新疆和田地区耕地面源污染生态风险评价
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摘要
随着化肥、农膜等在农业生产中的过量投入,耕地面源污染的程度随之加重。选取塔里木河流域上游和田地区为研究区域,依据P-S-R框架理论,构建和田地区耕地面源污染生态风险评价指标体系,加入土壤理化数据,使用生态风险评价模型对和田地区1980年及2016年耕地面源污染状况进行生态风险评价,运用耕地生态风险模型、生态风险转移矩阵、ArcGIS分析和田地区耕地面源污染时空分异状况。研究结论表明:和田地区1980年耕地生态风险等级均为Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,呈"中间高,两侧低"分布;2016年耕地生态风险等级上升至Ⅳ级或Ⅴ级,呈"倒W型"分布,各县耕地面源污染程度较1980年均有较大幅度的上升,其中墨玉县和于田县在2016年耕地生态风险等级达到最高的Ⅴ级,而民丰县因自身生态环境的强脆弱性,同样需要提高关注。根据面源污染"从源头治理"的原则,应切实推进和田地区耕地生态环境保护与治理,提高政府重视程度,增强技术指导,开展试点工作,改善和田地区耕地面源污染现状。
With the excessive chemical fertilizers and agricultural film put into the agricultural production,the non-point source pollution in the cultivated land has been aggravated.In this paper,the Hotan Prefecture in the lower reaches of the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China is selected as the research area.Based on the PSR framework and the "input-output" principle of economics,the physicochemical data of cultivated land is added as a status indicator to construct an ecological risk assessment index system for the non-point source pollution.The spatial and temporal differentiation of the ecological risk level of cultivated land non-point source pollution in Hotan Prefecture in 1980 and 2016 is analyzed using the Arcgis software.The following conclusions are drawn from this study:The ecological risk level of the non-point source pollution in Hotan Prefecture in 2016 has been increased significantly compared with that in 1980.Particularly,the ecological risk level of the cultivated land in Moyu County and Yutian County has reached the highest V level,while Minfeng County is vulnerable due to its own ecological environment.The three counties can be used as pilots to promote non-point source pollution control.The research results can be taken as a reference for exploring the construction of non-point source pollution ecological risk assessment system,and guiding the development of differentiated non-point source pollution control according to regional characteristics.
With the excessive chemical fertilizers and agricultural film put into the agricultural production,the non-point source pollution in the cultivated land has been aggravated.In this paper,the Hotan Prefecture in the lower reaches of the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China is selected as the research area.Based on the PSR framework and the "input-output" principle of economics,the physicochemical data of cultivated land is added as a status indicator to construct an ecological risk assessment index system for the non-point source pollution.The spatial and temporal differentiation of the ecological risk level of cultivated land non-point source pollution in Hotan Prefecture in 1980 and 2016 is analyzed using the Arcgis software.The following conclusions are drawn from this study:The ecological risk level of the non-point source pollution in Hotan Prefecture in 2016 has been increased significantly compared with that in 1980.Particularly,the ecological risk level of the cultivated land in Moyu County and Yutian County has reached the highest V level,while Minfeng County is vulnerable due to its own ecological environment.The three counties can be used as pilots to promote non-point source pollution control.The research results can be taken as a reference for exploring the construction of non-point source pollution ecological risk assessment system,and guiding the development of differentiated non-point source pollution control according to regional characteristics.
引文
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[6] 张爱平,杨世琦,易军,等.宁夏引黄灌区水体污染现状及污染源解析[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(6):1295-1301.[ZHANG Aiping,YANG Shiqi,YI Jun,et al.Analysis on current situation of water pollution and pollutant sources in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation region [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(6):1295-1301.]
[7] 马广文,王业耀,香宝,等.长江上游流域土地利用对面源污染影响及其差异[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(4):791-797.[MA Guangwen,WANG Yeyao,XIANG Bao,et al.Diversity and effect of diffuse source pollution load caused by land use change in the upper reach of Yangtze River Basin,China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(4):791-797.]
[8] ZHU Q D,SUN J H,HUA G F,et al.Run off characteristics and non-point source pollution analysis in the Taihu Lake Basin:A case study of the town of Xueyan,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(19):15029-15036.
[9] 刘亚琼,杨玉林,李法虎.基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):7-12.[LIU Yaqiong,YANG Yulin,LI Fahu.Estimation of pollution loads from agricultural nonpoint sources in Beijing region based on export coefficient modeling approach[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(7):7-12.]
[10] 孙秀秀,包丽颖,郁亚娟等.哈尔滨地区农业面源污染负荷估算与分析[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(5):300-305.[SUN Xiuxiu,BAO Liying,YU Yajuan.Estimation and analysis of the pollution loads from the agricultural non-point source in Harbin region[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2015,15(5):300-305.]
[11] 肖新成.重庆三峡库区农业面源污染防治研究—基于农户参与、政府主导的视角[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.[XIAO Xincheng.Study of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Chongqing of Three Gorges Reservoir Region:Based on farmer participation and government leading perspective[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2015.]
[12] 王雪蕾,王新新,朱利,等.巢湖流域氮磷面源污染与水华空间分布遥感解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1511-1519.[WANG Xuelei,WANG Xinxin,ZHU li.Spatial analysis on diffuse pollution and algal bloom characteristic with remote sensing in Chao Lake Basin[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(5):1511-1519.]
[13] 刘新平,韩桐魁.新疆绿洲生态环境问题分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(1):23-29.[LIU Xinping,HAN Tongku.Analysis on the causes of environmental issues of oasis ecology in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(1):23-29.]
[14] 肖新成,倪九派,何丙辉,等.三峡库区重庆段农业面源污染负荷的区域分异与预测[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2014,(4):634-646.[XIAO Xincheng,NI Jiupai,HE Binghui,et al.Estimation of agricultural nonpoint source pollution load sand its regional differentiation in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2014,(4):634-646.]
[15] 胡静锋.重庆市农业面源污染测算与空间特征解析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(1):135-144.[HU Jingfeng.Measurement and spatial feature analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution in Chongqing [J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(1):135-144.]
[16] 李智飞,门宝辉,张士锋,等.河西走廊地区狭义/广义水资源脆弱性对比研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):939-947.[LI Zhifei,MEN Baohui,ZHANG Shifeng,et al.A comparative study of narrow/general water resources vulnerability in Hexi Corridor region[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):939-947.]
[17] 虞燕娜,朱江,吴绍华,等.多风险源驱动下的土地生态风险评价——以江苏省射阳县为例[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(8):1264-1274.[YU Yanna,ZHU Jiang,WU Shaohua,et al.Assessment of land ecological risks driven by multi-sources:A case study of Sheyang County,Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(8):1264-1274.]
[18] 孟优,周益民,侯秀玲,等.干旱区绿洲生态安全评价研究——以新疆生产建设兵团为例[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):163-169.[MENG You,ZHOU Yimin,HOU Xiuling,et al.Assessment of the eco-security in arid areas oasis:A case of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):163-169.]
[19] 徐浩田,周林飞,成遣.基于PSR模型的凌河口湿地生态系统健康评价与预警研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8264-8274.[XU Haotian,ZHOU Linfei,CHENG Qin.Study on ecosystem health evaluation and risk assessment for Linghekou wetlands based on a PSR model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(24) :8264-8274.]
[20] 吕晓,刘新平,李振波.塔里木河流域生态经济系统耦合态势分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(3):620-624.[LYU Xiao,LIU Xinping,LI Zhenbo.Coupling Situation of eco-economic system in Tarim River Basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(3):620-624.]
[21] 肖新成,何丙辉,倪九派,等.农业面源污染视角下的三峡库区重庆段水资源的安全性评价——基于DPSIR框架的分析[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2324-2331.[XIAO Xincheng,HE Binghui,NI Jiupai,et al.Safety assessment of water resources in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on DPSIR model from the perspective of agricultural non-point pollution source[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(8):2324-2331.]
[22] 吴文婕,石培基,魏伟,等.石羊河流域绿洲城市水土资源利用生态风险评价——以武威市为例[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(5):838-846.[WU Wenjie,SHI Peiji,WEI Wei,et al.Evaluation on soil and water ecological risk of oasis city in Shiyang River Basin:A case of Wuwei City[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(5):838-846.]
[23] 孙心亮,方创琳.干旱区城市化过程中的生态风险评价模型及应用——以河西地区城市化过程为例[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):668-674.[SUN Xinliang,FANG Chuanglin.Model and application of ecological risk appraisal in the course of urbanization in arid area[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(5):668-674.]
[24] 黄祖鑫.我国耕地污染防治法律制度研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2017.[HUANG Zuxin.Research on legal system of soil contamination of cultivated land prevention and control in China[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2017.]
[2] 邱孟龙.珠江三角洲耕地环境质量演变的时空模拟和风险评价[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.[QIU Menglong.Spatiotemporal simulation and risk assessment of farmland environmental quality in the Pearl River Delta[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.]
[3] 虞慧怡,扈豪,曾贤刚.我国农业面源污染的时空分异研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(9):1-6.[YU Huiyi,HU Hao,ZENG Xiangang.Spatial-temporal variation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(9):1-6.]
[4] 张锋.中国化肥投入的面源污染问题研究—基于农户施用行为的视角[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.[ZHANG Feng.Study on the non-point pollution of the agricultural fertilizer input in China:Based in the aspect of farmer’s fertilizer input[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2011.]
[5] 张锐.耕地生态风险评价与调控研究——以江苏省宜兴市为例[D].南京:南京农业大学,2015.[ZHANG Rui.Study in the evaluation and regulation of cultivated land ecological risk:Taking Yixing City Jiangsu Province as an example[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2015.]
[6] 张爱平,杨世琦,易军,等.宁夏引黄灌区水体污染现状及污染源解析[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(6):1295-1301.[ZHANG Aiping,YANG Shiqi,YI Jun,et al.Analysis on current situation of water pollution and pollutant sources in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation region [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(6):1295-1301.]
[7] 马广文,王业耀,香宝,等.长江上游流域土地利用对面源污染影响及其差异[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(4):791-797.[MA Guangwen,WANG Yeyao,XIANG Bao,et al.Diversity and effect of diffuse source pollution load caused by land use change in the upper reach of Yangtze River Basin,China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(4):791-797.]
[8] ZHU Q D,SUN J H,HUA G F,et al.Run off characteristics and non-point source pollution analysis in the Taihu Lake Basin:A case study of the town of Xueyan,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(19):15029-15036.
[9] 刘亚琼,杨玉林,李法虎.基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):7-12.[LIU Yaqiong,YANG Yulin,LI Fahu.Estimation of pollution loads from agricultural nonpoint sources in Beijing region based on export coefficient modeling approach[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(7):7-12.]
[10] 孙秀秀,包丽颖,郁亚娟等.哈尔滨地区农业面源污染负荷估算与分析[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(5):300-305.[SUN Xiuxiu,BAO Liying,YU Yajuan.Estimation and analysis of the pollution loads from the agricultural non-point source in Harbin region[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2015,15(5):300-305.]
[11] 肖新成.重庆三峡库区农业面源污染防治研究—基于农户参与、政府主导的视角[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.[XIAO Xincheng.Study of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Chongqing of Three Gorges Reservoir Region:Based on farmer participation and government leading perspective[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2015.]
[12] 王雪蕾,王新新,朱利,等.巢湖流域氮磷面源污染与水华空间分布遥感解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1511-1519.[WANG Xuelei,WANG Xinxin,ZHU li.Spatial analysis on diffuse pollution and algal bloom characteristic with remote sensing in Chao Lake Basin[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(5):1511-1519.]
[13] 刘新平,韩桐魁.新疆绿洲生态环境问题分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(1):23-29.[LIU Xinping,HAN Tongku.Analysis on the causes of environmental issues of oasis ecology in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(1):23-29.]
[14] 肖新成,倪九派,何丙辉,等.三峡库区重庆段农业面源污染负荷的区域分异与预测[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2014,(4):634-646.[XIAO Xincheng,NI Jiupai,HE Binghui,et al.Estimation of agricultural nonpoint source pollution load sand its regional differentiation in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2014,(4):634-646.]
[15] 胡静锋.重庆市农业面源污染测算与空间特征解析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(1):135-144.[HU Jingfeng.Measurement and spatial feature analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution in Chongqing [J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(1):135-144.]
[16] 李智飞,门宝辉,张士锋,等.河西走廊地区狭义/广义水资源脆弱性对比研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):939-947.[LI Zhifei,MEN Baohui,ZHANG Shifeng,et al.A comparative study of narrow/general water resources vulnerability in Hexi Corridor region[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):939-947.]
[17] 虞燕娜,朱江,吴绍华,等.多风险源驱动下的土地生态风险评价——以江苏省射阳县为例[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(8):1264-1274.[YU Yanna,ZHU Jiang,WU Shaohua,et al.Assessment of land ecological risks driven by multi-sources:A case study of Sheyang County,Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(8):1264-1274.]
[18] 孟优,周益民,侯秀玲,等.干旱区绿洲生态安全评价研究——以新疆生产建设兵团为例[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):163-169.[MENG You,ZHOU Yimin,HOU Xiuling,et al.Assessment of the eco-security in arid areas oasis:A case of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):163-169.]
[19] 徐浩田,周林飞,成遣.基于PSR模型的凌河口湿地生态系统健康评价与预警研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8264-8274.[XU Haotian,ZHOU Linfei,CHENG Qin.Study on ecosystem health evaluation and risk assessment for Linghekou wetlands based on a PSR model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(24) :8264-8274.]
[20] 吕晓,刘新平,李振波.塔里木河流域生态经济系统耦合态势分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(3):620-624.[LYU Xiao,LIU Xinping,LI Zhenbo.Coupling Situation of eco-economic system in Tarim River Basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(3):620-624.]
[21] 肖新成,何丙辉,倪九派,等.农业面源污染视角下的三峡库区重庆段水资源的安全性评价——基于DPSIR框架的分析[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2324-2331.[XIAO Xincheng,HE Binghui,NI Jiupai,et al.Safety assessment of water resources in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on DPSIR model from the perspective of agricultural non-point pollution source[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(8):2324-2331.]
[22] 吴文婕,石培基,魏伟,等.石羊河流域绿洲城市水土资源利用生态风险评价——以武威市为例[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(5):838-846.[WU Wenjie,SHI Peiji,WEI Wei,et al.Evaluation on soil and water ecological risk of oasis city in Shiyang River Basin:A case of Wuwei City[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(5):838-846.]
[23] 孙心亮,方创琳.干旱区城市化过程中的生态风险评价模型及应用——以河西地区城市化过程为例[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):668-674.[SUN Xinliang,FANG Chuanglin.Model and application of ecological risk appraisal in the course of urbanization in arid area[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(5):668-674.]
[24] 黄祖鑫.我国耕地污染防治法律制度研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2017.[HUANG Zuxin.Research on legal system of soil contamination of cultivated land prevention and control in China[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2017.]
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