内蒙古入境旅游目的地竞争力空间格局特征与影响因素
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摘要
入境旅游作为我国文化传播与交流的重要载体对于我国文化建设与产业发展不可或缺;以内蒙古89个县域为研究对象,从资源吸引力、产业实力、接待组织能力三个维度构建评价框架与指标体系,运用模糊层次分析法、函数模型法、ArcGIS Voronoi图分析、障碍度模型等方法,对入境旅游竞争力进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)研究区入境旅游资源吸引力与产业实力呈现出西部高于东部、东部高于中部的空间格局,组织接待能力空间呈现破碎化特征。(2)竞争力呈现西部高于东部、东部高于中部的空间格局,且竞争力较强的县域多分布在内蒙古边缘区。(3)强竞争力与较强竞争力县域在呼和浩特、包头、鄂尔多斯和赤峰、通辽、锡林浩特形成两大竞争力集聚区。(4)准则层中障碍度指数由大到小排名为:旅游资源吸引力,旅游产业实力,旅游接待能力;指标层障碍度来看,位于前5名的单项指标分别是:旅游资源质量,旅游外汇收入,旅游经济联系强度,住宿餐饮业从业人员数量,国际旅行社数。(5)旅游资源吸引力与旅游组织接待能力相差悬殊是造成内蒙古入境旅游目的地旅游竞争力不平衡的主要原因,旅游产业实力差异加剧了竞争力的差异化。
Based on the social and economic statistical data, tourism development data and space vector data of 89 counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,the evaluation framework and its index system about the inbound tourism destination competitiveness were established from three aspects,namely tourism resources attraction,tourism industry strength and tourist reception ability,using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to determine weights,the function model method to calculate the competitiveness index,the ArcGIS software package to analyze the spatial pattern,and the obstacle degree model to analyze competitive obstacle factors and its mechanism of action.The conclusion is summarized as follows:(1) The tourism resources attraction and tourism industrial strength showed a spatial pattern as having the highest value in the west areas,the high value in the east areas,and the low value in the middle areas,while the tourist reception ability presents fragmentation characteristics from space distribution perspective.(2) The overall competitiveness displayed the following spatial pattern: the west is higher than the east,the east is higher than the middle,and the more competitive counties are distributed in the fringe areas of Inner Mongolia.(3) the counties with the strongest competitiveness and stronger competitiveness formed two competitive agglomeration areas in the Midwest and the east.(4) The index of obstacle degree in the criterion layer is listed in a descending order as follows: tourism resource attraction,tourism industry strength,tourist reception ability; from the perspective of the index of obstacle degree,the top five single indicators are: quality of tourism resources,tourism foreign exchange income,tourism economy connection strength,the number of employees in the hospitality industry,the number of international travel agency.(5) The wide difference existed in the tourism resources attraction and the tourist reception ability is the main reason causing the imbalance of tourism competitiveness about the inbound tourism destination in Inner Mongolia,while the difference in the tourism industry intensified the competitive differentiation.
Based on the social and economic statistical data, tourism development data and space vector data of 89 counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,the evaluation framework and its index system about the inbound tourism destination competitiveness were established from three aspects,namely tourism resources attraction,tourism industry strength and tourist reception ability,using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to determine weights,the function model method to calculate the competitiveness index,the ArcGIS software package to analyze the spatial pattern,and the obstacle degree model to analyze competitive obstacle factors and its mechanism of action.The conclusion is summarized as follows:(1) The tourism resources attraction and tourism industrial strength showed a spatial pattern as having the highest value in the west areas,the high value in the east areas,and the low value in the middle areas,while the tourist reception ability presents fragmentation characteristics from space distribution perspective.(2) The overall competitiveness displayed the following spatial pattern: the west is higher than the east,the east is higher than the middle,and the more competitive counties are distributed in the fringe areas of Inner Mongolia.(3) the counties with the strongest competitiveness and stronger competitiveness formed two competitive agglomeration areas in the Midwest and the east.(4) The index of obstacle degree in the criterion layer is listed in a descending order as follows: tourism resource attraction,tourism industry strength,tourist reception ability; from the perspective of the index of obstacle degree,the top five single indicators are: quality of tourism resources,tourism foreign exchange income,tourism economy connection strength,the number of employees in the hospitality industry,the number of international travel agency.(5) The wide difference existed in the tourism resources attraction and the tourist reception ability is the main reason causing the imbalance of tourism competitiveness about the inbound tourism destination in Inner Mongolia,while the difference in the tourism industry intensified the competitive differentiation.
引文
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[16] 许海清,孙桂里.丝绸之路经济带建设背景下内蒙古对蒙古国边境口岸物流节点建设研究[J].物流科技,2015,38(9):23-28.[XU Haiqing,SUN Guili.Study of Inner Mongolia-Mongolia frontier port logistics nodes constructing under the background of“silk-road economic belt” strategy [J].Logistics Sci-tech,2015,38(9):23-28.]
[17] ALBERT M A.Travel behaviour in Ghana:Empirical observations from four metropolitan areas[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(2):313-322.
[18] 黎洁,赵西萍.论国际旅游竞争力[J].商业经济与管理,1999,(4):63-65,68.[ LI Jie,ZHAO Xiping.International tourism competitiveness[J].Journal of Business Economics,1999,(4):63-65,68.]
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[20] 王汉祥,马占新,赵海东.中国西部区域旅游竞争力动态分析[J].内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,46(5):98-105.[WANG Hanxiang,MA Zhanxin,ZHAO Haidong.Dynamic analysis of China’s Western Region tourism competitiveness[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2014,46(5):98-105.]
[21] HUYBERS T,BENNETT J.Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature-based tourism destinations[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,24: 213-233.
[22] ALBERT M A.Travel behaviour in Ghana:Empirical observations from four metropolitan areas[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(2):313-322.
[23] 王琪延,罗栋.中国城市旅游竞争力评价体系构建及应用研究:基于我国293个地级以上城市的调查资料[J].统计研究,2009,26(7):49-54.[WANG Qiyan,LUO Dong.Construction and application of Chinese city tourism competence evaluation system: A study on data of 293 Chinese cities at prefecture-level or above[J].Statistical Research,2009,26(7): 49-54.]
[24] 刘名俭,邹丽君.基于TTCI的中国旅游产业国际竞争力评价[J].经济地理,2011,31(3):518-522.[LIU Mingjian,ZOU Lijun.The evaluation of the international competitiveness of China’s tourism industry based on the TTCI[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(3):518-522.]
[25] 张百珍.中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力比较与发展中旅游强国比较[J].经济研究导刊,2012,(3):196-197.[ZHANG Baizhen.Comparison of international competitiveness of China’s tourism service trade:Comparison with developing countries in tourism[J].Journal of Economic Research,2012,(3):196-197.]
[26] CROES R.Measuring and explaining competitiveness in the context of small island destinations[J].Journal of Travel Research,2011,50(4):431-442.
[27] 李文龙,林海英.城市旅游发展潜力评价体系构建及实证研究[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,44(4):499-505,512.[LI Wenlong,LIN Haiying.Construction and empirical study of city tourism development potential evaluation system[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Natural Science Edition),2015,44(4):499-505,512.]
[28] 陈佳,杨新军,尹莎,等.基于VSD框架的半干旱地区社会-生态系统脆弱性演化与模拟[J].地理学报,2016,(7):1172-1188.[CHEN Jia,YANG Xinjun,YIN Sha,et al.The vulnerability evolution and simulation of the social-ecological systems in the semi-arid area based on the VSD framework[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(7):1171-1188.]
[29] 郄春燕.内蒙古中部地区中心旅游圈的构建及旅游资源空间结构分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2010.[QIE Chunyan.A research on building the central tourist zone and analyzing the spatial pattern of tourist resources in the central areas of Inner Mongolia[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2010.]
[30] 李春燕,南灵.陕西省土地生态安全动态评价及障碍因子诊断[J].中国土地科学,2015,29(4):72-81.[LI Chunyan,NAN Ling.Dynamic evaluation and diagnosis of obstacle factors on land eco-security in Shaanxi Province[J].China Land Sciences,2015,29(4):72-81.]
[31] 任桐,刘继生,吉林省旅游竞争力的空间维度及其障碍度分析[J].经济地理,2011,31(12):2138-2143.[REN Tong,LIU Jisheng.Analysis on spatial latitude and obstacle of tourism competition in Jilin Province[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(12):2138-2143.]
[32] 刘浩日娃.内蒙古旅游经济地域分区与开发研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2012.[LIU Haoriwa.Study on regional zoning and development of Inner Mongolia tourism economy[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2012.]
[2] DWYER L,KIM C.Destination competitiveness:Determinants and indicators[J].Current Issues in Tourism,2003,6(5):369-413.
[3] 徐淑梅,杨铭铎.我国区域旅游竞争力分布格局[J].经济地理,2008,28(5):876-881.[XU Shumei,YANG Mingduo.The pattern of regional tourism competitiveness distribution in China[J].Economic Geography,2008,28(5):876-881.]
[4] 朱应皋,万绪才.旅游业国际竞争力定量评价理论研究——全球旅游12强(国)实例分析[J].南京财经大学学报,2003,(5):12-17.[ZHU Yinggao,WAN Xucai.Research on quantitative evaluation of international competitiveness of tourism:A case study of 12 global tourism countries[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,2003,(5):12-17.]
[5] 孙盼盼,戴学锋.中国区域旅游经济差异的空间统计分析[J].旅游科学,2014,28(2):35-48.[SUN Panpan,DAI Xuefeng.An analysis on the spatial data of China’s regional tourism economic disparity[J].Tourism Science,2014,28(2):35-48.]
[6] 汪德根,陈田.中国旅游经济区域差异的空间分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(5):528-536.[WANG Degen,CHEN Tian.Spatial analysis for regional difference of tourism economy in China[J].Geographical Science,2011,31(5):528-536.]
[7] 张河清,田晓辉,王蕾蕾.区域旅游业竞合发展实证研究:基于珠三角与长三角城市旅游竞争力的比较分析[J].经济地理,2015,30(5):871-875.[ZHANG Heqing,TIAN Xiaohui,WANG Leilei.The cooperation-competition development in regional tourism industry:Based on the comparative analysis of city tourism competitiveness between Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta[J].Economic Geography,2015,30(5):871-875.]
[8] 黄松,李燕林,戴平娟.智慧旅游城市旅游竞争力评价[J].地理学报,2017,72(2):242-255.[HUANG Song,LI Yanlin,DAI Pingjuan.Evaluation of tourism competitiveness of Chinese smart tourism city[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(2):242-255.]
[9] 黄薇,徐进进,马远军,等.基于ESDA的省域旅游综合竞争力的区域差异空间分析[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,36(1):108-114.[HUANG Wei,XU Jinjin,MA Yanjun,et al.Analyzing spatial disparities analysis of provincial tourism competitiveness based on ESDA[J].Journal of Zhejiang Normal University(Natural Sciences),2013,36(1):108-114.]
[10] 何艳冰,黄晓军,翟令鑫,等.西安快速城市化边缘区社会脆弱性评价与影响因素[J].地理学报,2016,71(8):1315-1328.[HE Yanbing,HUANG Xiaojun,ZHAI Lingxin,et al.Assessment and influencing factors of social vulnerability to rapid urbanization in urban fringe: A case study of Xi’an[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(8):1315-1328.]
[11] 温碧燕,梁明珠.基于因素分析的区域旅游竞争力评价模型研究[J].旅游学刊,2007,22(2):18-22.[WEN Biyan,LIANG Mingzhu.Study on evaluation model of regional tourism competitiveness based on factor analysis[J].Tourism Tribune,2007,22(2):18-22.]
[12] MAYAKA M,AKAMA J S.Approach to tourism and education: The Kenyan case study[J].Tourism Management,2007,(28):289-306.]
[13] 曹芳东,黄震方,吴江,等.城市旅游竞争潜力时空格局演化及其结构合理性评价——以长江三角洲地区为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(8):944-949.[CAO Fangdong,HUANG Zhenfang,WU Jiang,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns and structure rationality evaluation of urban tourism competition potential:A case study of Changjiang River Delta[J].Geographical Science,2012,32(8):944-949.]
[14] 刘中艳,罗琼.省域城市旅游竞争力测度与评价——以湖南省为例[J].经济地理,2012,32(8):944-949.[LIU Zhongyan,LUO Qiong.Measurement and evaluation of tourism competitiveness of provincial city:A case study of Hunan Province[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(5):186-192.]
[15] DWYER L,FORSYTH P,RAO P.The price competitiveness of traveland tourism:A comparison of 19 destinations[J].Tourism Management,2000,21(1):9-22.
[16] 许海清,孙桂里.丝绸之路经济带建设背景下内蒙古对蒙古国边境口岸物流节点建设研究[J].物流科技,2015,38(9):23-28.[XU Haiqing,SUN Guili.Study of Inner Mongolia-Mongolia frontier port logistics nodes constructing under the background of“silk-road economic belt” strategy [J].Logistics Sci-tech,2015,38(9):23-28.]
[17] ALBERT M A.Travel behaviour in Ghana:Empirical observations from four metropolitan areas[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(2):313-322.
[18] 黎洁,赵西萍.论国际旅游竞争力[J].商业经济与管理,1999,(4):63-65,68.[ LI Jie,ZHAO Xiping.International tourism competitiveness[J].Journal of Business Economics,1999,(4):63-65,68.]
[19] 中华人民共和国文化和旅游部.旅游资源分类调查与评价标准[EB/OL].http://www.cnta.gov.cn/,2017-03-12.[China Tourism Internet.Tourism resource classify survey and evaluate standard[ EB/OL].http://www.cnta.gov.cn/,2017-03-12.]
[20] 王汉祥,马占新,赵海东.中国西部区域旅游竞争力动态分析[J].内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,46(5):98-105.[WANG Hanxiang,MA Zhanxin,ZHAO Haidong.Dynamic analysis of China’s Western Region tourism competitiveness[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2014,46(5):98-105.]
[21] HUYBERS T,BENNETT J.Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature-based tourism destinations[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,24: 213-233.
[22] ALBERT M A.Travel behaviour in Ghana:Empirical observations from four metropolitan areas[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(2):313-322.
[23] 王琪延,罗栋.中国城市旅游竞争力评价体系构建及应用研究:基于我国293个地级以上城市的调查资料[J].统计研究,2009,26(7):49-54.[WANG Qiyan,LUO Dong.Construction and application of Chinese city tourism competence evaluation system: A study on data of 293 Chinese cities at prefecture-level or above[J].Statistical Research,2009,26(7): 49-54.]
[24] 刘名俭,邹丽君.基于TTCI的中国旅游产业国际竞争力评价[J].经济地理,2011,31(3):518-522.[LIU Mingjian,ZOU Lijun.The evaluation of the international competitiveness of China’s tourism industry based on the TTCI[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(3):518-522.]
[25] 张百珍.中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力比较与发展中旅游强国比较[J].经济研究导刊,2012,(3):196-197.[ZHANG Baizhen.Comparison of international competitiveness of China’s tourism service trade:Comparison with developing countries in tourism[J].Journal of Economic Research,2012,(3):196-197.]
[26] CROES R.Measuring and explaining competitiveness in the context of small island destinations[J].Journal of Travel Research,2011,50(4):431-442.
[27] 李文龙,林海英.城市旅游发展潜力评价体系构建及实证研究[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,44(4):499-505,512.[LI Wenlong,LIN Haiying.Construction and empirical study of city tourism development potential evaluation system[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Natural Science Edition),2015,44(4):499-505,512.]
[28] 陈佳,杨新军,尹莎,等.基于VSD框架的半干旱地区社会-生态系统脆弱性演化与模拟[J].地理学报,2016,(7):1172-1188.[CHEN Jia,YANG Xinjun,YIN Sha,et al.The vulnerability evolution and simulation of the social-ecological systems in the semi-arid area based on the VSD framework[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(7):1171-1188.]
[29] 郄春燕.内蒙古中部地区中心旅游圈的构建及旅游资源空间结构分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2010.[QIE Chunyan.A research on building the central tourist zone and analyzing the spatial pattern of tourist resources in the central areas of Inner Mongolia[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2010.]
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