舟山市环境空气PM_(2.5)及水溶性离子污染特征分析
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摘要
为探究舟山市PM_(2.5)及水溶性离子组分的污染特征,于2016年4月、7月、10月和2017年1月在舟山市区3个国控点采集了168个PM_(2.5)样品,利用离子色谱仪测定颗粒物中的9种水溶性离子(Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、K~+、F~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)),结合气象数据和数值分析手段对舟山市区PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子质量浓度特征、颗粒物酸碱度及二次离子的影响因素(气象参数、前体物)进行研究.结果表明,采样期内,舟山市PM_(2.5)质量浓度时间变化规律为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,空间分布较为均匀;二次离子是舟山PM_(2.5)主要水溶性组成,且在PM_(2.5)中具有一致的季节变化特征;阴阳离子平衡分析显示舟山市PM_(2.5)整体呈现酸性,并以夏季酸度最低、秋季酸度最高;温度是影响舟山市二次离子浓度的主要气象因素;以燃煤源为主的固定源是舟山市水溶性污染物的主要污染来源,檀枫和临城采样点的SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-受电厂和燃煤锅炉的污染排放影响严重,普陀区船舶客货运输量大,是普陀点二次离子前体物的主要污染来源.
In order to study the characteristic of atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5) in Zhoushan,168 PM_(2.5) samples were collected at three state monitoring stations in Apr. 2016,Jul. 2016,Oct. 2016 and Jan. 2017. Concentrations of 9 water-soluble ions(Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+,K~+,F~-,Na~+,Mg~(2+)and Ca~(2+)) in the samples were measured by ion chromatography. Combined with meteorological data in the area and numerical analysis,PM_(2.5) and water-soluble mass concentration characteristics,particle acidity as well as secondary ion influencing factors(meteorological parameters,precursors) were studied. The results show that,during the sampling period,the concentration of PM_(2.5) varied with time,decreasing in the order of spring,winter,summer,and autumn,but has a uniform spatial distribution in Zhoushan. The secondary ions were the main water-soluble composition in PM_(2.5),and had consistent seasonal variation characteristics. The analysis based on charge balance demonstrated that the aerosol in Zhoushan was overall acidic,with the lowest acidity in summer and the highest acidity in autumn. Temperature was the main meteorological factor that affects secondary ion concentration in Zhoushan. Coal-firing was the main source of water-soluble pollutants in Zhoushan. The SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- at Tanfeng and Lincheng sampling sites were seriously affected by the emissions from power plants and coal-fired boilers.Putuo District,which is featured with a large volume of passenger and cargo transportation,was the major source of pollution for the secondary ion precursors in Putuo sampling site.
In order to study the characteristic of atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5) in Zhoushan,168 PM_(2.5) samples were collected at three state monitoring stations in Apr. 2016,Jul. 2016,Oct. 2016 and Jan. 2017. Concentrations of 9 water-soluble ions(Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+,K~+,F~-,Na~+,Mg~(2+)and Ca~(2+)) in the samples were measured by ion chromatography. Combined with meteorological data in the area and numerical analysis,PM_(2.5) and water-soluble mass concentration characteristics,particle acidity as well as secondary ion influencing factors(meteorological parameters,precursors) were studied. The results show that,during the sampling period,the concentration of PM_(2.5) varied with time,decreasing in the order of spring,winter,summer,and autumn,but has a uniform spatial distribution in Zhoushan. The secondary ions were the main water-soluble composition in PM_(2.5),and had consistent seasonal variation characteristics. The analysis based on charge balance demonstrated that the aerosol in Zhoushan was overall acidic,with the lowest acidity in summer and the highest acidity in autumn. Temperature was the main meteorological factor that affects secondary ion concentration in Zhoushan. Coal-firing was the main source of water-soluble pollutants in Zhoushan. The SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- at Tanfeng and Lincheng sampling sites were seriously affected by the emissions from power plants and coal-fired boilers.Putuo District,which is featured with a large volume of passenger and cargo transportation,was the major source of pollution for the secondary ion precursors in Putuo sampling site.
引文
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[9] 夏鑫嫣. 浙江省舟山市产业结构分析[J]. 北方经济, 2013, 8(16):57-59.XIA X Y. Analysis of industrial structure in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province [J]. Northern Economy, 2013, 8(16):57-59(in Chinese).
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[11] 朱晶晶, 陆林, 杨效忠, 等. 海岛型旅游地旅游空间结构演化机理分析——以浙江省舟山群岛为例[J]. 人文地理, 2007, 22(1):34-39.ZHU J J. LU L, YANG X Z, et al. The evolution mechanism of tourism spatial structure of island resorts——A case study of Zhoushan archipelago in Zhejiang Province [J]. Human Geography, 2007, 22(1):34-39(in Chinese).
[12] 王峰威, 李红, 柴发合, 等. 大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2010, 1(1):67-72.WANG F W, LI H, CAI F H, et al. Literature review of atmospheric aerosol acidity [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2010, 1(1):67-72(in Chinese).
[13] 金啟华, 何金海, 陈隆勋, 等. 亚洲南部地区海陆分布和南半球陆地对亚洲夏季风影响的数值试验[J]. 大气科学, 2006, 30(5):1043-1053.JIN Q H, HE J H, CHEN L X, et al. Impacts of ocean land distribution over the southern Asia and the continents over the southern hemisphere on the formation of Asian summer monsoon circulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2006, 30(5):1043-1053(in Chinese).
[14] BROOK J R, WIEBE A H, WOODHOUSE S A, et al. Temporal and spatial relationships in fine particle strong acidity, sulphate, PM10, and PM2.5 across multiple canadian locations [J]. Atmospheris Environment, 1997, 31(24):4223-4236.
[15] 沈振兴, 霍宗权, 韩月梅, 等. 采暖期和非采暖期西安大气颗粒物中水溶性组分的化学特征[J]. 高原气象, 2009, 28(1):151-158.SHEN Z X, HUO Z Q, HAN Y M, et al. Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components PM2.5 during heating and non-heating periods in Xi′an [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2009, 28(1):151-158(in Chinese).
[16] 杨懂艳, 刘保献, 张大伟, 等. 2012-2013年间北京市PM2. 5中水溶性离子时空分布规律及相关性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(3):768-773.YANG D Y, LIU B X, ZHANG D W, et al. Correlation,seasonal and temporal variation of water-soluble ions of PM2.5 in Beijing during 2012-2013 [J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(3):768-773(in Chinese).
[17] 白莹. 缙云山气溶胶粒子质量浓度和水溶性离子特征研究[D]. 重庆:西南大学, 2011.BAI Y. Study of aerosol particles′ quality concentration and water-soluble compounds in Jinyun Mountain [D]. Chongqin:Southwest University, 2011(in Chinese).
[18] 王念飞, 陈阳, 郝庆菊, 等. 苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(12):4482-4489.WANG N F, YANG Y, HAO Q J, et al. Seasonal variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou [J]. Environmental Science, 2016(12):4482-4489(in Chinese).
[19] 李彦沛, 郝庆菊, 温天雪, 等. 重庆市北碚城区气溶胶中水溶性无机离子的浓度及其粒径分布[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(9): 4002-4013.LI Y P, HAO Q J, WEN T X, et al. Concentrations and size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ions in Atmospheric Aerosols in Beibei District, Chongqing [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(9): 4002-4013(in Chinese).
[20] 郭利利. 太原市釆暖期大气碳颗粒物组成及污染特征研究[D]. 太原: 太原科技大学, 2015.GUO L L. Composition and pollution characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol during heating period in Taiyuan [D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, 2015(in Chinese).
[21] HU G, ZHANG Y, SUN J, et al. Variability, formation and acidity of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Beijing based on the semi-continuous observations[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2014, 145-146:1-11.
[22] 葛琳琳, 郑元铸, 涂圣锋, 等. 温州市PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2017, 44(1):112-120.GE L L, ZHENG Y Z, TU S F, et al. Characteristics and sources apportionment of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 of Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2017, 44(1):112-120(in Chinese).
[23] 陶志华, 谢松青, 何微娜, 等. 台州市不同功能区环境空气PM2.5的污染特征研究[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2017, 44(4):464-471.TAO Z H, XIE S Q, HE W N, et al. Pollution characteristics of PM2.5 in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2017, 44(4):464-471(in Chinese).
[24] 蒋轶伦. 中国城市典型大气污染物的来源、形成机制及其对大气质量和近海生产力的影响[D]. 上海:复旦大学, 2011.JIANG Y L. The source and formation mechanism of typical atmospheric pollutants in cities over China and their impact on air quality and coastal primary productivity [D]. Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011(in Chinese).
[2] 徐昶, 叶辉, 沈建东, 等. 杭州大气颗粒物散射消光特性及霾天气污染特征[J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(12):4422-4430.XU C, YE H, SHEN J D, et al. Light scattering extinction properties of atmospheric particle and pollution characteristics in hazy weather in Hangzhou [J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(12):4422-4430(in Chinese).
[3] 赖鑫, 杨复沫, 贺克斌. 大气气溶胶对天气与气候的影响[J]. 三峡生态环境监测, 2016, 1(1):2-8.LAI X, YANG F M, HE K B, et al. The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on weather and climate [J]. Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges, 2016, 1(1):2-8(in Chinese).
[4] BELL M L, EBISU K, LEADERER B P, et al. Associations of PM2.5 constituents and sources with hospital admissions: Analysis of four counties in connecticut and massachusetts (USA) for persons ≥ 65 years of age [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014, 122(2):138-144.
[5] JUNG J, LEE H, KIM Y J, et al. Optical properties of atmospheric aerosols obtained by in situ and remote measurements during 2006 Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing (CAREBeijing-2006) [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Aimospheres, 2009, 114(3):2
[6] 刀谞, 张霖琳, 王超, 等. 京津冀冬季与夏季PM2.5/PM10及其水溶性离子组分区域性污染特征分析[J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(1):60-69.DAO X, ZHANG L L, WANG C, et al. Characteristics of mass and ionic compounds of atmospheric particles in winter and summer of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area,China [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(1): 60-69(in Chinese).
[7] 李曼. 上海市PM2.5中水溶性有机组分的组成特征、季节变化及来源解析[D]. 上海:上海大学, 2013.LI M. Chemical composition, seasonal variation and sources of water-soluble organic components in PM2.5 in Shanghai [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai University, 2013(in Chinese).
[8] 刘泽常, 王志强, 李敏, 等. 大气可吸入颗粒物研究进展[J]. 山东科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 23(4):97-100.LIU Z C. WANG Z Q, LI M, et al. Progress of study on respirable particles in atmosphere [J]. Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 23(4):97-100(in Chinese).
[9] 夏鑫嫣. 浙江省舟山市产业结构分析[J]. 北方经济, 2013, 8(16):57-59.XIA X Y. Analysis of industrial structure in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province [J]. Northern Economy, 2013, 8(16):57-59(in Chinese).
[10] 舟山市环境保护局. 2016年舟山市环境状况公报[EB/OL]. [2017-6-1]. http://www.zshbj.gov.cn. 2016.Department of Environment Protection of Zhoushan. Chinese Environmental Situation Communique in 2016 [EB/OL]. [2017-6-5]. http://www.zhb.gov.cn. 2016(in Chinese).
[11] 朱晶晶, 陆林, 杨效忠, 等. 海岛型旅游地旅游空间结构演化机理分析——以浙江省舟山群岛为例[J]. 人文地理, 2007, 22(1):34-39.ZHU J J. LU L, YANG X Z, et al. The evolution mechanism of tourism spatial structure of island resorts——A case study of Zhoushan archipelago in Zhejiang Province [J]. Human Geography, 2007, 22(1):34-39(in Chinese).
[12] 王峰威, 李红, 柴发合, 等. 大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2010, 1(1):67-72.WANG F W, LI H, CAI F H, et al. Literature review of atmospheric aerosol acidity [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2010, 1(1):67-72(in Chinese).
[13] 金啟华, 何金海, 陈隆勋, 等. 亚洲南部地区海陆分布和南半球陆地对亚洲夏季风影响的数值试验[J]. 大气科学, 2006, 30(5):1043-1053.JIN Q H, HE J H, CHEN L X, et al. Impacts of ocean land distribution over the southern Asia and the continents over the southern hemisphere on the formation of Asian summer monsoon circulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2006, 30(5):1043-1053(in Chinese).
[14] BROOK J R, WIEBE A H, WOODHOUSE S A, et al. Temporal and spatial relationships in fine particle strong acidity, sulphate, PM10, and PM2.5 across multiple canadian locations [J]. Atmospheris Environment, 1997, 31(24):4223-4236.
[15] 沈振兴, 霍宗权, 韩月梅, 等. 采暖期和非采暖期西安大气颗粒物中水溶性组分的化学特征[J]. 高原气象, 2009, 28(1):151-158.SHEN Z X, HUO Z Q, HAN Y M, et al. Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components PM2.5 during heating and non-heating periods in Xi′an [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2009, 28(1):151-158(in Chinese).
[16] 杨懂艳, 刘保献, 张大伟, 等. 2012-2013年间北京市PM2. 5中水溶性离子时空分布规律及相关性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(3):768-773.YANG D Y, LIU B X, ZHANG D W, et al. Correlation,seasonal and temporal variation of water-soluble ions of PM2.5 in Beijing during 2012-2013 [J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(3):768-773(in Chinese).
[17] 白莹. 缙云山气溶胶粒子质量浓度和水溶性离子特征研究[D]. 重庆:西南大学, 2011.BAI Y. Study of aerosol particles′ quality concentration and water-soluble compounds in Jinyun Mountain [D]. Chongqin:Southwest University, 2011(in Chinese).
[18] 王念飞, 陈阳, 郝庆菊, 等. 苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(12):4482-4489.WANG N F, YANG Y, HAO Q J, et al. Seasonal variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou [J]. Environmental Science, 2016(12):4482-4489(in Chinese).
[19] 李彦沛, 郝庆菊, 温天雪, 等. 重庆市北碚城区气溶胶中水溶性无机离子的浓度及其粒径分布[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(9): 4002-4013.LI Y P, HAO Q J, WEN T X, et al. Concentrations and size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ions in Atmospheric Aerosols in Beibei District, Chongqing [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(9): 4002-4013(in Chinese).
[20] 郭利利. 太原市釆暖期大气碳颗粒物组成及污染特征研究[D]. 太原: 太原科技大学, 2015.GUO L L. Composition and pollution characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol during heating period in Taiyuan [D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, 2015(in Chinese).
[21] HU G, ZHANG Y, SUN J, et al. Variability, formation and acidity of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Beijing based on the semi-continuous observations[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2014, 145-146:1-11.
[22] 葛琳琳, 郑元铸, 涂圣锋, 等. 温州市PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2017, 44(1):112-120.GE L L, ZHENG Y Z, TU S F, et al. Characteristics and sources apportionment of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 of Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2017, 44(1):112-120(in Chinese).
[23] 陶志华, 谢松青, 何微娜, 等. 台州市不同功能区环境空气PM2.5的污染特征研究[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2017, 44(4):464-471.TAO Z H, XIE S Q, HE W N, et al. Pollution characteristics of PM2.5 in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2017, 44(4):464-471(in Chinese).
[24] 蒋轶伦. 中国城市典型大气污染物的来源、形成机制及其对大气质量和近海生产力的影响[D]. 上海:复旦大学, 2011.JIANG Y L. The source and formation mechanism of typical atmospheric pollutants in cities over China and their impact on air quality and coastal primary productivity [D]. Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011(in Chinese).
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