoid.Circumferential reservoir interception ditch should be lower than the surface of reservoir area.For the third one,the reverse slope of tailings reservoir beach surface should be redesigned as a straight slope.For those tailings reservoir beach surface with thin soil or no soil,we should cover the top of the tailings reservoir with gravel firstly,and then cover the soil,and finally restore the vegetation. For the last one,strengthen management and improve monitoring facilities after the closing of tailings reservoir.
Tailings leakage accidents had taken place in Longnan City in 2010 and 2015.The tailings reservoir security situation is extremely severe.Therefore,in order to prevent the occurrence of tailing reservoir accidents,we analyzed the environmental safety status of tailings reservoir and summarized the characteristics and potential safety hazards of tailings reservoir in Longnan City. The results show that the tailings reservoir is dominated by lead-zinc mines and valley-type tailings reservoir in Longnan City,with the features of small scale,large quantity,low level of safety. Some tailings reservoirs operated without licenses and most tailings reservoirs have not been closed properly,which poses great environmental risks. At the same time,12 tailings reservoirs in Longnan City were selected for field investigation. According to the field survey results of some tailings reservoir in Longnan City,the problems of reasonable closure measures for tailings reservoir in Longnan City were analyzed,and then key solutions was put forward.The results are as follows:Firstly,there are cracks in tailings dam body.Secondly,the drainage of tailings reservoir is"zero"slope and the interception ditch of tailings reservoir is above the surface of reservoir area. Some tailings reservoirs even have no interception ditch.Thirdly,tailings reservoir beach surface is designed as reverse slope and the tailings reservoir beach surface is covered with thin soil or even exposed directly.Finally,after the closing of tailings reservoir,there is a lack of corresponding management and monitoring facilities. In view of the above problems,the following solutions are proposed.For the first problem,the cracks of tailings dam can be repaired by means of expanding excavation and backfill,grouting and geotextile cover.For the second one,the"zero"slope drainage ditch can be redesigned to V-shape,arch bridge or trapezoid.Circumferential reservoir interception ditch should be lower than the surface of reservoir area.For the third one,the reverse slope of tailings reservoir beach surface should be redesigned as a straight slope.For those tailings reservoir beach surface with thin soil or no soil,we should cover the top of the tailings reservoir with gravel firstly,and then cover the soil,and finally restore the vegetation. For the last one,strengthen management and improve monitoring facilities after the closing of tailings reservoir.
引文
[1]高春学,曲志清.承德市尾矿库安全生产现状分析及对策[J].矿冶,2008,17(3):30-32,36.Gao Chunxue,Qu Zhiqing.Analyses and countermeasures for current situation of tailings pond safety product in Chengde City[J].Mining and Metallurgy,2008,17(3):30-32,36.
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[3]魏勇,许开立,郑欣,等.我国尾矿库现状特点以及问题[C]//2010(沈阳)国际安全科学与技术学术研讨会论文集.沈阳:东北大学,2010:512-515.Wei Yong,Xu Kaili,Zheng Xin,et al.The characteristics and problems of tailing reservoir in China[C]//Proceedings of 2010(Shenyang)International Colloquium on Safety Science and Technology.Shenyang:Northeastern University,2010:512-515.
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[6]迟继松,郭伟,王月伟,等.山东蓬莱矿业选矿厂尾矿堆放及排水方式探讨[J].黄金科学技术,2011,19(6):72-74.Chi Jisong,Guo Wei,Wang Yuewei,et al.Discussion on the ways of tailing dumps and drainage of Penglai mining concentrator,Shandong Province[J].Gold Science and Technology,2011,19(6):72-74.
[7]王硕.甘肃某金矿浸金工艺试验研究[J].黄金科学技术,2017,25(4):122-127.Wang Shuo.Experimental study on gold leaching process of a gold mine in Gansu Province[J].Gold Science and Technology,2017,25(4):122-127.
[8]朱宁,陈玉明,刘相纯,等.尾矿库环境污染分析与预防对策[J].黄金,2014,35(2):67-70.Zhu Ning,Chen Yuming,Liu Xiangchun,et al.Analysis on environmental pollution in tailings ponds and its countermeasures of comprehensive prevention[J].Gold,2014,35(2):67-70.
[9]乔冈,徐友宁,陈华清,等.某金矿区农田土壤重金属元素Pb的累积速率[J].地质通报,2014,33(8):1147-1153.Qiao Gang,Xu Youning,Chen Huaqing,et al.Accumulation rate analysis of the heavy metal Pb in farm-land soils of a gold mining area[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(8):1147-1153.
[10]姜素,陆华,曹瑞祥,等.某铁矿尾矿库及周边土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(增1):274-278.Jiang Su,Lu Hua,Cao Ruixiang,et al.Pollution evaluation of heavy metal in soils of an iron mine’s tailing reservoir and its surrounding region[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,37(Supp.1):274-278.
[11]邵坤.浅析尾矿对环境的影响[J].有色矿冶,2008,24(2):43-45.Shao Kun.Mineral tailings affect on environmental[J].Non-ferrous Mining and Metallurgy,2008,24(2):43-45.
[12]苏建,欧孝夺,樊克世,等.广西无主尾矿库闭库程序研究及应用[J].中国矿业,2015,24(4):63-68.Su Jian,Ou Xiaoduo,Fan Keshi,et al.The exploration research of optimization for ownerless tailing pond closure procedure in Guangxi[J].China Mining Magazine,2015,24(4):63-68.
[13]沈楼燕,魏作安.矿山尾矿库闭库设计的分析探讨[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2002,54(1):42-43.Shen Louyan,Wei Zuo’an.Analysis and discussion on design of mine tailings reservoir closure[J].Non-ferrous Metals(Mine Section),2002,54(1):42-43.
[14]陈益民,陈波.浅淡尾矿库闭库设计中的要点[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2010,31(5):8-9.Chen Yimin,Chen Bo.Key points in the design of tailing pond closing[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering and Research,2010,31(5):8-9.
[15]Rico M,Benito G,Salgueiro A R,et al.Reported tailings dam failures:A review of the European incidents in the worldwide context[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,152(2):846-852.
[16]赵云刚,许德鲜,文君.某金矿初期坝与堆积坝体稳定性计算与分析[J].山西建筑,2010,36(24):367-368.Zhao Yungang,Xu Dexian,Wen Jun.On stability calculation and analysis of primary dam and stacking dam in some gold mine[J].Shanxi Architecture,2010,36(24):367-368.
[17]杨志红.尾矿库坝体裂缝事故及现场处置措施的分析与探讨[J].科技视界,2014(7):298.Yang Zhihong.Analysis and discussion on crack accident of tailings dam body and site disposal measures[J].Science and Technology Vision,2014(7):298.
[18]闫宝宏.土石坝裂缝的成因分析及处理措施[J].今日科苑,2008(4):152.Yan Baohong.Causes of cracks in earth-rock dams and their treatments[J].Modern Science,2008(4):152.
[19]李明,胡尊杰,侯兴玉.赤泥坝体裂缝成因与防治[J].黄金,2013,34(2):65-69.Li Ming,Hu Zunjie,Hou Xingyu.Causes of fissures in red mud dam and its prevention[J].Gold,2013,34(2):65-69.
[20]沈楼燕.关于尾矿库排洪系统设计中的问题探讨[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2003,55(3):38-40.Shen Louyan.Discussion on problems in design of tailings reservoir flood discharge system[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering&Research,2003,55(3):38-40.
[21]徐宏达.我国尾矿库病害事故统计分析[J].工业建筑,2001,31(1):69-71.Xu Hongda.Statistical analyses of tailing reservoir disease accidents in China[J].Industrial Construction,2001,31(1):69-71.
[22]杨守斌,于小翠,谢敏雄.新立尾矿库综合治理措施及其实施效果[J].黄金科学技术,2010,18(6):78-79.Yang Shoubin,Yu Xiaocui,Xie Minxiong.Comprehensive control and implementation effect of Xinli tailings pond[J].Gold Science and Technology,2010,18(6):78-79.
[23]李晓琴,万俊玲,王增辉,等.尾矿库闭库工程中排洪系统治理的探讨[J].矿业研究与开发,2013,33(3):33-35,92.Li Xiaoqin,Wan Junling,Wang Zenghui,et al.Management of flood drainage facility in tailing pond closure engineering[J].Mining Research and Development,2013,33(3):33-35,92.
[24]李威,滕建军,杜伟玲,等.尾矿库生态环境治理工程研究[J].中国矿山工程,2007,36(4):25-27.Li Wei,Teng Jianjun,Du Weiling,et al.Study on ecological environment administer engineering of tailing pond[J].China Mine Engineering,2007,36(4):25-27.
[25]束文圣,张志权,蓝崇钰,等.中国矿业废弃地的复垦对策研究(Ⅰ)[J].生态科学,2000,19(2):24-29.Shu Wensheng,Zhang Zhiquan,Lan Chongyu,et al.Strategies for restoration of mining wastelands in China(Ⅰ)[J].Ecologic Science,2000,19(2):24-29.
[26]Bradshaw A.Restoration of mined lands——using natural processes[J].Ecological Engineering,1997,8(4):255-269.
[27]宋书巧,周永章.矿业废弃地及其生态恢复与重建[J].矿产保护与利用,2001(5):43-49.Song Shuqiao,Zhou Yongzhang.Mining wasteland and its ecological restoration and reconstruction[J].Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources,2001(5):43-49.
[28]王文英,李晋川,卢崇恩,等.矿区废弃地植被重建技术[J].山西农业科学,2002,30(3):82-86.Wang Wenying,Li Jinchuan,Lu Chong’en,et al.Exploration on restoring vegetation relerant techniques in mining area dump land[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2002,30(3):82-86.
[29]陈建宏,朱鼎耀,陈轶俊,等.基于PCA-BP神经网络的尾矿库坝体稳定性分析[J].黄金科学技术,2015,23(5):47-52.Chen Jianhong,Zhu Dingyao,Chen Yijun,et al.Analysis of the stability for mine tailings dam based on PCA-BPneural network[J].Gold Science and Technology,2015,23(5):47-52.
[30]李冬莲,杨光忠,欧阳明.辉林尾矿库闭库治理工程[J].采矿技术,2013,13(6):59-61,67.Li Donglian,Yang Guangzhong,Ouyang Ming.Reservoir closure and treatment engineering of Huilin tailings pond[J].Mining Technology,2013,13(6):59-61,67.
[2]Harper T G,Mcleod H N,Davies M P.Seismic assessment of tailings dams[J].Civil Engineering,1992,62(12):64-66.
[3]魏勇,许开立,郑欣,等.我国尾矿库现状特点以及问题[C]//2010(沈阳)国际安全科学与技术学术研讨会论文集.沈阳:东北大学,2010:512-515.Wei Yong,Xu Kaili,Zheng Xin,et al.The characteristics and problems of tailing reservoir in China[C]//Proceedings of 2010(Shenyang)International Colloquium on Safety Science and Technology.Shenyang:Northeastern University,2010:512-515.
[4]沈楼燕,谢婷.小型尾矿库的安全管理[J].工业安全与环保,2008,34(6):43-44.Shen Louyan,Xie Ting.On safety management of smallsized pond[J].Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection,2008,34(6):43-44.
[5]田文旗,谢旭阳.我国尾矿库现状及安全对策的建议[J].中国矿山工程,2009,38(6):42-49.Tian Wenqi,Xie Xuyang.Tailings pond situation in China and safety countermeasures suggestion[J].China Mine Engineering,2009,38(6):42-49.
[6]迟继松,郭伟,王月伟,等.山东蓬莱矿业选矿厂尾矿堆放及排水方式探讨[J].黄金科学技术,2011,19(6):72-74.Chi Jisong,Guo Wei,Wang Yuewei,et al.Discussion on the ways of tailing dumps and drainage of Penglai mining concentrator,Shandong Province[J].Gold Science and Technology,2011,19(6):72-74.
[7]王硕.甘肃某金矿浸金工艺试验研究[J].黄金科学技术,2017,25(4):122-127.Wang Shuo.Experimental study on gold leaching process of a gold mine in Gansu Province[J].Gold Science and Technology,2017,25(4):122-127.
[8]朱宁,陈玉明,刘相纯,等.尾矿库环境污染分析与预防对策[J].黄金,2014,35(2):67-70.Zhu Ning,Chen Yuming,Liu Xiangchun,et al.Analysis on environmental pollution in tailings ponds and its countermeasures of comprehensive prevention[J].Gold,2014,35(2):67-70.
[9]乔冈,徐友宁,陈华清,等.某金矿区农田土壤重金属元素Pb的累积速率[J].地质通报,2014,33(8):1147-1153.Qiao Gang,Xu Youning,Chen Huaqing,et al.Accumulation rate analysis of the heavy metal Pb in farm-land soils of a gold mining area[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(8):1147-1153.
[10]姜素,陆华,曹瑞祥,等.某铁矿尾矿库及周边土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(增1):274-278.Jiang Su,Lu Hua,Cao Ruixiang,et al.Pollution evaluation of heavy metal in soils of an iron mine’s tailing reservoir and its surrounding region[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,37(Supp.1):274-278.
[11]邵坤.浅析尾矿对环境的影响[J].有色矿冶,2008,24(2):43-45.Shao Kun.Mineral tailings affect on environmental[J].Non-ferrous Mining and Metallurgy,2008,24(2):43-45.
[12]苏建,欧孝夺,樊克世,等.广西无主尾矿库闭库程序研究及应用[J].中国矿业,2015,24(4):63-68.Su Jian,Ou Xiaoduo,Fan Keshi,et al.The exploration research of optimization for ownerless tailing pond closure procedure in Guangxi[J].China Mining Magazine,2015,24(4):63-68.
[13]沈楼燕,魏作安.矿山尾矿库闭库设计的分析探讨[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2002,54(1):42-43.Shen Louyan,Wei Zuo’an.Analysis and discussion on design of mine tailings reservoir closure[J].Non-ferrous Metals(Mine Section),2002,54(1):42-43.
[14]陈益民,陈波.浅淡尾矿库闭库设计中的要点[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2010,31(5):8-9.Chen Yimin,Chen Bo.Key points in the design of tailing pond closing[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering and Research,2010,31(5):8-9.
[15]Rico M,Benito G,Salgueiro A R,et al.Reported tailings dam failures:A review of the European incidents in the worldwide context[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,152(2):846-852.
[16]赵云刚,许德鲜,文君.某金矿初期坝与堆积坝体稳定性计算与分析[J].山西建筑,2010,36(24):367-368.Zhao Yungang,Xu Dexian,Wen Jun.On stability calculation and analysis of primary dam and stacking dam in some gold mine[J].Shanxi Architecture,2010,36(24):367-368.
[17]杨志红.尾矿库坝体裂缝事故及现场处置措施的分析与探讨[J].科技视界,2014(7):298.Yang Zhihong.Analysis and discussion on crack accident of tailings dam body and site disposal measures[J].Science and Technology Vision,2014(7):298.
[18]闫宝宏.土石坝裂缝的成因分析及处理措施[J].今日科苑,2008(4):152.Yan Baohong.Causes of cracks in earth-rock dams and their treatments[J].Modern Science,2008(4):152.
[19]李明,胡尊杰,侯兴玉.赤泥坝体裂缝成因与防治[J].黄金,2013,34(2):65-69.Li Ming,Hu Zunjie,Hou Xingyu.Causes of fissures in red mud dam and its prevention[J].Gold,2013,34(2):65-69.
[20]沈楼燕.关于尾矿库排洪系统设计中的问题探讨[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2003,55(3):38-40.Shen Louyan.Discussion on problems in design of tailings reservoir flood discharge system[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering&Research,2003,55(3):38-40.
[21]徐宏达.我国尾矿库病害事故统计分析[J].工业建筑,2001,31(1):69-71.Xu Hongda.Statistical analyses of tailing reservoir disease accidents in China[J].Industrial Construction,2001,31(1):69-71.
[22]杨守斌,于小翠,谢敏雄.新立尾矿库综合治理措施及其实施效果[J].黄金科学技术,2010,18(6):78-79.Yang Shoubin,Yu Xiaocui,Xie Minxiong.Comprehensive control and implementation effect of Xinli tailings pond[J].Gold Science and Technology,2010,18(6):78-79.
[23]李晓琴,万俊玲,王增辉,等.尾矿库闭库工程中排洪系统治理的探讨[J].矿业研究与开发,2013,33(3):33-35,92.Li Xiaoqin,Wan Junling,Wang Zenghui,et al.Management of flood drainage facility in tailing pond closure engineering[J].Mining Research and Development,2013,33(3):33-35,92.
[24]李威,滕建军,杜伟玲,等.尾矿库生态环境治理工程研究[J].中国矿山工程,2007,36(4):25-27.Li Wei,Teng Jianjun,Du Weiling,et al.Study on ecological environment administer engineering of tailing pond[J].China Mine Engineering,2007,36(4):25-27.
[25]束文圣,张志权,蓝崇钰,等.中国矿业废弃地的复垦对策研究(Ⅰ)[J].生态科学,2000,19(2):24-29.Shu Wensheng,Zhang Zhiquan,Lan Chongyu,et al.Strategies for restoration of mining wastelands in China(Ⅰ)[J].Ecologic Science,2000,19(2):24-29.
[26]Bradshaw A.Restoration of mined lands——using natural processes[J].Ecological Engineering,1997,8(4):255-269.
[27]宋书巧,周永章.矿业废弃地及其生态恢复与重建[J].矿产保护与利用,2001(5):43-49.Song Shuqiao,Zhou Yongzhang.Mining wasteland and its ecological restoration and reconstruction[J].Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources,2001(5):43-49.
[28]王文英,李晋川,卢崇恩,等.矿区废弃地植被重建技术[J].山西农业科学,2002,30(3):82-86.Wang Wenying,Li Jinchuan,Lu Chong’en,et al.Exploration on restoring vegetation relerant techniques in mining area dump land[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2002,30(3):82-86.
[29]陈建宏,朱鼎耀,陈轶俊,等.基于PCA-BP神经网络的尾矿库坝体稳定性分析[J].黄金科学技术,2015,23(5):47-52.Chen Jianhong,Zhu Dingyao,Chen Yijun,et al.Analysis of the stability for mine tailings dam based on PCA-BPneural network[J].Gold Science and Technology,2015,23(5):47-52.
[30]李冬莲,杨光忠,欧阳明.辉林尾矿库闭库治理工程[J].采矿技术,2013,13(6):59-61,67.Li Donglian,Yang Guangzhong,Ouyang Ming.Reservoir closure and treatment engineering of Huilin tailings pond[J].Mining Technology,2013,13(6):59-61,67.
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