政治地理学中的领域概念辨析
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摘要
领域是政治地理学的重要概念,但是目前国内对领域的内涵缺乏深入的解读和整理。本文在梳理西方对领域概念的理论探讨的基础上,归纳了理解领域概念的三个主要视角,并基于西方相关理论讨论,提出了领域概念的四个基本属性,即多尺度性、多维性、关系性和生成性。继而,通过对西方领域理论的研究,提出未来中国政治地理学的领域研究应该加强的几个方向。本文对于深化政治地理学领域概念的理解,避免传统认识中的偏见和局限,以及更好地制定领域策略、展开领域研究将起到积极的推动作用。
As one of the fundamental concepts in political geography, territory is widely used in not only geographical studies but also disciplines such as international relations, political science and even sociology.However, as pointed by many scholars including Stuart Elden, Robert Sack, Joe Painter and Saskia Sassen,the concept of territory has long been considered as unproblematic and received little rigorous investigation.Based on a systematic review of studies on territory in Anglophone political geography, we summarize three major perspectives to interpret the concept of territory. By combining the Marxist studies on production of space, Foucauldian studies of genealogy and power-technology relation, and our previous studies of scale and production of space, we propose a conceptual framework to interpret the different facets of territory. By critically reading Stuart Elden's works on "birth of territory" and based on his concepts of "quality" and "calculation", we highlight the importance of "quality" to interpret the epistemological territory and propose the term "weighing" to interpret the processes of forming territorial notion and making territorial tactics. This study may not only further the academic understanding of concept of territory in both ancient and contemporary China, but also have important implications for making territorial strategies by Chinese government.
As one of the fundamental concepts in political geography, territory is widely used in not only geographical studies but also disciplines such as international relations, political science and even sociology.However, as pointed by many scholars including Stuart Elden, Robert Sack, Joe Painter and Saskia Sassen,the concept of territory has long been considered as unproblematic and received little rigorous investigation.Based on a systematic review of studies on territory in Anglophone political geography, we summarize three major perspectives to interpret the concept of territory. By combining the Marxist studies on production of space, Foucauldian studies of genealogy and power-technology relation, and our previous studies of scale and production of space, we propose a conceptual framework to interpret the different facets of territory. By critically reading Stuart Elden's works on "birth of territory" and based on his concepts of "quality" and "calculation", we highlight the importance of "quality" to interpret the epistemological territory and propose the term "weighing" to interpret the processes of forming territorial notion and making territorial tactics. This study may not only further the academic understanding of concept of territory in both ancient and contemporary China, but also have important implications for making territorial strategies by Chinese government.
引文
[1]刘云刚,叶清露,许晓霞.空间、权力与领域:领域的政治地理研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):1-6.[Liu Yungang,Ye Qinglu,Xu Xiaoxia.Space,power and territory:A review on territory in political geography[J].Human Geography,2015,30(3):1-6.]
[2]Cox K R.Political Geography:Territory,State and Society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2002:1-375.
[3]Elden S.Missing the point:Globalization,deterritorialization and the space of the world[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2005,30(1):8-19.
[4]Elden S.The Birth of Territory[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2013:1-478.
[5]Sack R D.Human territoriality:A theory[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1983,73(1):55-74.
[6]Painter J.Rethinking territory[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1090-1118.
[7]Antonsich M.On territory,the nation-state and the crisis of the hyphen[J].Progress in Human Geography,2009,33(6):789-806.
[8]Gottmann J.The Significance of Territory[M].Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,1973:1-169.
[9]Elden S.The Significance of territory[J].Geographica Helvetica,2013,68(1):65-68.
[10]Gottmann J.The evolution of the concept of territory[J].Information(International Social Science Council),1975,14(3):29-47.
[11]Johnston R.Out of the'moribund backwater':Territory and territoriality in political geography[J].Political Geography,2001,20(6):677-693.
[12]Sack R D.Human Territoriality:Its Theory and History[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986:1-272.
[13]Giddens A.The Nation-State and Violence:Volume 2 of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1987:1-408.
[14]Storey D.Territory:The Claiming of Space[M].Harlow:Prentice Hall,2001:1-195.
[15]Lévy J.Territoire[M]//Michel L,Lévy J.Dictionnaire de la Géographie et de L'espace des Sociétés.Paris:Belin,2003:907-910.
[16]Agnew J.The territorial trap:The geographical assumptions of international relations theory[J].Review of International Political Economy,1994,1(1):53-80.
[17]Agnew J.Revisiting the territorial trap[J].Nordia Geographical Publications,2015,44(4):43-48.
[18]Brenner N.Global cities,glocal states:Global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe[J].Review of International Political Economy,1998,5(1):1-37.
[19]Taylor P J.Beyond containers:Internationality,interstateness,interterritoriality[J].Progress in Human Geography,1995,19(1):1-15.
[20]Sassen S.When territory deborders territoriality[J].Territory,Politics,Governance,2013,1(1):21-45.
[21]Soja E W.Political organization of space[J].Association of American Geographers Resource Paper,1971(8):1-54.
[22]Taylor P J.The state as container:Territoriality in the modern world-system[J].Progress in Human Geography,1994,18(2):151-162.
[23]王丰龙,刘云刚.治理术与地理学:研究述评与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(5):1-8.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Governmentality and geography:Review and prospect[J].Human Geography,2015,30(5):1-8.]
[24]Elden S.Governmentality,calculation,territory[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2007,25(3):562-580.
[25]Hannah M G.Calculable territory and the West German census boycott movements of the 1980s[J].Political Geography,2009,28(1):66-75.
[26]Nemser D.Primitive accumulation,geometric space,and the construction of the'Indian'[J].Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies,2015,24(3):335-352.
[27]Taylor P J.Modernities:A Geohistorical Interpretation[M].Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1999:1-144.
[28]Osiander A.Sovereignty,international relations,and the westphalian myth[J].International Organization,2001,55(2):251-287.
[29]Paasi A.Territories,boundaries and consciousness:The changing geographies of the Finnish-Russian border[J].New York:Wiley,1996:1-342.
[30]Raffestin C.Space,territory,and territoriality[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2012,30(1):121-141.
[31]Brenner N.Beyond state-centrism?Space,territoriality,and geographical scale in globalization studies[J].Theory and Society,1999,28(1):39-78.
[32]K?rrholm M.The materiality of territorial production:A conceptual discussion of territoriality,materiality,and the everyday life of public space[J].Space and Culture,2007,10(4):437-453.
[33]Jones R.People/States/Territories:The Political Geographies of British State Transformation[M].Malden:Blackwell,2007:1-216.
[34]Brenner N,Elden S.Henri lefebvre on state,space,territory[J].International Political Sociology,2009,3(4):353-377.
[35]Mitchell K.Geographies of identity:The new exceptionalism[J].Progress in Human Geography,2006,30(1):95-106.
[36]刘云刚,叶清露.中国城市基层地域的领域化与领域政治--基于东莞东泰社区的案例研究[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):283-296.[Liu Yungang,Ye Qinglu.Territorialization and territorial politics in the urban grassroots of China:A case study of the Dongtai community in Dongguan city[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):283-296.]
[37]罗小龙,殷洁,田冬.不完全的再领域化与大都市区行政区划重组--以南京市江宁撤县设区为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1746-1756.[Luo Xiaolong,Yin Jie,Tian Dong.Administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(10):1746-1756.]
[38]Storey D.Territories:The Claiming of Space(2nd edition)[M].New York:Routledge,2012:1-256.
[39]Paasi A.Constructing Territories,Boundaries and Regional Identities[M]//Forsberg T.Contested Territory:Border Disputes at the Edge of the Former Soviet Empire.Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1995:42-61.
[40]Panizzon M.International law of economic migration:A ménageàtrois?GATS mode 4,EPAs and bilateral migration agreements[J].Journal of World Trade,2010,44(6):1207-1252.
[41]Foucault M.Society Must Be Defended:Lectures at the Collège de France,1975-1976[M].New York:Picador,2003:1-293.
[42]王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2011,26(2):13-19.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.A review of researches on the production of space[J].Human Geography.2011,26(2):13-19.]
[43]王丰龙,刘云刚.空间生产再考:从哈维到福柯[J].地理科学,2013,33(11):1293-1301.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Revisiting production of space:From harvey to foucault[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(11):1293-1301.]
[44]王丰龙,刘云刚.异端空间的生产--福柯对中国政治地理学研究的启示[J].人文地理,2017,32(2):1-8.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Production of abnormal spaces:Implications of foucauldian studies for Chinese political geography[J].Human Geography,2017,32(2):1-8.]
[45]Doevenspeck M.Constructing the border from below:Narratives from the Congolese-Rwandan state boundary[J].Political Geography,2011,30(3):129-142.
[46]Paasi A.Boundaries as social practice and discourse:The finnishRussian border[J].Regional Studies,1999,33(7):669-680.
[47]Jones M R.Spatial selectivity of the state?The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance[J].Environment and Planning A,1997,29(5):831-864.
[48]Park B-G.Spatially selective liberalization and graduated sovereignty:Politics of neo-liberalism and"special economic zones"in South Korea[J].Political Geography,2005,24(7):850-873.
[49]张衔春,栾晓帆,马学广,等.深汕特别合作区协同共治型区域治理模式研究[J].地理科学,2018,38(9):1466-1474.[Zhang Xianchun,Luan Xiaofan,Ma Xueguang,et al.Collaborative regional governance model in the construction of Shenzhen-Shanwei special cooperation zone[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(9):1466-1474.]
[50]Dochartaigh Nó.Conflict,territory and new technologies:Online interaction at a Belfast interface[J].Political Geography,2007,26(4):474-491.
[51]Jammer M.Concepts of Space:The History of Theories of Space in Physics[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969:xv.
[52]Piper K L.Cartographic Fctions:Maps,Race,and Identity[M].New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press,2002:1-220.
[53]Biggs M.Putting the state on the map:Cartography,territory,and European state formation[J].Comparative Studies in Society and History,1999,41(2):374-405.
[54]León Villalobos J M,Ojeda Trejo E,Vázquez García V,et al.Mapping political space and local knowledge:Power and boundaries in a H?ah?u(Otomí)territory in Valle del Mezquital,Mexico,1521-1574[J].Journal of Historical Geography,2018,60:64-76.
[55]Rumford C.Introduction:Citizens and borderwork in Europe[J].Space and Polity,2008,12(1):1-12.
[56]Lamb V."Where is the border?"Villagers,environmental consultants and the'work'of the Thai-Burma border[J].Political Geography,2014,40:1-12.
[57]Lefebvre H.The Production of Space[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1991:1-434.
[58]Foucault M.Orders of discourse[J].Social Science Information,1971,10(2):7-30.
[59]Robinson J.The geopolitics of South African cities:States,citizens,territory[J].Political Geography,1997,16(5):365-386.
[60]H?kli J.In the territory of knowledge:State-centred discourses and the construction of society[J].Progress in Human Geography,2001,25(3):403-422.
[2]Cox K R.Political Geography:Territory,State and Society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2002:1-375.
[3]Elden S.Missing the point:Globalization,deterritorialization and the space of the world[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2005,30(1):8-19.
[4]Elden S.The Birth of Territory[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2013:1-478.
[5]Sack R D.Human territoriality:A theory[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1983,73(1):55-74.
[6]Painter J.Rethinking territory[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1090-1118.
[7]Antonsich M.On territory,the nation-state and the crisis of the hyphen[J].Progress in Human Geography,2009,33(6):789-806.
[8]Gottmann J.The Significance of Territory[M].Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,1973:1-169.
[9]Elden S.The Significance of territory[J].Geographica Helvetica,2013,68(1):65-68.
[10]Gottmann J.The evolution of the concept of territory[J].Information(International Social Science Council),1975,14(3):29-47.
[11]Johnston R.Out of the'moribund backwater':Territory and territoriality in political geography[J].Political Geography,2001,20(6):677-693.
[12]Sack R D.Human Territoriality:Its Theory and History[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986:1-272.
[13]Giddens A.The Nation-State and Violence:Volume 2 of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1987:1-408.
[14]Storey D.Territory:The Claiming of Space[M].Harlow:Prentice Hall,2001:1-195.
[15]Lévy J.Territoire[M]//Michel L,Lévy J.Dictionnaire de la Géographie et de L'espace des Sociétés.Paris:Belin,2003:907-910.
[16]Agnew J.The territorial trap:The geographical assumptions of international relations theory[J].Review of International Political Economy,1994,1(1):53-80.
[17]Agnew J.Revisiting the territorial trap[J].Nordia Geographical Publications,2015,44(4):43-48.
[18]Brenner N.Global cities,glocal states:Global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe[J].Review of International Political Economy,1998,5(1):1-37.
[19]Taylor P J.Beyond containers:Internationality,interstateness,interterritoriality[J].Progress in Human Geography,1995,19(1):1-15.
[20]Sassen S.When territory deborders territoriality[J].Territory,Politics,Governance,2013,1(1):21-45.
[21]Soja E W.Political organization of space[J].Association of American Geographers Resource Paper,1971(8):1-54.
[22]Taylor P J.The state as container:Territoriality in the modern world-system[J].Progress in Human Geography,1994,18(2):151-162.
[23]王丰龙,刘云刚.治理术与地理学:研究述评与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(5):1-8.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Governmentality and geography:Review and prospect[J].Human Geography,2015,30(5):1-8.]
[24]Elden S.Governmentality,calculation,territory[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2007,25(3):562-580.
[25]Hannah M G.Calculable territory and the West German census boycott movements of the 1980s[J].Political Geography,2009,28(1):66-75.
[26]Nemser D.Primitive accumulation,geometric space,and the construction of the'Indian'[J].Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies,2015,24(3):335-352.
[27]Taylor P J.Modernities:A Geohistorical Interpretation[M].Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1999:1-144.
[28]Osiander A.Sovereignty,international relations,and the westphalian myth[J].International Organization,2001,55(2):251-287.
[29]Paasi A.Territories,boundaries and consciousness:The changing geographies of the Finnish-Russian border[J].New York:Wiley,1996:1-342.
[30]Raffestin C.Space,territory,and territoriality[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2012,30(1):121-141.
[31]Brenner N.Beyond state-centrism?Space,territoriality,and geographical scale in globalization studies[J].Theory and Society,1999,28(1):39-78.
[32]K?rrholm M.The materiality of territorial production:A conceptual discussion of territoriality,materiality,and the everyday life of public space[J].Space and Culture,2007,10(4):437-453.
[33]Jones R.People/States/Territories:The Political Geographies of British State Transformation[M].Malden:Blackwell,2007:1-216.
[34]Brenner N,Elden S.Henri lefebvre on state,space,territory[J].International Political Sociology,2009,3(4):353-377.
[35]Mitchell K.Geographies of identity:The new exceptionalism[J].Progress in Human Geography,2006,30(1):95-106.
[36]刘云刚,叶清露.中国城市基层地域的领域化与领域政治--基于东莞东泰社区的案例研究[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):283-296.[Liu Yungang,Ye Qinglu.Territorialization and territorial politics in the urban grassroots of China:A case study of the Dongtai community in Dongguan city[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):283-296.]
[37]罗小龙,殷洁,田冬.不完全的再领域化与大都市区行政区划重组--以南京市江宁撤县设区为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1746-1756.[Luo Xiaolong,Yin Jie,Tian Dong.Administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(10):1746-1756.]
[38]Storey D.Territories:The Claiming of Space(2nd edition)[M].New York:Routledge,2012:1-256.
[39]Paasi A.Constructing Territories,Boundaries and Regional Identities[M]//Forsberg T.Contested Territory:Border Disputes at the Edge of the Former Soviet Empire.Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1995:42-61.
[40]Panizzon M.International law of economic migration:A ménageàtrois?GATS mode 4,EPAs and bilateral migration agreements[J].Journal of World Trade,2010,44(6):1207-1252.
[41]Foucault M.Society Must Be Defended:Lectures at the Collège de France,1975-1976[M].New York:Picador,2003:1-293.
[42]王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2011,26(2):13-19.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.A review of researches on the production of space[J].Human Geography.2011,26(2):13-19.]
[43]王丰龙,刘云刚.空间生产再考:从哈维到福柯[J].地理科学,2013,33(11):1293-1301.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Revisiting production of space:From harvey to foucault[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(11):1293-1301.]
[44]王丰龙,刘云刚.异端空间的生产--福柯对中国政治地理学研究的启示[J].人文地理,2017,32(2):1-8.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Production of abnormal spaces:Implications of foucauldian studies for Chinese political geography[J].Human Geography,2017,32(2):1-8.]
[45]Doevenspeck M.Constructing the border from below:Narratives from the Congolese-Rwandan state boundary[J].Political Geography,2011,30(3):129-142.
[46]Paasi A.Boundaries as social practice and discourse:The finnishRussian border[J].Regional Studies,1999,33(7):669-680.
[47]Jones M R.Spatial selectivity of the state?The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance[J].Environment and Planning A,1997,29(5):831-864.
[48]Park B-G.Spatially selective liberalization and graduated sovereignty:Politics of neo-liberalism and"special economic zones"in South Korea[J].Political Geography,2005,24(7):850-873.
[49]张衔春,栾晓帆,马学广,等.深汕特别合作区协同共治型区域治理模式研究[J].地理科学,2018,38(9):1466-1474.[Zhang Xianchun,Luan Xiaofan,Ma Xueguang,et al.Collaborative regional governance model in the construction of Shenzhen-Shanwei special cooperation zone[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(9):1466-1474.]
[50]Dochartaigh Nó.Conflict,territory and new technologies:Online interaction at a Belfast interface[J].Political Geography,2007,26(4):474-491.
[51]Jammer M.Concepts of Space:The History of Theories of Space in Physics[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969:xv.
[52]Piper K L.Cartographic Fctions:Maps,Race,and Identity[M].New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press,2002:1-220.
[53]Biggs M.Putting the state on the map:Cartography,territory,and European state formation[J].Comparative Studies in Society and History,1999,41(2):374-405.
[54]León Villalobos J M,Ojeda Trejo E,Vázquez García V,et al.Mapping political space and local knowledge:Power and boundaries in a H?ah?u(Otomí)territory in Valle del Mezquital,Mexico,1521-1574[J].Journal of Historical Geography,2018,60:64-76.
[55]Rumford C.Introduction:Citizens and borderwork in Europe[J].Space and Polity,2008,12(1):1-12.
[56]Lamb V."Where is the border?"Villagers,environmental consultants and the'work'of the Thai-Burma border[J].Political Geography,2014,40:1-12.
[57]Lefebvre H.The Production of Space[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1991:1-434.
[58]Foucault M.Orders of discourse[J].Social Science Information,1971,10(2):7-30.
[59]Robinson J.The geopolitics of South African cities:States,citizens,territory[J].Political Geography,1997,16(5):365-386.
[60]H?kli J.In the territory of knowledge:State-centred discourses and the construction of society[J].Progress in Human Geography,2001,25(3):403-422.
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