基于逻辑回归模型的九寨沟地震滑坡危险性评估
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摘要
发生于2017年8月8日的四川九寨沟M_S7. 0地震触发了大量的同震滑坡。基于Geoeye-1震后0. 5m分辨率的遥感影像开展极震区同震滑坡解译,圈定了4 834处滑坡。选择高程、坡度、坡向、水平断层距离、垂直断层距离、震中距离、河流距离、道路距离、TPI指数以及岩性共10个因子作为地震滑坡的影响因子,应用逻辑回归(Logistic Regression,LR)模型开展九寨沟地震滑坡危险性评价,并对评价结果的合理性进行检验。结果表明,基于LR模型的滑坡危险性评价图与实际滑坡发育情况十分吻合,其中五花海—夏莫段、火花海和九寨天堂洲际大饭店—如意坝段均为滑坡危险性极高的区域。采用ROC曲线对危险性评价结果进行模型成功率与预测率的定量评价,结果显示,LR模型的预测精度较为理想,训练样本集和验证样本集的AUC值分别为0. 91和0. 89。文中结论为震区恢复重建工作中地震滑坡的防灾减灾提供了科学参考。
The M_S7. 0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan Province of 8 August 2017 triggered a large number of landslides. A comprehensive and objective panorama of these landslides is of great significance for understanding the mechanism,intensity,spatial pattern and law of these coseismic landslides,recovery and reconstruction of earthquake affected area,as well as prevention and mitigation of landslide hazard. The main aim of this paper is to present the use of remote sensing images,GIS technology and Logistic Regression( LR) model for earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping related to the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. On the basis of a scene post-earthquake Geoeye-1 satellite image( 0. 5 m resolution),we delineated 4834 co-seismic landslides with an area of 9. 63 km2. The ten factors were selected as the influencing factors for earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping of Jiuzhaigou earthquake,including elevation,slope angle,aspect,horizontal distance to fault,vertical distance to fault,distance to epicenter,distance to roads,distance to rivers,TPI index,and lithology. Both landsliding and non-landsliding samples were needed for LR model. Centroids of the4 834 initial landslide polygons were extracted for landslide samples and the 4 832 non-landslide points were randomly selected from the landslide-free area. All samples( 4 834 landslide sites and4 832 non-landslide sites) were randomly divided into the training set( 6 767 samples) and validation set( 2 899 samples). The logistic regression model was used to carry out the landslide hazard assessment of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake and the results show that the landslide hazard assessment map based on LR model is very consistent with the actual landslide distribution. The areas of WuhuahaiXiamo,Huohuahai and Inter Continental Hotel of Jiuzhai-Ruyiba are high hazard areas. In order to quantitatively evaluate the prediction results,the trained model calculated with the training set was evaluated by training set and validation set as the input of the model to get the output results of the two sets. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The ROC curve for LR model was drawn and the AUC values were calculated. The evaluation result shows good prediction accuracy.The AUC values for the training and validation data set are 0. 91 and 0. 89,respectively. On the whole,more than 78. 5% of the landslides in the study area are concentrated in the high and extremely high hazard zones. Landslide point density and landslide area density increase very rapidly as the level of hazard increases. This paper provides a scientific reference for earthquake landslides,disaster prevention and mitigation in the earthquake area.
The M_S7. 0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan Province of 8 August 2017 triggered a large number of landslides. A comprehensive and objective panorama of these landslides is of great significance for understanding the mechanism,intensity,spatial pattern and law of these coseismic landslides,recovery and reconstruction of earthquake affected area,as well as prevention and mitigation of landslide hazard. The main aim of this paper is to present the use of remote sensing images,GIS technology and Logistic Regression( LR) model for earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping related to the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. On the basis of a scene post-earthquake Geoeye-1 satellite image( 0. 5 m resolution),we delineated 4834 co-seismic landslides with an area of 9. 63 km2. The ten factors were selected as the influencing factors for earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping of Jiuzhaigou earthquake,including elevation,slope angle,aspect,horizontal distance to fault,vertical distance to fault,distance to epicenter,distance to roads,distance to rivers,TPI index,and lithology. Both landsliding and non-landsliding samples were needed for LR model. Centroids of the4 834 initial landslide polygons were extracted for landslide samples and the 4 832 non-landslide points were randomly selected from the landslide-free area. All samples( 4 834 landslide sites and4 832 non-landslide sites) were randomly divided into the training set( 6 767 samples) and validation set( 2 899 samples). The logistic regression model was used to carry out the landslide hazard assessment of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake and the results show that the landslide hazard assessment map based on LR model is very consistent with the actual landslide distribution. The areas of WuhuahaiXiamo,Huohuahai and Inter Continental Hotel of Jiuzhai-Ruyiba are high hazard areas. In order to quantitatively evaluate the prediction results,the trained model calculated with the training set was evaluated by training set and validation set as the input of the model to get the output results of the two sets. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The ROC curve for LR model was drawn and the AUC values were calculated. The evaluation result shows good prediction accuracy.The AUC values for the training and validation data set are 0. 91 and 0. 89,respectively. On the whole,more than 78. 5% of the landslides in the study area are concentrated in the high and extremely high hazard zones. Landslide point density and landslide area density increase very rapidly as the level of hazard increases. This paper provides a scientific reference for earthquake landslides,disaster prevention and mitigation in the earthquake area.
引文
戴岚欣,许强,范宣梅,等.2017.2017年8月8日四川九寨沟地震诱发地质灾害空间分布规律及易发性评价初步研究[J].工程地质学报,25(4):1151-1164.DAI Lan-xin,XU Qiang,FAN Xuan-mei,et al.2017.A prelimimary study on spatial distribution patterns of landslides triggered by Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan on August 8th,2017 and their susceptibility assessment[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,25(4):1151-1164(in Chinese).
刘甲美,王涛,石菊松,等.2017.四川九寨沟MS7.0地震滑坡应急快速评估[J].地质力学学报,23(5):639-645.LIU Jia-mei,WANG Tao,SHI Ju-song,et al.2017.Emergency rapid assessment of landslides induced by the Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Geomechnics,23(5):639-645(in Chinese).
许冲,王世元,徐锡伟,等.2018.2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟MS7.0地震触发滑坡全景[J].地震地质,40(1):232-260.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.01.017.XU Chong,WANG Shi-yuan,XU Xi-wei,et al.2018.A panorama of landslides triggered by the 8 August 2017Jiuzhaigou,Sichuan MS7.0 earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,40(1):232-260(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012.逻辑回归模型在玉树地震滑坡危险性评价中的应用与检验[J].工程地质学报,20(3):326-333.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012.Logistic regression model and its validation for hazard mapping of landslides triggered by Yushu earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(3):326-333(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,陈桂华,王启欣,等.2017.九寨沟地震发震断层属性及青藏高原东南缘现今应变状态讨论[J].地球物理学报,(10):4018-4026.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Gui-hua,WANG Qi-xin,et al.2017.Discussion on seismogenic struture of Jiuzhaigou earthquake and its implication for current strain state in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,(10):4018-4026(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,韩竹军,杨晓平,等.2016.中国及邻近地区地震构造图[CM].北京:地震出版社.XU Xi-wei,HAN Zhu-jun,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2016.Seismotectonic Map of China and Its Adjacent Regions[CM].Seismogical Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张旭,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2017.2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震震源过程反演与烈度估计[J].地球物理学报,60(10):4105-4116.ZHANG Xu,FENG Wan-peng,XU Li-sheng,et al.2017.The source-process inversion and the intensity estimation of the 2017 MS7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,60(10):4105-4116(in Chinese).
Akgun A.2012.A comparison of landslide susceptibility maps produced by logistic regression,multi-criteria decision,and likelihood ratio methods:A case study atzmir,Turkey[J].Landslides,9(1):93-106.
Ayalew L,Yamagishi H.2005.The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains,Central Japan[J].Geomorphology,65(1-2):15-31.
Bai S B,Lu P,Wang J.2015.Landslide susceptibility assessment of the Youfang Catchment using logistic regression[J].Journal of Mountain Science,(4):816-827.
Bai S B,Wang J,LüG N,et al.2010.GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping of the Zhongxian segment in the Three Gorges area,China[J].Geomorphology,115(1-2):23-31.
Bui D T,Lofman O,Revhaug I,et al.2011.Landslide susceptibility analysis in the Hoa Binh Province of Vietnam using statistical index and logistic regression[J].Natural Hazards,59(3):1413-1444.
Conoscenti C,Angileri S,Cappadonia C,et al.2014.Gully erosion susceptibility assessment by means of GIS-based logistic regression:A case of Sicily(Italy)[J].Geomorphology,204(1):399-411.
Dai F,Lee C F,Li J,et al.2001.Assessment of landslide susceptibility on the natural terrain of Lantau Island,Hong Kong[J].Environmental Geology,40(3):381-391.
Demir G,Aytekin M,Akgün A,et al.2013.A comparison of landslide susceptibility mapping of the eastern part of the North Anatolian fault zone(Turkey)by likelihood-frequency ratio and analytic hierarchy process methods[J].Natural Hazards,65(3):1481-1506.
Dreyfus D K,Rathje E M,Jibson R W.2013.The influence of different simplified sliding-block models and input parameters on regional predictions of seismic landslides triggered by the Northridge earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,163:41-54.
Ercanoglu M,Temiz F A.2011.Application of logistic regression and fuzzy operators to landslide susceptibility assessment in Azdavay(Kastamonu,Turkey)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,64(4):949-964.
Fawcett T.2006.An introduction to ROC analysis[J].Pattern Recognition Letters,27(8):861-874.
Gallen S F,Clark M K,Godt J W,et al.2017.Application and evaluation of a rapid response earthquake-triggered landslide model to the 25 April 2015 MW7.8 Gorkha earthquake,Nepal[J].Tectonophysics,714-715:173-187.
Godt J W,Sener B,Verdin K L,et al.2008.Rapid assessment of earthquake-induced landsliding[C].Tokyo:Proceedings of the First World Landslide Forum.
Gorsevski P V,Gessler P E,Foltz R B,et al.2006.Spatial prediction of landslide hazard using logistic regression and ROC analysis[J].Transactions in GIS,10(3):395-415.
Guzzetti F,Carrara A,Cardinali M,et al.1999.Landslide hazard evaluation:A review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study,Central Italy[J].Geomorphology,31(1-4):181-216.
Jibson R W,Harp E L,Michael J A.2000.A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps:An example from the Los Angeles,California,area[J].Engineering Geology,58(3-4):271-289.
Kavzoglu T,Sahin E K,Colkesen I.2015.An assessment of multivariate and bivariate approaches in landslide susceptibility mapping:A case study of Duzkoy District[J].Natural Hazards,76(1):471-496.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95(4):406.
Kritikos T,Robinson T R,Davies T R H.2015.Regional coseismic landslide hazard assessment without historical landslide inventories:A new approach[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,120(4):711-729.
Lee S.2005.Application of logistic regression model and its validation for landslide susceptibility mapping using GISand remote sensing data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,26(7):1477-1491.
Mathew J,Jha V K,Rawat G S.2009.Landslide susceptibility zonation mapping and its validation in part of Garhwal Lesser Himalaya,India,using binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve method[J].Landslides,6(1):17-26.
Ohlmacher G C,Davis J C.2003.Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas,USA[J].Engineering Geology,69(3):331-343.
Pradhan B.2010.Landslide susceptibility mapping of a catchment area using frequency ratio,fuzzy logic and multivariate logistic regression approaches[J].Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,38(2):301-320.
Pradhan B,Saro L.2010.Landslide susceptibility assessment and factor effect analysis:Backpropagation artificial neural networks and their comparison with frequency ratio and bivariate logistic regression modelling[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,25(6):747-759.
Rao G,Cheng Y L,Lin A M,et al.2017.Relationship between landslides and active normal faulting in the epicentral area of the AD1556 M~8.5 Huaxian Earthquake,SE Weihe Graben(Central China)[J].Journal of Earth Science,28(3):545-554.
Umar Z,Pradhan B,Ahmad A,et al.2014.Earthquake induced landslide susceptibility mapping using an integrated ensemble frequency ratio and logistic regression models in West Sumatera Province,Indonesia[J].Catena,118:124-135.
Wilson R C,Keefer D K.1983.Dynamic analysis of a slope failure from the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake,California,Earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Deismological Society of America,73(3):863-877.
Xu C,Dai F,Xu X,et al.2012a.GIS-based support vector machine modeling of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Jianjiang River watershed,China[J].Geomorphology,145-146(2):70-80.
Xu C,Xu X,Dai F,et al.2012b.Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China[J].Computers&Geosciences,46(3):317-329.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao Q,et al.2013a.GIS-based bivariate statistical modelling for earthquake triggered landslides susceptibility mapping related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,46(2):221-236.
Xu C,Xu X W,Dai F C,et al.2013b.Application of an incomplete landslide inventory,logistic regression model and its validation for landslide susceptibility mapping related to the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake of China[J].Natural Hazards,68(2):883-900.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao X,et al.2014.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan MW7.9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis[J].Landslides,11(3):441-461.
Xu C,Xu X,Tian Y,et al.2016.Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides:The2015 Gorkha,Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan,China events[J].Journal of Earth Science,27(6):1008-1015.
Yalcin A.2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen(Turkey):Comparisons of results and confirmations[J].Catena,72(1):1-12.
Yao X,Tham L G,Dai F C.2008.Landslide susceptibility mapping based on Support Vector Machine:A case study on natural slopes of Hong Kong,China[J].Geomorphology,101(4):572-582.
Youssef A M,Pradhan B,Jebur M N,et al.2015.Landslide susceptibility mapping using ensemble bivariate and multivariate statistical models in Fayfa area,Saudi Arabia[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73(7):3745-3761.
刘甲美,王涛,石菊松,等.2017.四川九寨沟MS7.0地震滑坡应急快速评估[J].地质力学学报,23(5):639-645.LIU Jia-mei,WANG Tao,SHI Ju-song,et al.2017.Emergency rapid assessment of landslides induced by the Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Geomechnics,23(5):639-645(in Chinese).
许冲,王世元,徐锡伟,等.2018.2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟MS7.0地震触发滑坡全景[J].地震地质,40(1):232-260.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.01.017.XU Chong,WANG Shi-yuan,XU Xi-wei,et al.2018.A panorama of landslides triggered by the 8 August 2017Jiuzhaigou,Sichuan MS7.0 earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,40(1):232-260(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012.逻辑回归模型在玉树地震滑坡危险性评价中的应用与检验[J].工程地质学报,20(3):326-333.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012.Logistic regression model and its validation for hazard mapping of landslides triggered by Yushu earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(3):326-333(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,陈桂华,王启欣,等.2017.九寨沟地震发震断层属性及青藏高原东南缘现今应变状态讨论[J].地球物理学报,(10):4018-4026.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Gui-hua,WANG Qi-xin,et al.2017.Discussion on seismogenic struture of Jiuzhaigou earthquake and its implication for current strain state in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,(10):4018-4026(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,韩竹军,杨晓平,等.2016.中国及邻近地区地震构造图[CM].北京:地震出版社.XU Xi-wei,HAN Zhu-jun,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2016.Seismotectonic Map of China and Its Adjacent Regions[CM].Seismogical Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张旭,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2017.2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震震源过程反演与烈度估计[J].地球物理学报,60(10):4105-4116.ZHANG Xu,FENG Wan-peng,XU Li-sheng,et al.2017.The source-process inversion and the intensity estimation of the 2017 MS7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,60(10):4105-4116(in Chinese).
Akgun A.2012.A comparison of landslide susceptibility maps produced by logistic regression,multi-criteria decision,and likelihood ratio methods:A case study atzmir,Turkey[J].Landslides,9(1):93-106.
Ayalew L,Yamagishi H.2005.The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains,Central Japan[J].Geomorphology,65(1-2):15-31.
Bai S B,Lu P,Wang J.2015.Landslide susceptibility assessment of the Youfang Catchment using logistic regression[J].Journal of Mountain Science,(4):816-827.
Bai S B,Wang J,LüG N,et al.2010.GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping of the Zhongxian segment in the Three Gorges area,China[J].Geomorphology,115(1-2):23-31.
Bui D T,Lofman O,Revhaug I,et al.2011.Landslide susceptibility analysis in the Hoa Binh Province of Vietnam using statistical index and logistic regression[J].Natural Hazards,59(3):1413-1444.
Conoscenti C,Angileri S,Cappadonia C,et al.2014.Gully erosion susceptibility assessment by means of GIS-based logistic regression:A case of Sicily(Italy)[J].Geomorphology,204(1):399-411.
Dai F,Lee C F,Li J,et al.2001.Assessment of landslide susceptibility on the natural terrain of Lantau Island,Hong Kong[J].Environmental Geology,40(3):381-391.
Demir G,Aytekin M,Akgün A,et al.2013.A comparison of landslide susceptibility mapping of the eastern part of the North Anatolian fault zone(Turkey)by likelihood-frequency ratio and analytic hierarchy process methods[J].Natural Hazards,65(3):1481-1506.
Dreyfus D K,Rathje E M,Jibson R W.2013.The influence of different simplified sliding-block models and input parameters on regional predictions of seismic landslides triggered by the Northridge earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,163:41-54.
Ercanoglu M,Temiz F A.2011.Application of logistic regression and fuzzy operators to landslide susceptibility assessment in Azdavay(Kastamonu,Turkey)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,64(4):949-964.
Fawcett T.2006.An introduction to ROC analysis[J].Pattern Recognition Letters,27(8):861-874.
Gallen S F,Clark M K,Godt J W,et al.2017.Application and evaluation of a rapid response earthquake-triggered landslide model to the 25 April 2015 MW7.8 Gorkha earthquake,Nepal[J].Tectonophysics,714-715:173-187.
Godt J W,Sener B,Verdin K L,et al.2008.Rapid assessment of earthquake-induced landsliding[C].Tokyo:Proceedings of the First World Landslide Forum.
Gorsevski P V,Gessler P E,Foltz R B,et al.2006.Spatial prediction of landslide hazard using logistic regression and ROC analysis[J].Transactions in GIS,10(3):395-415.
Guzzetti F,Carrara A,Cardinali M,et al.1999.Landslide hazard evaluation:A review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study,Central Italy[J].Geomorphology,31(1-4):181-216.
Jibson R W,Harp E L,Michael J A.2000.A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps:An example from the Los Angeles,California,area[J].Engineering Geology,58(3-4):271-289.
Kavzoglu T,Sahin E K,Colkesen I.2015.An assessment of multivariate and bivariate approaches in landslide susceptibility mapping:A case study of Duzkoy District[J].Natural Hazards,76(1):471-496.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95(4):406.
Kritikos T,Robinson T R,Davies T R H.2015.Regional coseismic landslide hazard assessment without historical landslide inventories:A new approach[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,120(4):711-729.
Lee S.2005.Application of logistic regression model and its validation for landslide susceptibility mapping using GISand remote sensing data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,26(7):1477-1491.
Mathew J,Jha V K,Rawat G S.2009.Landslide susceptibility zonation mapping and its validation in part of Garhwal Lesser Himalaya,India,using binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve method[J].Landslides,6(1):17-26.
Ohlmacher G C,Davis J C.2003.Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas,USA[J].Engineering Geology,69(3):331-343.
Pradhan B.2010.Landslide susceptibility mapping of a catchment area using frequency ratio,fuzzy logic and multivariate logistic regression approaches[J].Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,38(2):301-320.
Pradhan B,Saro L.2010.Landslide susceptibility assessment and factor effect analysis:Backpropagation artificial neural networks and their comparison with frequency ratio and bivariate logistic regression modelling[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,25(6):747-759.
Rao G,Cheng Y L,Lin A M,et al.2017.Relationship between landslides and active normal faulting in the epicentral area of the AD1556 M~8.5 Huaxian Earthquake,SE Weihe Graben(Central China)[J].Journal of Earth Science,28(3):545-554.
Umar Z,Pradhan B,Ahmad A,et al.2014.Earthquake induced landslide susceptibility mapping using an integrated ensemble frequency ratio and logistic regression models in West Sumatera Province,Indonesia[J].Catena,118:124-135.
Wilson R C,Keefer D K.1983.Dynamic analysis of a slope failure from the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake,California,Earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Deismological Society of America,73(3):863-877.
Xu C,Dai F,Xu X,et al.2012a.GIS-based support vector machine modeling of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Jianjiang River watershed,China[J].Geomorphology,145-146(2):70-80.
Xu C,Xu X,Dai F,et al.2012b.Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China[J].Computers&Geosciences,46(3):317-329.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao Q,et al.2013a.GIS-based bivariate statistical modelling for earthquake triggered landslides susceptibility mapping related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,46(2):221-236.
Xu C,Xu X W,Dai F C,et al.2013b.Application of an incomplete landslide inventory,logistic regression model and its validation for landslide susceptibility mapping related to the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake of China[J].Natural Hazards,68(2):883-900.
Xu C,Xu X W,Yao X,et al.2014.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan MW7.9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis[J].Landslides,11(3):441-461.
Xu C,Xu X,Tian Y,et al.2016.Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides:The2015 Gorkha,Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan,China events[J].Journal of Earth Science,27(6):1008-1015.
Yalcin A.2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen(Turkey):Comparisons of results and confirmations[J].Catena,72(1):1-12.
Yao X,Tham L G,Dai F C.2008.Landslide susceptibility mapping based on Support Vector Machine:A case study on natural slopes of Hong Kong,China[J].Geomorphology,101(4):572-582.
Youssef A M,Pradhan B,Jebur M N,et al.2015.Landslide susceptibility mapping using ensemble bivariate and multivariate statistical models in Fayfa area,Saudi Arabia[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73(7):3745-3761.
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