美国奥卡西奥-科特兹现象及其影响
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摘要
<正>2018年11月6日,来自美国纽约州第14选区的亚历山大·奥卡西奥-科特兹(Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez)在中期选举中赢得78.2%的选票,以绝对优势击败共和党竞争对手安东尼奥·帕帕斯,当选美国联邦众议员,此时,她刚过29岁生日。奥卡西奥-科特兹当选后,受到美国政坛和左右媒体高度关注,成为社会现象级事件,也为研究美国政治发展提供了最新案例,值得高度关注。
引文
(1)Lauren Gambino,“Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez:Who Is the New Progressive Star of the Democrats?”https://www.theguardian.com/usnews/2018/jun/27/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-who-is-she-democrats-newyork-life-career-policies(上网时间:2018年12月5日)
(2)Aida Chavez&Ryan Grim,“A Primary Against the Machine:A Bronx Activist Looks to Bethrone Joseph Crowley, the King of Queens”,https://theintercept.com/2018/05/22/joseph-crowley-alexandraocasio-cortez-new-york-primary(上网时间:2018年12月5日)
(1)Tim Murphy,“How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Pulled Off the Year’s Biggest Political Upset”,https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-upset-joe-crowley-dsa-brand-newcongress-1(上网时间:2018年12月4日)
(2)The Editorial Board,“If You Want to Be Speaker, Mr. Crowley,Don’t Take Voters for Granted”, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/19/opinion/joseph-crowley-alexandria-ocasio-cortez.html(上网时间:2018年12月15日)
(1)Paul Krugman,“The Economics of Soaking the Rich”, https://www. nytimes. com/2019/01/05/opinion/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-taxpolicy-dance.html(上网时间:2019年1月6日)
(2)“Alexandria Ocacio-Cordez’s Platform”, https://ocasio2018.com/issues(上网时间:2018年11月20日)
(1)Gabriella Paiella,“The 28-Year-Old at the Center of One of This Year’s most Exciting Primaries”, https://www. thecut. com/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-interview.html(上网时间:2018年12月21日)
(2)Tim Murphy,“How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Pulled Off the Year’s Biggest Political Upset”, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-upset-joe-crowley-dsa-brand-newcongress-1(上网时间:2018年12月15日)
(3)Anderson Cooper,“Alexandria Ocasio-Cordez:The Rookie Congresswoman Challenging The Democratic Establishment”, https://www. cbsnews. com/news/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-the-rookiecongresswoman-challenging-the-democratic-establishment-60-minutesinterview-full-transcript-2019-01-06/(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(1)陈丰:“对金融危机根源的再反思:居民收入的变化”,http://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20190105B0XECF00?refer=spider(上网时间:2019年1月15日)
(2)World Inequality Lab,“World Inequality Report 2018”, https://wir2018.wid.world/(上网时间:2018年12月13日)
(3)Quentin Fottrell,“Market Watch:50 Million American Households Can’t Even Afford Basic Living Expenses”, https://www.unitedwayalice.org/in-the-news/50-million-american-households-can-t-even-affordbasic-living-expenses(上网时间:2019年1月18日)
(4)门小军:“伯尼·桑德斯的‘民主社会主义’评析”,《当代世界社会主义问题》,2017年第1期,第61页。
(5)Bernie Sanders,“Trump’s Economy Is Great for Billionairs,Not for Working People”, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/16/trump-economy-billionaires-working-people(上网时间:2019年1月17日)
(6)Frank Newport,“Democrats more Positive about Socialism than Capitalism”, https://news. gallup. com/poll/240725/democratspositive-socialism-capitalism.aspx(上网时间:2018年11月14日)
(1)Eliza Relman,“The Truth about Alexandria Ocasio-Cordez:The Inside Story of How, In Just One Year, Sandy the Bartender Became a Lawmaker Who Triggers Both Parties”, https://www.thisisinsider. com/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-biography-2019-1(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(2)Joseph Schwartz&Jason Schulman,“Toward Freedom:Democratic Socialist Theory and Practice”, https://www. dsausa. org/strategy/toward_freedom/(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
(3)“DNA’s Constitution and Bylaws”, https://www.dsausa.org/about-us/constitution/(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
(4)Joseph Schwartz&Jason Schulman,“Toward Freedom:Democratic Socialist Theory and Practice”, https://www. dsausa. org/strategy/toward_freedom/(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
(5)Eliza Relman,“The Truth about Alexandria Ocasio-Cordez:The Inside Story of How, In Just One Year, Sandy the Bartender Became a Lawmaker Who Triggers Both Parties”, https://www.thisisinsider. com/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-biography-2019-1(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(6)Harold Meyerson,“Why Are There Suddenly Millions of Socialists in America?”https://www. theguardian. com/commentisfree/2016/feb/29/why-are-there-suddenly-millions-of-socialists-in-america(上网时间:2018年12月11日)
(7)Audrey Fahlberg,“Fahlberg:Don’t Let Ocasio-Cortez’s‘Nordic Socialism’Fool You”, http://www.cavalierdaily.com/article/2019/01/fahlberg-dont-let-ocasio-cortezs-nordic-socialism-fool-you(上网时间:2019年1月19日)
(8)Frank Newport,“Democrats More Positive about Socialism than Capitalism”, https://news. gallup. com/poll/240725/democratspositive-socialism-capitalism.aspx(上网时间:2018年11月14日)
(1)Pew Research Center,“The Generation Gap in American Politics”, http://www.people-press.org/2018/03/01/the-generation-gapin-american-politics/(上网时间:2019年1月5日)
(2)Daniel Denvir,“Bernie Sanders:Bold Politics Is Good Politics”, https://jacobinmag. com/2018/07/bernie-sanders-interviewalexandria-ocasio-cortez(上网时间:2018年12月25日)
(3)Jessica McBride,“Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Politics:Is She a Socialist?”https://heavy.com/news/2019/01/alexandria-ocasio-cortezsocialist-socialism-aoc/(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(4)Nathan J. Robinson,“How AOC Is Changing the Game”, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/01/how-a-o-c-is-changing-the-game(上网时间:2019年1月15日)
(5)Ed Mazza,“Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Hits Back at Sean Hannity with a Radically Honest Correction”, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-sean-hannity_us_5c34273ce4b0116c11ef3d62(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(6)Nathan J. Robinson,“How AOC Is Changing the Game”, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/01/how-a-o-c-is-changing-the-game(上网时间:2019年1月16日)
(1)“Draft Text for Proposed Addendum to House Rules for 116th Congress of the United States”, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jxUzp9SZ6-VB-4wSm8sselVMsqWZrSrYpYC9slHKLzo/edit(上网时间:2019年1月20日)
(2)Robinson Meyer,“Democrats Are Shockingly Unprepared to Fight Climate Change”, https://www. theatlantic. com/science/archive/2017/11/there-is-no-democratic-plan-to-fight-climate-change/543981/(上网时间:2019年1月15日)
(3)Nathan J. Robinson,“How AOC Is Changing the Game”, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/01/how-a-o-c-is-changing-the-game(上网时间:2019年1月16日)
(4)Emily Ekins&Joy Pullmann,“Why So Many Millenials Are Socialists”, http://thefederalist. com/2016/02/15/why-so-manymillennials-are-socialists/(上网时间:2018年11月25日)
(2)Aida Chavez&Ryan Grim,“A Primary Against the Machine:A Bronx Activist Looks to Bethrone Joseph Crowley, the King of Queens”,https://theintercept.com/2018/05/22/joseph-crowley-alexandraocasio-cortez-new-york-primary(上网时间:2018年12月5日)
(1)Tim Murphy,“How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Pulled Off the Year’s Biggest Political Upset”,https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-upset-joe-crowley-dsa-brand-newcongress-1(上网时间:2018年12月4日)
(2)The Editorial Board,“If You Want to Be Speaker, Mr. Crowley,Don’t Take Voters for Granted”, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/19/opinion/joseph-crowley-alexandria-ocasio-cortez.html(上网时间:2018年12月15日)
(1)Paul Krugman,“The Economics of Soaking the Rich”, https://www. nytimes. com/2019/01/05/opinion/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-taxpolicy-dance.html(上网时间:2019年1月6日)
(2)“Alexandria Ocacio-Cordez’s Platform”, https://ocasio2018.com/issues(上网时间:2018年11月20日)
(1)Gabriella Paiella,“The 28-Year-Old at the Center of One of This Year’s most Exciting Primaries”, https://www. thecut. com/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-interview.html(上网时间:2018年12月21日)
(2)Tim Murphy,“How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Pulled Off the Year’s Biggest Political Upset”, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-upset-joe-crowley-dsa-brand-newcongress-1(上网时间:2018年12月15日)
(3)Anderson Cooper,“Alexandria Ocasio-Cordez:The Rookie Congresswoman Challenging The Democratic Establishment”, https://www. cbsnews. com/news/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-the-rookiecongresswoman-challenging-the-democratic-establishment-60-minutesinterview-full-transcript-2019-01-06/(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(1)陈丰:“对金融危机根源的再反思:居民收入的变化”,http://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20190105B0XECF00?refer=spider(上网时间:2019年1月15日)
(2)World Inequality Lab,“World Inequality Report 2018”, https://wir2018.wid.world/(上网时间:2018年12月13日)
(3)Quentin Fottrell,“Market Watch:50 Million American Households Can’t Even Afford Basic Living Expenses”, https://www.unitedwayalice.org/in-the-news/50-million-american-households-can-t-even-affordbasic-living-expenses(上网时间:2019年1月18日)
(4)门小军:“伯尼·桑德斯的‘民主社会主义’评析”,《当代世界社会主义问题》,2017年第1期,第61页。
(5)Bernie Sanders,“Trump’s Economy Is Great for Billionairs,Not for Working People”, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/16/trump-economy-billionaires-working-people(上网时间:2019年1月17日)
(6)Frank Newport,“Democrats more Positive about Socialism than Capitalism”, https://news. gallup. com/poll/240725/democratspositive-socialism-capitalism.aspx(上网时间:2018年11月14日)
(1)Eliza Relman,“The Truth about Alexandria Ocasio-Cordez:The Inside Story of How, In Just One Year, Sandy the Bartender Became a Lawmaker Who Triggers Both Parties”, https://www.thisisinsider. com/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-biography-2019-1(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(2)Joseph Schwartz&Jason Schulman,“Toward Freedom:Democratic Socialist Theory and Practice”, https://www. dsausa. org/strategy/toward_freedom/(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
(3)“DNA’s Constitution and Bylaws”, https://www.dsausa.org/about-us/constitution/(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
(4)Joseph Schwartz&Jason Schulman,“Toward Freedom:Democratic Socialist Theory and Practice”, https://www. dsausa. org/strategy/toward_freedom/(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
(5)Eliza Relman,“The Truth about Alexandria Ocasio-Cordez:The Inside Story of How, In Just One Year, Sandy the Bartender Became a Lawmaker Who Triggers Both Parties”, https://www.thisisinsider. com/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-biography-2019-1(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(6)Harold Meyerson,“Why Are There Suddenly Millions of Socialists in America?”https://www. theguardian. com/commentisfree/2016/feb/29/why-are-there-suddenly-millions-of-socialists-in-america(上网时间:2018年12月11日)
(7)Audrey Fahlberg,“Fahlberg:Don’t Let Ocasio-Cortez’s‘Nordic Socialism’Fool You”, http://www.cavalierdaily.com/article/2019/01/fahlberg-dont-let-ocasio-cortezs-nordic-socialism-fool-you(上网时间:2019年1月19日)
(8)Frank Newport,“Democrats More Positive about Socialism than Capitalism”, https://news. gallup. com/poll/240725/democratspositive-socialism-capitalism.aspx(上网时间:2018年11月14日)
(1)Pew Research Center,“The Generation Gap in American Politics”, http://www.people-press.org/2018/03/01/the-generation-gapin-american-politics/(上网时间:2019年1月5日)
(2)Daniel Denvir,“Bernie Sanders:Bold Politics Is Good Politics”, https://jacobinmag. com/2018/07/bernie-sanders-interviewalexandria-ocasio-cortez(上网时间:2018年12月25日)
(3)Jessica McBride,“Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Politics:Is She a Socialist?”https://heavy.com/news/2019/01/alexandria-ocasio-cortezsocialist-socialism-aoc/(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(4)Nathan J. Robinson,“How AOC Is Changing the Game”, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/01/how-a-o-c-is-changing-the-game(上网时间:2019年1月15日)
(5)Ed Mazza,“Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Hits Back at Sean Hannity with a Radically Honest Correction”, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-sean-hannity_us_5c34273ce4b0116c11ef3d62(上网时间:2019年1月10日)
(6)Nathan J. Robinson,“How AOC Is Changing the Game”, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/01/how-a-o-c-is-changing-the-game(上网时间:2019年1月16日)
(1)“Draft Text for Proposed Addendum to House Rules for 116th Congress of the United States”, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jxUzp9SZ6-VB-4wSm8sselVMsqWZrSrYpYC9slHKLzo/edit(上网时间:2019年1月20日)
(2)Robinson Meyer,“Democrats Are Shockingly Unprepared to Fight Climate Change”, https://www. theatlantic. com/science/archive/2017/11/there-is-no-democratic-plan-to-fight-climate-change/543981/(上网时间:2019年1月15日)
(3)Nathan J. Robinson,“How AOC Is Changing the Game”, https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/01/how-a-o-c-is-changing-the-game(上网时间:2019年1月16日)
(4)Emily Ekins&Joy Pullmann,“Why So Many Millenials Are Socialists”, http://thefederalist. com/2016/02/15/why-so-manymillennials-are-socialists/(上网时间:2018年11月25日)