国际组织与东南亚国家的现代化——以世界银行对印度尼西亚的援助为例(1967—1968年)
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摘要
20世纪五六十年代,东南亚国家在现代化发展道路上做出的抉择推动着东南亚地区冷战格局的变迁,也使得国际组织在东南亚国家现代化进程中的作用得以显现。冷战双方试图对东南亚国家现代化模式的影响和干预与东南亚国家对独立自主地位的珍视之间的矛盾使得国际组织作为非国家行为体和第三方的地位更为突出。国际组织自身丰富的援助经验和人力资源在东南亚国家现代化发展中扮演重要角色。本文选取世界银行20世纪60年代末对印度尼西亚的援助为案例,系统分析世界银行在印度尼西亚现代化发展及债权国会议这一援助体系中的作用。通过对世界银行一系列调查报告、顾问团体的派遣以及援助计划的制定等活动的分析,文章力图跳出冷战研究中传统大国主导逻辑,尝试说明东南亚国家发展道路的抉择和国际组织的援助对东亚冷战局势和东南亚现代化历程的塑造作用。
In the 1950s and 1960s,the choices made by Southeast Asian countries on the path of modernization promoted the structural changes of the Cold War in Southeast Asia,and also highlighted the role of international organizations in the modernization process of Southeast Asian countries. The conflict between the two sides of the Cold War's attempts to influence and intervene in the modernization mode of Southeast Asian countries and the value of independence and autonomy that Southeast Asian countries cherished made international organizations more prominent as non-state actors and third parties. The rich experience and human resources of international organizations played an important role in the modernization of Southeast Asian countries. Taking the World Bank's assistance to Indonesia in the late 1960s as an example,this paper systematically analyses the role of the World Bank in Indonesia's modernization development and IGGI as an aid system. Through analyzing the series of the World Bank investigation reports,the dispatch of advisory groups and the formulation of aid plans,the paper tries to break away from the traditional logic of "dominated by super powers"in the Cold War studies,and tries to explain the choice of the development path of Southeast Asian countries and the role of international organizations' assistance in shaping the Cold War situation in East Asia and the modernization process in Southeast Asia.
In the 1950s and 1960s,the choices made by Southeast Asian countries on the path of modernization promoted the structural changes of the Cold War in Southeast Asia,and also highlighted the role of international organizations in the modernization process of Southeast Asian countries. The conflict between the two sides of the Cold War's attempts to influence and intervene in the modernization mode of Southeast Asian countries and the value of independence and autonomy that Southeast Asian countries cherished made international organizations more prominent as non-state actors and third parties. The rich experience and human resources of international organizations played an important role in the modernization of Southeast Asian countries. Taking the World Bank's assistance to Indonesia in the late 1960s as an example,this paper systematically analyses the role of the World Bank in Indonesia's modernization development and IGGI as an aid system. Through analyzing the series of the World Bank investigation reports,the dispatch of advisory groups and the formulation of aid plans,the paper tries to break away from the traditional logic of "dominated by super powers"in the Cold War studies,and tries to explain the choice of the development path of Southeast Asian countries and the role of international organizations' assistance in shaping the Cold War situation in East Asia and the modernization process in Southeast Asia.
引文
(1)例如,布莱克认为现代化首先起始于渴望变迁的态度以及社会能够并且应该转变的信念。如果有必要定义现代化,那么现代化或许可以被界定为一个过程,在这个过程中,历史上形成的制度发生着急速的功能变迁——它伴随着科学革命而到来,反映人类知识的空前增长,从而使人类控制环境成为可能。见(美国)布莱克著,景跃进、张静译:《现代化的动力:一个比较史的研究》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1989年版,第6页。吉登斯指出,时间和空间的脱域以及由此而带来的众多的社会和经济以及人类生活的巨大变革。见(英国)安东尼·吉登斯著,田禾译:《现代性的后果》,南京:译林出版社,2000年版。罗斯托从经济发展史的角度,用经济学的方法论证现代化发展的阶段论。见(美国)罗斯托著,郭熙保、王松茂译:《经济增长的阶段——非共产党宣言》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001年版。关于现代化理论也可参见Huntington,Samuel P,“The Change to Change:Modernization,Development,and Politics”, Comparative Politics,Vol.3,No.3,1971,pp.283~322.;Dean C. Tipps,“Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies:A Critical Perspective”,Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol.15,No.2,1973,pp.199~226.
(2)关于这方面的影响,美国学者罗伯特·沃尔特斯在其著作中界定为“文化影响和体制维持”,冷战时期的美苏双方都试图将援助作为一种媒介,把自己的立场和社会结构传播到不发达国家,进而产生政治影响。从长远来看,本质上都是追逐改善环境目标而做的努力。参见(美国)罗伯特·沃尔特斯著,陈源、范坝译:《美苏援助对比分析》,北京:商务印书馆,1974年版,第11~49页。
(3)(美国)罗伯特·沃尔特斯著,陈源、范坝译:《美苏援助对比分析》,北京:商务印书馆,1974年版,第238页。
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(6)参见Hans J. Morgenthau,Politics among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace,New York:Alfred·A·Knopf,Fourth Edition,1967;Morgenthau,Hans,“A Political Theory of Foreign Aid”,The American Political Science Review,Vol. 56,No.2,1962,pp. 301~309;Olson,Mancur,“Increasing the Incentives for International Cooperation”,International Organization,Vol.25,No.4,1971,pp.866~874,关于美国现代化政策,可参见:(美国)雷迅马著,牛军译:《作为意识形态的现代化:社会科学与美国对第三世界政策》,北京:中央编译局出版社,2003年版。
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(3)关于印度尼西亚债权国会议的起源可参见纪宗安、崔丕:《印度尼西亚债权国会议的缘起和影响》,《中国社会科学》2010年第11期。
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(8)关于国际机制的定义,学者们给出的范式存在差异,如美国学者约翰·鲁杰认为其是“一群国家接受的一系列相互的预期、规则与规章、计划、组织的能量以及资金的承诺”。见Ruggie,John Gerard,“International Responses to Technology:Concepts and Trends”,International Organization,Vol.29,No.3,1975,pp. 557~584.美国学者克斯纳主编的《国际机制》一书对国际机制的定义在学界一般认为达成了共识,参见Krasner,Stephen D.,ed.,International Regimes,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1983,p.2.
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(1)(美国)肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海:上海人民出版社,2017年版,第226页。
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(4)参见世界银行官方网站,http://www.worldbank.org/.
(5)国际金融公司(IFC)是专注于私营部门的全球最大发展机构,通过投融资、动员国际金融市场资金以及为企业和政府提供咨询服务帮助发展中国家实现可持续增长。http://www.worldbank.org/.印度尼西亚申请加入IFC参见:World Bank,International Finance Corporation(IFC)Board of Governors resolution;No. 67:Membership of Indonesia(English),IFC Board of Governors Resolution;No. 67. Washington,DC;World Bank Group,1968,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/872791468268794685/International-Finance-Corpora tion-IFC-Board-of-Governors-resolution-no-67-MembershipofIndonesia.
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(11)William Clark,“Robert McNamara at the World Bank”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.60,No.1 Fall,1981,p.170.
(1)克拉克(William Clark)是英国伦敦国际环境与发展研究所所长,1968年4月至1980年4月担任世界银行负责对外关系的副行长。
(2)William Clark to Mr. Robert S. McNamara,Subject:“Indonesian Conversations”,27 June,1968,Contacts with Member Countries:Indonesia-Correspondence 01,1771083,WB IBRD/IDA 03 EXC-10-4549S,World Bank Group Archives,Washington,D.C.,United States,2013.
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(4)(5)(6)World Bank,Indonesia-Irrigation Rehabilitation Project(English),Technical Operations Projects Series;No. To658,Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.1,p.2,p.3,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/460821468254329397/IndonesiaIrrigation-Rehabilitation-Project.
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(1)World Bank Group:Manufacturing(1971),Finance&Development(Pre-1986),8(000003),50,Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/198009348?accountid=11718.
(2)World Bank,Indonesia-Technical Assistance Project(English),Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.3,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/521511468042896770/IndonesiaTechnical-Assistance-Project.
(3)(美国)罗斯托著,郭熙保、王松茂译:《经济增长的阶段——非共产党宣言》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012年版,第141页。
(4)参见(美国)弗雷德里克·罗格瓦尔著,詹涓译:《战争的余烬:法兰西殖民帝国的灭亡及美国对越南的干预》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017年版。
(5)“International Aid:Donations and Receipts”,Third World Quarterly,Vol.3,No.1,1981,p.127.
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(2)“Aid from The World Bank:Summary of Problems of The Indonesian Economy Based on Discussions Held”,June 12 and 13,1968,As Prepared by The Indonesians.
(3)(美国)阿图罗·埃斯科瓦尔著,汪淳玉等译:《遭遇发展——第三世界的形成与瓦解》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011年版,第191~192页。
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(5)王正毅:《边缘地带发展论——世界体系与东南亚的发展》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年版,第92页。
(6)饶戈平编:《全球化进程中的国际组织》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年版,第13页。
(2)关于这方面的影响,美国学者罗伯特·沃尔特斯在其著作中界定为“文化影响和体制维持”,冷战时期的美苏双方都试图将援助作为一种媒介,把自己的立场和社会结构传播到不发达国家,进而产生政治影响。从长远来看,本质上都是追逐改善环境目标而做的努力。参见(美国)罗伯特·沃尔特斯著,陈源、范坝译:《美苏援助对比分析》,北京:商务印书馆,1974年版,第11~49页。
(3)(美国)罗伯特·沃尔特斯著,陈源、范坝译:《美苏援助对比分析》,北京:商务印书馆,1974年版,第238页。
(4)参阅Michael Roeskau,DAC in Dates:The History of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee,2006;宋新宁、陈岳:《国际政治经济学概论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999年版。
(5)(美国)梅尔文·P·莱弗勒著,廖蔚莹译:《人心之争:美国、苏联与冷战》,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2012年版。
(6)参见Hans J. Morgenthau,Politics among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace,New York:Alfred·A·Knopf,Fourth Edition,1967;Morgenthau,Hans,“A Political Theory of Foreign Aid”,The American Political Science Review,Vol. 56,No.2,1962,pp. 301~309;Olson,Mancur,“Increasing the Incentives for International Cooperation”,International Organization,Vol.25,No.4,1971,pp.866~874,关于美国现代化政策,可参见:(美国)雷迅马著,牛军译:《作为意识形态的现代化:社会科学与美国对第三世界政策》,北京:中央编译局出版社,2003年版。
(1)参见(马来西亚)D.H.庞德著,林克明、汪慕恒译:《外国给印度尼西亚的经济援助(1956—1963年)》,《南洋问题资料译丛》1965年第2期;杨成译:《美国对印度尼西亚的经济援助》,《南洋资料译丛》1979年第3期;纪宗安、崔丕:《印度尼西亚债权国会议的缘起和影响》,《中国社会科学》2010年第11期;Simpson,Brad,“Indonesia’s‘Accelerated Modernization’and the Global Discourse of Development,1960-1975”,Diplomatic History,Vol.33,No.3,2009,pp.467~486;“ADB to Advise Indonesia on Food Production”,Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.3,No.33,August 17,1968,p.1282;“More Anxiety over Indonesia”,Asian Affairs,Vol.6,No.6,1979,pp.406-407;Esther Helena Arens,“Multilateral Institution-Building and National Interest:Dutch Development Policy in the 1960s”,Contemporary European History,Vol.12,No.4,2003,pp.457~472.
(2)(美国)雷迅马著,牛可译:《作为意识形态的现代化——社会科学与美国对第三世界的政策》,北京:中央编译局出版社,2003年版;中国学者孙丽萍也认为,20世纪60年代,现代化理论作为一种社会科学理论,以其特有的冷战意识形态特征,成为美国肯尼迪政府冷战的政治工具。参见孙丽萍:《现代化理论与肯尼迪政府的印尼政策》,《社会科学战线》2007年第5期。
(3)关于印度尼西亚债权国会议的起源可参见纪宗安、崔丕:《印度尼西亚债权国会议的缘起和影响》,《中国社会科学》2010年第11期。
(4)William H. Frederick and Robert L.Worden ed.,Indonesia:A Country Study,Sixth Edition,First Printing,2011.
(1)厦门大学南洋研究所编:《东南亚五国经济》,北京:人民出版社,1982年版,第77页。
(2)William H. Frederick,Robert L. Worden ed. Indonesia:A country Study,Sixth Edition,First Printing,2011.
(3)World Bank,International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)Board of Governors resolution;No. 233:Membership-Republic of Indonesia(English).IBRD Board of Governors Resolution;No. 233. Washington,DC:World Bank Group,1966.
(4)(美国)约翰·F·卡迪著,姚楠、陈炎等译:《战后东南亚史》,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年版,第268页。
(5)Adam Malik,“Promise in Indonesia”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.46,No.2,1968,p.298.
(6)Martin Rudner,“The Indonesia Military and Economic Policy:The Goals and Performance of the First Five Year Development Plan,1969-1974”,Modern Asian Studies,Vol.10,No.2,1976,p.253.
(7)(瑞士)吉尔伯特·艾蒂安著,李书红译:《反潮流发展战略》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010年版,第26页。
(8)“Bank of America in Indonesia”,5 June 1967,p.19,The Times Digital Archive,5 April 2015.
(9)“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)to President Nixon”,No. 266,Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),Southeast Asia1969-1972,Volume xx,p. 981.
(10)“Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State”,No.272,Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),Southeast Asia 1969-1972,Volume xx,p.1002.
(11)“Paper Prepared in the Department of State”,No. 277,Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),Southeast Asia1969-1972,Volume xx,p.1029.
(1)(2)World Bank,Indonesia-Economic development(English).Asia series;No.AS 132. Washington,DC:World Bank,1968,p.ii,p.iii,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/893071468267635059/Indonesia-Economic-development.
(3)World Bank,Indonesia-Current Economic Position and Prospects(English),Asia Series;No. AS 143. Washington,DC:World Bank,Statistical Appendix,Table No. 36,1968,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/341901468266149276/IndonesiaCurrent-economic-position-and-prospects.
(4)(美国)雷迅马著,牛可译:《作为意识形态的现代化——社会科学与美国对第三世界的政策》,北京:中央编译局出版社,2003年版,第329页。
(5)Memorandum for the President,Subject:“Economic Assistance to Indonesia”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No. CK3100146470.
(6)“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon”,No.267,Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),Southeast Asia 1969-1972,Volume xx,p.983.
(7)(美国)约瑟夫·奈、基欧汉著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖》,北京:北京大学出版社,2012年版,第19页。
(8)关于国际机制的定义,学者们给出的范式存在差异,如美国学者约翰·鲁杰认为其是“一群国家接受的一系列相互的预期、规则与规章、计划、组织的能量以及资金的承诺”。见Ruggie,John Gerard,“International Responses to Technology:Concepts and Trends”,International Organization,Vol.29,No.3,1975,pp. 557~584.美国学者克斯纳主编的《国际机制》一书对国际机制的定义在学界一般认为达成了共识,参见Krasner,Stephen D.,ed.,International Regimes,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1983,p.2.
(9)(美国)基欧汉著,苏长和、信强等译:《霸权之后世界政治经济中的合作与纷争(第二版)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2012年版,第63页。
(1)(美国)肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海:上海人民出版社,2017年版,第226页。
(2)(3)Memorandum for the President,Subject:“Indonesia:The Vice President’s Memorandum of July 14”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No. CK3100203824.
(4)参见世界银行官方网站,http://www.worldbank.org/.
(5)国际金融公司(IFC)是专注于私营部门的全球最大发展机构,通过投融资、动员国际金融市场资金以及为企业和政府提供咨询服务帮助发展中国家实现可持续增长。http://www.worldbank.org/.印度尼西亚申请加入IFC参见:World Bank,International Finance Corporation(IFC)Board of Governors resolution;No. 67:Membership of Indonesia(English),IFC Board of Governors Resolution;No. 67. Washington,DC;World Bank Group,1968,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/872791468268794685/International-Finance-Corpora tion-IFC-Board-of-Governors-resolution-no-67-MembershipofIndonesia.
(6)《世界银行项目管理》编写组:《世界银行项目管理(世界银行培训教材)》,北京:中国财政经济出版社,1983年版,第95页。关于世界银行项目要求还可以参见辛敏盛编:《国际复兴开发银行(世界银行)》,北京:中国展望出版社,1984年版,第65页。
(7)Memorandum for the President,Subject:“Development Loan to Indonesia:Balance of CY 1967,U.S. Assistance Commitment”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No. CK3100038500.
(1)“Meeting with Indonesia Development Planning Board Members”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No.CK3100105084.
(2)World Bank,Indonesia-Economic Development(English),Asia Series;No. AS 132,Washington,DC:World Bank, 1968,p. ii,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/893071468267635059/Indonesia-Economic-development.
(3)World Bank,Indonesia-Economic development(English),Asia Series;No. AS 132,Washington,DC:World Bank,1968,Contents,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/893071468267635059/Indonesia-Economic-development.
(1)The Vice President to the President,Subject:“Indonesia”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No. CK3100536152.
(2)Memorandum for the President,Subject:“Aid to Indonesia in CY 1968”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No. CK3100180848.
(3)(4)Memorandum for Mr. Gaud,Subject:“Indonesia”,Declassified Documents Reference System(DDRS),No. CK3100206828.
(5)(6)“U.S.Position at October 21 Inter-Governmental Group(IGG)Meeting on Indonesia”,DDRS,No. CK31000508107.
(7)World Bank,Indonesia-Current Economic Position and Prospects(English),Asia Series;No. AS 143. Washington,DC:World Bank,1968,p.iii. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/341901468266149276/Indonesia-Current-economic-positionand-prospects.
(8)World Bank,Indonesia-Current Economic Position and Prospects(English).Asia Series;No. AS 143. Washington,DC:World Bank,1968,Table of Contents,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/341901468266149276/Indonesia-Currenteconomicposition-and-prospects.
(1)(2)World Bank,Indonesia-Technical Assistance Project(English).Washington,DC:World Bank,1968,p.4, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/521511468042896770/IndonesiaTechnical-Assistance-Project.
(3)(4)(5)World Bank,Indonesia-Current Economic Position and Prospects(English),Asia Series;No. AS 143,Washington,DC:World Bank,1968,p.iii,p.ii.,p.62,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/341901468266149276/Indonesia-Currenteconomic-position-and-prospects.
(6)(美国)约翰·F·卡迪著,姚楠、陈炎等译:《战后东南亚史》,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年版,第564页。
(7)刘振亚、赵文京:《世界银行集团及其运作》,北京:人民出版社,1993年版,第250页。
(8)William Clark to Mr. Robert S. McNamara,Subject:“Conversation With Sultan of Jogjakarta,and Economic Ministers”,20 June,1968,Contacts with Member Countries:IndonesiaCorrespondence 01,1771083,WB IBRD/IDA 03 EXC-10-4549S,World Bank Group Archives,Washington,D.C.,United States,2013,p.16.
(9)“Promised Aid to Indonesia Not for Forthcoming”,Jakarta,June 30,South China Morning Post(1946-Current),July 1,1969,p.25.
(10)United States Department,O. S., 1968,“Aid to Indonesia”,Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1679118181?accountid=41097.
(11)Wares Sans Glitter,Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.3,No.44(Nov.2,1968),p.1673.;World Bank,Transcript of Oral History Interview with Bernard R. Bell Held on November13,1985 and January 28,1988(Vol.2):First Interview Session-Summary(English).World Bank Group Archives Oral History Program. Washington DC:World Bank,1985,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/891221468322787489/First-interview-session-summary.
(1)William Clark,“Robert McNamara at the World Bank”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.60,No.1,1981,p.170.关于麦克纳马拉对世界银行的改革还可以参见(美国)凯瑟琳·考菲尔德著,马立译:《世界银行的幻想大师》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1998年版,第91~100页。
(2)Arthur Karasz,“The World Bank and the Third World”,The Review of Politics,Vol.32,No.4,1970,p.483.
(3)(美国)沙普利著,李建波等译:《承诺与权力:麦克纳马拉的生活和时代》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1999年版,第565页。
(4)William Clark to Mr. Robert S. McNamara,Subject:“Conversation with President Suharto”,20 June,1968. Contacts with Member Countries:Indonesia-Correspondence 01, 1771083,WB IBRD/IDA 03 EXC-10-4549S,World Bank Group Archives,Washington,D.C.,United States,2013.
(5)Chalmers M. Roberts,The Washington Post,Staff Writer.(1968,Jun 03).McNamara to Aid Indonesia Recovery. The Washington Post,Times Herald(1959-1973),Retrieved from:https://search.proquest.com/docview/143430617?accountid=4109.
(6)Hossain,Akhtar,“Macroeconomic Developments,Policies and Issues in Indonesia,1950-2005:A Review”,Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies,Vol. XXXXIII,No. 1&2,2006,p.19.
(7)G. A. Posthumus,The Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia,Rotterdam:Rotterdam University Press,1971,p.36.
(8)(9)参见World Bank,1985,Transcript of Oral History Interview with Bernard R. Bell Held on November 13,1985 and January 28,1988(Vol.2):First Interview Session-Summary(English).World Bank Group Archives Oral History Program.Washington DC;World Bank.,p.12,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/891221468322787489/First-interview-session-summary.
(10)(澳大利亚)梅·加·李克莱弗斯著,周南京译:《印度尼西亚历史》,北京:商务印书馆,1993年版,第396页;(美国)沙普利著,李建波等译:《承诺与权力:麦克纳马拉的生活和时代》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1999年版,第566页。
(11)William Clark,“Robert McNamara at the World Bank”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.60,No.1 Fall,1981,p.170.
(1)克拉克(William Clark)是英国伦敦国际环境与发展研究所所长,1968年4月至1980年4月担任世界银行负责对外关系的副行长。
(2)William Clark to Mr. Robert S. McNamara,Subject:“Indonesian Conversations”,27 June,1968,Contacts with Member Countries:Indonesia-Correspondence 01,1771083,WB IBRD/IDA 03 EXC-10-4549S,World Bank Group Archives,Washington,D.C.,United States,2013.
(3)何曼青、马仁真编:《世界银行集团》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011年版,第139页。
(4)(5)(6)World Bank,Indonesia-Irrigation Rehabilitation Project(English),Technical Operations Projects Series;No. To658,Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.1,p.2,p.3,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/460821468254329397/IndonesiaIrrigation-Rehabilitation-Project.
(7)World Bank,Indonesia-Technical Assistance Project(English),Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.2,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/521511468042896770/IndonesiaTechnical-Assistance-Project.
(8)(9)(10)World Bank,Indonesia-Technical Assistance Project(English),Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.1,p.2,p.1,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/521511468042896770/Indonesia-Technical-Assistance-Project.
(1)World Bank Group:Manufacturing(1971),Finance&Development(Pre-1986),8(000003),50,Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/198009348?accountid=11718.
(2)World Bank,Indonesia-Technical Assistance Project(English),Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.3,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/521511468042896770/IndonesiaTechnical-Assistance-Project.
(3)(美国)罗斯托著,郭熙保、王松茂译:《经济增长的阶段——非共产党宣言》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012年版,第141页。
(4)参见(美国)弗雷德里克·罗格瓦尔著,詹涓译:《战争的余烬:法兰西殖民帝国的灭亡及美国对越南的干预》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017年版。
(5)“International Aid:Donations and Receipts”,Third World Quarterly,Vol.3,No.1,1981,p.127.
(1)World Bank,Indonesia-Technical Assistance Project(English),Washington DC:World Bank,1968,p.24.http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/521511468042896770/Indonesia-Technical-Assistance-Project.
(2)“Aid from The World Bank:Summary of Problems of The Indonesian Economy Based on Discussions Held”,June 12 and 13,1968,As Prepared by The Indonesians.
(3)(美国)阿图罗·埃斯科瓦尔著,汪淳玉等译:《遭遇发展——第三世界的形成与瓦解》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011年版,第191~192页。
(4)G. A. Posthumus,The Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia,Rotterdam:Rotterdam University Press,1971,p.28.
(5)王正毅:《边缘地带发展论——世界体系与东南亚的发展》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年版,第92页。
(6)饶戈平编:《全球化进程中的国际组织》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年版,第13页。
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