基于卫星遥感的祁连山及甘肃中部地区云宏观特征
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摘要
利用2007—2010年Cloud Sat和CALIPSO卫星遥感资料以及中国国家气象信息中心(CMDC)提供的地面降水资料(1996—2016年),对祁连山区、甘肃中部及石羊河流域的不同云类型宏观特征进行了分析。结果表明:各研究区域总云分数的季节变化较一致,较大值出现在春夏季,均超过70%。总云分数的高值区主要集中在祁连山南坡,与降水量高值区分布一致。积状云云分数最大值出现在夏季,积状云降水频率高于层状云。云层以单层云为主,云厚度均超过2. 0 km,春季甘肃中部的单层云厚度最大达3. 0 km; 2层云夹层比3层云的夹层厚度要厚。产生降水的云中积状云和单层云的发生频率较高。各区域云频率随高度分布趋势大致相同,层状云出现的高度在距地表0. 5 km到12. 0 km,云频率峰值均在高度6. 0 km左右出现;积状云云频率随高度分布较层状云明显偏低,峰值出现在1. 5 km左右高度。
In this study,the CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite remote sensing data from 2007 to 2010 and the precipitation data provided by China National Meteorological Information Center( CMDC) from 1996 to 2016 were used to analyze the macroscopic characteristics of different cloud types over the Qilian Mountains,central Gansu Province and the Shiyang River Basin. The results showed that the seasonal variation of total cloud fraction over the each research area was consistent,and its high values occurred mostly in spring and summer. The areas with high values of total cloud fraction were mainly located in the southern slope of the Qilian Mountains as those with high values of precipitation. The maximum value of cumulus cloud fraction occurred in summer,and the precipitation frequency of cumulus cloud was higher than that of stratiform cloud. Single-layer cloud was dominant,and its thickness was over 2. 0 km. The maximum thickness of single-layer cloud over central Gansu was 3. 0 km in spring. The thickness of two-layer clouds was thicker than that of three-layer clouds. Cumulus cloud and single-layer cloud producing precipitation occurred more frequently. The distribution trend of cloud frequency with the height over each research area was similar,the altitude of stratiform cloud ranged from 0. 5 km to 12. 0 km in altitude,and the peak frequency appeared around 6. 0 km in altitude. The distribution altitude of cumulus cloud frequency was obviously lower than that of stratiform cloud,and the peak value occurred around 1. 5 km in altitude.
In this study,the CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite remote sensing data from 2007 to 2010 and the precipitation data provided by China National Meteorological Information Center( CMDC) from 1996 to 2016 were used to analyze the macroscopic characteristics of different cloud types over the Qilian Mountains,central Gansu Province and the Shiyang River Basin. The results showed that the seasonal variation of total cloud fraction over the each research area was consistent,and its high values occurred mostly in spring and summer. The areas with high values of total cloud fraction were mainly located in the southern slope of the Qilian Mountains as those with high values of precipitation. The maximum value of cumulus cloud fraction occurred in summer,and the precipitation frequency of cumulus cloud was higher than that of stratiform cloud. Single-layer cloud was dominant,and its thickness was over 2. 0 km. The maximum thickness of single-layer cloud over central Gansu was 3. 0 km in spring. The thickness of two-layer clouds was thicker than that of three-layer clouds. Cumulus cloud and single-layer cloud producing precipitation occurred more frequently. The distribution trend of cloud frequency with the height over each research area was similar,the altitude of stratiform cloud ranged from 0. 5 km to 12. 0 km in altitude,and the peak frequency appeared around 6. 0 km in altitude. The distribution altitude of cumulus cloud frequency was obviously lower than that of stratiform cloud,and the peak value occurred around 1. 5 km in altitude.
引文
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[16]丁晓东,黄建平,李积明,等.基于主动卫星遥感研究西北地区云层垂直结构特征及其对人工增雨的影响[J].干旱气象,2012,30(4):529-538.[Ding Xiaodong,Huang Jianping,Li Jiming,et al.Study on cloud vertical structure feature over northwest China based on active satellite remote sensing and its influence on precipitation enhancement[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2012,30(4):529-538.]
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[18]李泽椿,周毓荃,李庆祥,等.人工增雨是缓和干旱半干旱地区水资源匮乏的一个补充途径[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2006,29(1):1-6.[Li Zechun,Zhou Yuquan,Li Qingxiang,et al.A sdditional way for alleviating water resources shortage in arid and semiarid region:Precipitation stimulation[J].Desert and Oasis Meteorology,2006,29(1):1-6.]
[19]张良,王式功,尚可政,等.祁连山区空中水资源研究[J].干旱气象,2007,25(1):14-20.[Zhang Liang,Wang Shigong,Shang Kezheng,et al.Research on vapor and precipitation resources over the Qilian mountain area[J].Arid Meteorology,2007,25(1):14-20.]
[20]Huang J,Zhang W,Zuo J,et al.An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the loess plateau[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2008,25(6):906-921.
[21]Jing X,Huang J,Wang G,et al.The effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem CO2exchange over semi-arid loess plateau of Northwest China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2010,10:8 205-8 218.
[22]陈超,郭晓军,邱晓斌,等.中国华北地区云垂直结构及云水含量卫星遥感研究[J].气象与环境学报,2015,31(5):159-164.[Chen Chao,Guo Xiaojun,Qiu Xiaobin,et al.Analysis of cloud vertical structure and cloud water content over North China based on satellite remote sensing data[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2015,31(5):159-164.]
[23]彭杰,张华,沈新勇.东亚地区云垂直结构的CloudSat卫星观测研究[J].大气科学,2013,37(1):91-100.[Peng Jie,Zhang Hua,Shen Xinyong.Analysis of vertical structure of clouds in East Asia with CloudSat data[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2013,37(1):91-100.]
[24]汪会,罗亚丽,张人禾.用CloudSat/CALIPSO资料分析亚洲季风区和青藏高原地区云的季节变化特征[J].大气科学,2011,35(6):1 117-1 131.[Wang Hui,Luo Yali,Zhang Renhe.Analyzing seasonal variation of clouds over the Asian Monsoon regions and the Tibetan plateau region using CloudSat/CALIPSO data[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2011,35(6):1 117-1 131.]
[2]Chellaney B.Water,Peace,and War[M].New York:Rowman&Littlefield,2014.
[3]Surie,South M D.Asia’s water crisis:A problem of scarcity amid abundance[EB/OL].http://asiafoundation.org/2015/0.3/25/south-asias-water-crisis-a-problrm-of-scarcity-amid-abundance/,2017-02-21.
[4]周莹,尚志强,贾彪.西北地区水资源现状及存在的问题[J].内蒙古水利,2012(4):37-39.[Zhou Ying,Shang Zhiqiang,Jia Biao.Present situation and existing problems of water resources in Northwest China[J].Inner Mongolia Water Resources,2012(4):37-39.]
[5]陈亚宁,杨青,罗毅,等.西北干旱区水资源问题研究思考[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):1-9.[Chen Yaning,Yang Qing,Luo Yi,et al.Ponder on the issues of water resources in the arid region of Northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(1):1-9.]
[6]王守荣,郑水红,程磊.气候变化对西北水循环和水资源影响的研究[J].气候与环境研究,2003,8(1):43-51.[Wang Shourong,Zheng Shuihong,Cheng Lei.Studies on impacts of climate change on water cycle and water resources in Northwest China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2003,8(1):43-51.]
[7]陈勇航,陈艳,黄建平,等.中国西北地区云的分布及其变化趋势[J].高原气象,2007,26(4):741-748.[Chen Yonghang,Chen Yan,Huang Jianping,et al.Distribution and variation trend of cloud over Northwestern China[J].Plateau Meteorology,2007,26(4):741-748.]
[8]宜树华,刘洪利,李维亮,等.中国西北地区云时空分布特征的初步分析[J].气象,2003,29(1):7-11.[Yi Shuhua,Liu Hongli,Li Weiliang,et al.Spatial and temporal distributions of cloud over Northwest of China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2003,29(1):7-11.]
[9]陈少勇,石光普,董安祥,等.祁连山层状云的时空分布及其环流特征分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(4):946-953.[Chen Shaoyong,Shi Guangpu,Dong Anxiang,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of stratiform clouds over Qilian mountains and circulation characteristic[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(4):946-953.]
[10]陈少勇,徐科展,董安祥,等.祁连山积雨云的时空分布及其环流特征[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(1):114-120.[Chen Shaoyong,Xu Kezhan,Dong Anxiang,et al.Analysis on spatial distribution of cumulonimbus and its circulation characteristics over the Qilian mountains[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(1):114-120.]
[11]王帅辉,韩志刚,姚志刚,等.基于CloudSat资料的中国及周边地区各类云的宏观特征分析[J].气象学报,2011,69(5):883-899.[Wang Shuaihui,Han Zhigang,Yao Zhigang,et al.An analysis of cloud types and macroscopic characteristics over China and its neighborhood based on the CloudSat data[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2011,69(5):883-899.]
[12]Luo Yali,Zhang Renhe,Wang Hui.Comparing occurrences and vertical structures of hydrometeors between eastern China and the Indian Monsoon region using CloudSat/CALIPSO data[J].Climate,2008,22:https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2606.1
[13]Stephens G L,Vane D G,Tanelli S,et al.CloudSat mission:Performance and early science after the first year of operation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113(D8):2 036-2 044.
[14]臧海佳,王旻燕,李占清.美国对地观测系统卫星资料产品及服务[M].北京:气象出版社,2011.[Zang Haijia,Wang Minyan,Li Zhanqing.U.S.Earth Observation System Satellite Data Products and Services[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2011.]
[15]周毓荃,赵姝慧.CloudSat卫星及其在天气和云观测分析中的应用[J].大气科学学报,2008,31(5):603-614.[Zhou Yuquan,Zhao Shuhui.CloudSat satellite and its application in weather and cloud observation[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,31(5):603-614.]
[16]丁晓东,黄建平,李积明,等.基于主动卫星遥感研究西北地区云层垂直结构特征及其对人工增雨的影响[J].干旱气象,2012,30(4):529-538.[Ding Xiaodong,Huang Jianping,Li Jiming,et al.Study on cloud vertical structure feature over northwest China based on active satellite remote sensing and its influence on precipitation enhancement[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2012,30(4):529-538.]
[17]Hagihara Y,Okamoto H,Yoshida R.Development of a combined CloudSat-CALIPSO cloud mask to show global cloud distribution[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2010,115(D4):https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012344.
[18]李泽椿,周毓荃,李庆祥,等.人工增雨是缓和干旱半干旱地区水资源匮乏的一个补充途径[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2006,29(1):1-6.[Li Zechun,Zhou Yuquan,Li Qingxiang,et al.A sdditional way for alleviating water resources shortage in arid and semiarid region:Precipitation stimulation[J].Desert and Oasis Meteorology,2006,29(1):1-6.]
[19]张良,王式功,尚可政,等.祁连山区空中水资源研究[J].干旱气象,2007,25(1):14-20.[Zhang Liang,Wang Shigong,Shang Kezheng,et al.Research on vapor and precipitation resources over the Qilian mountain area[J].Arid Meteorology,2007,25(1):14-20.]
[20]Huang J,Zhang W,Zuo J,et al.An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the loess plateau[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2008,25(6):906-921.
[21]Jing X,Huang J,Wang G,et al.The effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem CO2exchange over semi-arid loess plateau of Northwest China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2010,10:8 205-8 218.
[22]陈超,郭晓军,邱晓斌,等.中国华北地区云垂直结构及云水含量卫星遥感研究[J].气象与环境学报,2015,31(5):159-164.[Chen Chao,Guo Xiaojun,Qiu Xiaobin,et al.Analysis of cloud vertical structure and cloud water content over North China based on satellite remote sensing data[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2015,31(5):159-164.]
[23]彭杰,张华,沈新勇.东亚地区云垂直结构的CloudSat卫星观测研究[J].大气科学,2013,37(1):91-100.[Peng Jie,Zhang Hua,Shen Xinyong.Analysis of vertical structure of clouds in East Asia with CloudSat data[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2013,37(1):91-100.]
[24]汪会,罗亚丽,张人禾.用CloudSat/CALIPSO资料分析亚洲季风区和青藏高原地区云的季节变化特征[J].大气科学,2011,35(6):1 117-1 131.[Wang Hui,Luo Yali,Zhang Renhe.Analyzing seasonal variation of clouds over the Asian Monsoon regions and the Tibetan plateau region using CloudSat/CALIPSO data[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2011,35(6):1 117-1 131.]
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