古地貌对断陷盆地沉积体系的控制作用:以青藏高原伦坡拉盆地始新统牛堡组为例
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摘要
青藏高原的形成是亚洲乃至世界历史上重大的地质事件之一,伦坡拉盆地作为西藏地区唯一发现含工业油流的新生代陆相盆地,研究其成因及演化对西藏地区的油气勘探具有重要的意义。利用二维地震和钻井等资料,阐明了始新世牛堡组沉积时期伦坡拉盆地古地貌特征,揭示了古地貌对于沉积体系的控制作用。牛堡组沉积时期,伦坡拉盆地构造单元可划分为3个:北部逆冲带,中央凹陷带以及南部冲断隆带。断陷盆地发育经历了湖盆形成、扩张和萎缩阶段,对应于牛堡组层序地层划分中的牛一段、牛二段及牛三段。在恢复伦坡拉盆地古地貌的基础上,指出盆地存在断控坡折型和挠曲坡折型两种控制盆地沉积体系分布的地貌,分别位于盆地的南部和东部。在不同地貌的控制下,盆地北部发育冲积扇和湖底扇组合沉积体系,盆地东缘、东南缘以及南缘则发育辫状河三角洲及扇三角洲组合。盆地中部发育浅湖-半深湖沉积,周缘发育滨湖亚相。盆地内的许多微地貌也对盆地内砂体起到了阻挡与疏导的作用,从而控制了众多水道的规模。
The formation of the Tibetan Plateau is a crucial geological process in the earth. The Lunpola Basin is of great geological significance as it is the only terrestrial basin discovered of Cenozoic in Tibet so far and hence, the study of its genesis and evolution is not only significant for oil and gas exploration in Tibet, but also provides insights for the research of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on the seismic date and well logs, this paper elaborates the tectonic and geomorphological characteristics of the Lunpola Basin within the accumulation of the Eocene Niubao Formation, and reveals the interrelation between tectonic geomorphology and the sedimentary system. During the deposition of the Niubao Formation, the Lunpola Basin can be divided into three tectonic-paleogeomorphological units: the northern thrust belt and the southern thrust belt. While the development of the rifted basin is accompanied by the formation, expansion and contraction of the lacustrine. Corresponding to the above three stages, the first member, the second member and the third member of the Niubao Formation can be subdivided in the stratigraphic framework. By restoring the geomorphology of the Lunpola Basin, we propose that two types of flexure slope break zone and faulted slope zone depositional models that control the distribution of the basin sedimentary features, which are located in the southern and eastern part of the basin respectively. Constrained by different landforms, a composite sedimentary system of alluvial fan and the sublacustrine fan are developed in the northern of the basin, the braided river and delta system are developed to the eastern and the southeast margin of the basin. In the central part of the basin, shallow lacustrine and semi-deep lacustrine facies is developed, and the peripheral areas developed shore lacustrine subfacies. There are many microtopographical structures in the basin which also play a role in inhibiting and dredging the sand body in the basin, thus controlling the size of submerging channels.
The formation of the Tibetan Plateau is a crucial geological process in the earth. The Lunpola Basin is of great geological significance as it is the only terrestrial basin discovered of Cenozoic in Tibet so far and hence, the study of its genesis and evolution is not only significant for oil and gas exploration in Tibet, but also provides insights for the research of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on the seismic date and well logs, this paper elaborates the tectonic and geomorphological characteristics of the Lunpola Basin within the accumulation of the Eocene Niubao Formation, and reveals the interrelation between tectonic geomorphology and the sedimentary system. During the deposition of the Niubao Formation, the Lunpola Basin can be divided into three tectonic-paleogeomorphological units: the northern thrust belt and the southern thrust belt. While the development of the rifted basin is accompanied by the formation, expansion and contraction of the lacustrine. Corresponding to the above three stages, the first member, the second member and the third member of the Niubao Formation can be subdivided in the stratigraphic framework. By restoring the geomorphology of the Lunpola Basin, we propose that two types of flexure slope break zone and faulted slope zone depositional models that control the distribution of the basin sedimentary features, which are located in the southern and eastern part of the basin respectively. Constrained by different landforms, a composite sedimentary system of alluvial fan and the sublacustrine fan are developed in the northern of the basin, the braided river and delta system are developed to the eastern and the southeast margin of the basin. In the central part of the basin, shallow lacustrine and semi-deep lacustrine facies is developed, and the peripheral areas developed shore lacustrine subfacies. There are many microtopographical structures in the basin which also play a role in inhibiting and dredging the sand body in the basin, thus controlling the size of submerging channels.
引文
[1] 范小军. 西藏伦坡拉盆地古近系油藏成藏机理及有利区带预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2015,36(3):362-369,377.
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[13] 张克银,牟泽辉,朱宏权,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地成藏动力学系统分析[J].新疆石油地质,2000(2):93-96,168.
[14] 杜佰伟,谭富文,陈明.西藏伦坡拉盆地沉积特征分析及油气地质分析[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2004(4):46-54.
[15] 南征兵,李永铁,郭祖军.青藏高原重点沉积盆地油气勘探前景展望[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(4):63-68.
[16] 范小军,潘磊,李凤,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地始新统油藏成藏机理及有利区带预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2015,36(3):362-369,377.
[17] 孙玮,李智武,肖秋苟,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地北缘中深层始新统牛堡组油气成藏分析[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2015,42(4):419-426.
[18] 郝景宇,潘磊,李吉选,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地东部牛堡组沉积层序结构及砂体发育模式[J].天然气勘探与开发,2016,39(2):6-14.
[19] Galloway W E. Siliciclastic slop and base-of-slope depositional systems:Componentfacies,stratigraphic architecture and classification[J].Bulletin AAPG,1998,82(4):569-595.
[20] Lemons David R.Facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of fine-grained lacustrine deltas along the eastern margin of late Pleistocene lake Bonneville,northern Utah and southern Idaho[J].Bulletin AAPG,1999,83(4):635-665.
[21] Lin Changsong,Sequence architecture depositional systems,and controls on development of lacustrine basin fills in part of the Erlianbasin,northesat China[J].Bulletin AAPG,2001,85(11):2017-2043.
[22] 魏巍,陆永潮,刘中戎,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地牛堡组层序地层与沉积充填模式[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(1):32-40.
[23] 加东辉,徐长贵,杨波,等.辽东湾辽东带中南部古近纪古地貌恢复和演化及其对沉积体系的控制[J].古地理学报,2007(2):155-166.
[24] Guidish T M.Basin evaluation using burial history calculations:an overview[J].AAPG Bulletion,1985,69(1):92-104.
[25] KatzI B.Pheifer R N,Schunk D J.Interpretation of discontinues vitrinite reflectance profile[J].AAPG Bulletion,1988,72(8):926-931.
[26] 刘中戎,曹强,何志勇.西藏伦坡拉盆地牛堡组一段沉积特征及勘探意义[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(6):174-180.
[27] 宋凯,吕剑文,凌升阶,等.鄂尔多斯盆地定边-吴旗地区前侏罗纪古地貌与油藏[J].古地理学报,2003(4):497-507.
[28] 王夏斌,姜在兴,袁帅.海拉尔盆地贝西斜坡多级坡折带对油气圈闭的控制作用[J].高校地质学报,2016,22(2):360-367.
[29] 任建业,陆永潮,张青林.断陷盆地构造坡折带形成机制及其对层序发育样式的控制[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2004,29(5):596-602.
[30] 林畅松,潘元林,肖建新,等.“构造坡折带”:断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2000,25(3):260-266.
[2] 林松.西藏伦坡拉盆地物源区与沉降史研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.
[3] 孙涛.西藏伦坡拉盆地始新统层序地层学及岩性圈闭研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013.
[4] 马鹏飞,王立成,冉波.青藏高原中部新生代伦坡拉盆地沉降史分析[J].岩石学报,2013,29(3):990-1002.
[5] 张克信,王国灿,季军良,等.青藏高原古近纪-新近纪地层分区与序列及其对隆升的响应[J]. 地层学杂志,2010,40(12):1632-1654.
[6] 艾华国,兰林英,朱宏权,等.伦坡拉盆地下第三系储集层成岩作用和孔隙演化[J]. 石油勘探与开发,1998(6):29-32,4-5,11.
[7] 李德威,庄育勋.青藏高原大陆动力学的科学问题[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(2):1-10,18.
[8] 赵建成.西藏伦坡拉盆地构造特征研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2011.
[9] 吴珍汉,胡道功,叶培盛,等.青藏高原中段古近纪早期古构造演化[J]. 地球学报,2009,30(6):749-760.
[10] 谢尚克,杜佰伟,王剑.伦坡拉盆地丁青湖组油页岩稀土元素特征及其地质意义[J].地质科技情报,2015,34(2):57-62.
[11] 谢尚克,杜佰伟,王剑,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地油页岩特征及分布规律[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2014,44(6):1760-1767.
[12] 雷清亮,付孝悦,卢亚平,等,伦坡拉第三纪陆相盆地油气地质特征分析[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,1996,21(2):168-173.
[13] 张克银,牟泽辉,朱宏权,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地成藏动力学系统分析[J].新疆石油地质,2000(2):93-96,168.
[14] 杜佰伟,谭富文,陈明.西藏伦坡拉盆地沉积特征分析及油气地质分析[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2004(4):46-54.
[15] 南征兵,李永铁,郭祖军.青藏高原重点沉积盆地油气勘探前景展望[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(4):63-68.
[16] 范小军,潘磊,李凤,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地始新统油藏成藏机理及有利区带预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2015,36(3):362-369,377.
[17] 孙玮,李智武,肖秋苟,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地北缘中深层始新统牛堡组油气成藏分析[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2015,42(4):419-426.
[18] 郝景宇,潘磊,李吉选,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地东部牛堡组沉积层序结构及砂体发育模式[J].天然气勘探与开发,2016,39(2):6-14.
[19] Galloway W E. Siliciclastic slop and base-of-slope depositional systems:Componentfacies,stratigraphic architecture and classification[J].Bulletin AAPG,1998,82(4):569-595.
[20] Lemons David R.Facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of fine-grained lacustrine deltas along the eastern margin of late Pleistocene lake Bonneville,northern Utah and southern Idaho[J].Bulletin AAPG,1999,83(4):635-665.
[21] Lin Changsong,Sequence architecture depositional systems,and controls on development of lacustrine basin fills in part of the Erlianbasin,northesat China[J].Bulletin AAPG,2001,85(11):2017-2043.
[22] 魏巍,陆永潮,刘中戎,等.西藏伦坡拉盆地牛堡组层序地层与沉积充填模式[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(1):32-40.
[23] 加东辉,徐长贵,杨波,等.辽东湾辽东带中南部古近纪古地貌恢复和演化及其对沉积体系的控制[J].古地理学报,2007(2):155-166.
[24] Guidish T M.Basin evaluation using burial history calculations:an overview[J].AAPG Bulletion,1985,69(1):92-104.
[25] KatzI B.Pheifer R N,Schunk D J.Interpretation of discontinues vitrinite reflectance profile[J].AAPG Bulletion,1988,72(8):926-931.
[26] 刘中戎,曹强,何志勇.西藏伦坡拉盆地牛堡组一段沉积特征及勘探意义[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(6):174-180.
[27] 宋凯,吕剑文,凌升阶,等.鄂尔多斯盆地定边-吴旗地区前侏罗纪古地貌与油藏[J].古地理学报,2003(4):497-507.
[28] 王夏斌,姜在兴,袁帅.海拉尔盆地贝西斜坡多级坡折带对油气圈闭的控制作用[J].高校地质学报,2016,22(2):360-367.
[29] 任建业,陆永潮,张青林.断陷盆地构造坡折带形成机制及其对层序发育样式的控制[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2004,29(5):596-602.
[30] 林畅松,潘元林,肖建新,等.“构造坡折带”:断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2000,25(3):260-266.
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