台风对长江口表层悬沙浓度的影响
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摘要
悬沙浓度是衡量水质的重要指标,其变化对底床冲淤、生物初级生产力及土地资源保护有重要影响.以长江河口海岸区域为例,利用六个典型测站的表层悬沙浓度数据(包括徐六泾、青龙港、高桥、横沙、佘山和芦潮港),以及长时间尺度的连续风速风向、波高、波周期等资料,分析2010—2014年间台风事件对长江口表层悬沙浓度的影响特征.结果表明,在六次台风袭扰下,平均有效波高是台风前2.2倍,平均风速是台风前1.7倍.平均表层悬沙浓度短期可达到0.69 kg/m~3,是台风前(0.32 kg/m~3)的2倍,个别台风(圆规;)影响后悬沙浓度可增大4倍.另外,台风对于长江口不同河段的影响程度不同.河口下段的佘山站与芦潮港站短时间内受到台风影响最为显著,悬沙浓度分别增加167.1%、143.7%;而河口中段敏感性不高,受风速影响相对较小.据长时间尺度数据统计,悬沙浓度在风级1-4级内增长幅度较为平缓,5级以上风级越大相应的悬沙浓度变化幅度越明显.高能量的台风引起的风速和波高变化是促使表层悬沙浓度急剧变化的主要因素,在台风期间因台风影响导致的悬沙浓度变化远大于因潮汐和径流量作用的悬沙浓度变化.该研究有利于台风天气下的海岸带防护,并对多学科交叉研究有重要的意义.
Suspended sediment concentration(SSC) is an important index to measure water quality, and its variations have major influences on seabed erosion/accretion, biological primary productivity, and restoration/loss of land resources. To study the influence of typhoons on the SSC in the Yangtze Estuary, we used surficial SSC data collected at six gauging stations-namely Xuliujing, Qinglonggang, Gaoqiao, Hengsha, Sheshan, and Luchaogang-over the period from 2010 to 2014, as well as continuous data on wind speeds and wave heights over long time scales. The results indicated that wave heights and wind speeds during typhoons were on average 2.2 times and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than those before a typhoon occurred. The mean surficial SSC at the gauging stations also doubled, increasing from 0.32 kg/m~3 before typhoons to 0.69 kg/m~3 during typhoons. The SSC measured during typhoons was found to be 4 times larger than values observed during calm weather. The typhoons' influences on SSC, moreover, varied across different sections of the Yangtze Estuary. Influences measured at the Sheshan and Luchaogang stations in the outer estuary were the most significant, and the SSC at the two stations increased by167.1% and 143.7%, respectively. However, the sensitivity of SSC to the typhoons was relatively minor in the inner estuary, where winds' influences were accordingly minimal.Based on long time scale data, the increase of SSC was moderate for wind scales 1-4, and the increase of SSC became evident above a wind scale of 5. Changes in wind speeds and wave heights, resulting from typhoons, were the most dominant factors attributing to the varation in surficial SSC. During typhoon season, the change of surficial SSC caused by typhoons is much greater than the change of surficial SSC due to tidal and runoff effects.This study is beneficial to the protection of coastal engineering during typhoons and has important implications for the study of interdisciplinary fields.
Suspended sediment concentration(SSC) is an important index to measure water quality, and its variations have major influences on seabed erosion/accretion, biological primary productivity, and restoration/loss of land resources. To study the influence of typhoons on the SSC in the Yangtze Estuary, we used surficial SSC data collected at six gauging stations-namely Xuliujing, Qinglonggang, Gaoqiao, Hengsha, Sheshan, and Luchaogang-over the period from 2010 to 2014, as well as continuous data on wind speeds and wave heights over long time scales. The results indicated that wave heights and wind speeds during typhoons were on average 2.2 times and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than those before a typhoon occurred. The mean surficial SSC at the gauging stations also doubled, increasing from 0.32 kg/m~3 before typhoons to 0.69 kg/m~3 during typhoons. The SSC measured during typhoons was found to be 4 times larger than values observed during calm weather. The typhoons' influences on SSC, moreover, varied across different sections of the Yangtze Estuary. Influences measured at the Sheshan and Luchaogang stations in the outer estuary were the most significant, and the SSC at the two stations increased by167.1% and 143.7%, respectively. However, the sensitivity of SSC to the typhoons was relatively minor in the inner estuary, where winds' influences were accordingly minimal.Based on long time scale data, the increase of SSC was moderate for wind scales 1-4, and the increase of SSC became evident above a wind scale of 5. Changes in wind speeds and wave heights, resulting from typhoons, were the most dominant factors attributing to the varation in surficial SSC. During typhoon season, the change of surficial SSC caused by typhoons is much greater than the change of surficial SSC due to tidal and runoff effects.This study is beneficial to the protection of coastal engineering during typhoons and has important implications for the study of interdisciplinary fields.
引文
[1]陈吉余.长江河口动力过程和地貌演变[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.
[2]詹义正,陈立.泥沙比表面积的测定[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),1996(5):6-9.
[3]WEBSTER T, LEMCKERT C J. Sediment resuspension within a microtidal estuary/embayment and the implication to channel management[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2002, SI36(4):753-759.
[4]刘金贵,李海,刘桂梅,等.近海泥沙输运与生态系统的耦合模拟研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,2012(5):770-774.
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[11] YING M, CHEN B, WU G. Climate trends in tropical cyclone-induced wind and precipitation over mainland China[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(1):1702.
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[13]刘志国.长江口水体表层泥沙浓度的遥感反演与分析[D]上海:华东师范大学,2007.
[14] FANG S, VERHOEF W, ZHOU Y X, et al. Satellite estimates of wide-range suspended sediment concentrations in Changjiang(Yangtze)estuary using MERIS data[J]. Estuaries&Coasts, 2010, 33(6):1420-1429.
[15] LI P, YANG S L, XU K H, et al. Spatial, temporal, and human-induced variations in suspended sediment concentration in the surface waters of the Yangtze Estuary and adjacent coastal areas[J]. Estuaries&Coasts,2012,35(5):1316-1327.
[16] YANG S L, LI P, GAO A, et al. Cyclical variability of suspended sediment concentration over a low-energy tidal flat in Jiaozhou Bay, China:Effect of shoaling on wave impact[J]. Geo-Marine Letters, 2007, 27(5):345-353.
[17] HALE R P, NITTROUER C A, LIU J T, et al. Effects of a major typhoon on sediment accumulation in Fangliao Submarine Canyon, SW Taiwan[J]. Marine Geology, 2012, 326:116-130.
[18] HUANG M Y F, MONTGOMERY D R. Altered regional sediment transport regime after a large typhoon,southern Taiwan[J]. Geology, 2013, 41(12):1223-1226.
[19] MILES T, GLENN S M, SCHOFIELD O. Temporal and spatial variability in fall storm induced sediment resuspension on the Mid-Atlantic Bight[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2013, 63(4):S36-S49.
[20] YING M, ZHANG W, YU H, et al. An overview of the China meteorological administration tropical cyclone database[J]. Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology, 2014, 31(2):287-301.
[21] YANG S L, MILLIMAN J D, XU K H, et al. Downstream sedimentary and geomorphic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014, 138:469-486.
[22]沈焕庭,贺松林.长江河口最大浑浊带研究[M]//沈焕庭,潘定安.长江河口最大浑浊带.北京:海洋出版社,2001:90-97.
[23]隋洪波.长江口区波浪分布及其双峰谱型波浪的统计特征[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2003.
[24]恽才兴.长江河口近期演变基本规律[M]北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[25]陈沈良,胡方西,胡辉,等.长江口区河海划界自然条件及方案探讨[J].海洋学研究,2009, 27(s1):1-9.
[26]国家质量技术监督局.海洋监测规范第4部分,海水分析:GB 17378.7-1998[S].北京:中国标准出版社出版,1999.
[27] LIN I I. Typhoon-induced phytoplankton blooms and primary productivity increase in the western North Pacific subtropical ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2012, 117(C03039):1-15.
[28]中国气象局政策法规司.气象标准汇编:2005-2006[M].北京:气象出版社,2008.
[29]王帅,张干,傅聃.西北太平洋台风眼形态特征分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2010,40(s1):31-40.
[30]李鹏.长江供沙锐减背景下河口及其邻近海域悬沙浓度变化和三角洲敏感区部淤响应[D].上海:华东师范大学,2012.
[31]姚俊.长江口典型河段表层悬沙浓度影响因子定量分析[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.
[32]杨世伦,丁平兴,赵庆英.开敞大河口滩槽冲淤对台风的响应及其动力泥沙机制探讨——以长江口南汇边滩-南槽-九段沙系统为例[J].海洋工程,2002(3):69-75.
[33]郜昂,赵华云,杨世伦,等.径流、潮流和风浪共同作用下近岸悬沙浓度变化的周期性探讨——以杭州湾和长江口交汇处的南汇嘴为例[J].海洋科学进展,2008, 26(1):44-50.
[34] DAVERGNE T. Offshore and nearshore chlorophyll increases induced by typhoon winds and subsequent terrestrial rainwater runoff[J]. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 2007, 333(1):61-74.
[35] CIGIZOGLU H K. Estimation and forecasting of daily suspended sediment data by multi-layer perceptrons[J].Advances in Water Resources, 2004, 27(2):185-195.
[36]左书华.长江河口典型河段水动力、泥沙特征及影响因素分析[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[37] BOOTH J G, MILLER R L, MCKEE B A, et al. Wind-induced bottom sediment resuspension in a microtidal coastal environment[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2000, 20(7):785-806.
[38] HALLERMEIER R J. A profile zonation for seasonal sand beaches from wave climate[J]. Coastal Engineering,1980, 4(80):253-277.
[39]苗丽敏,杨世伦,朱琴,等.风暴过程中潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的变化及其动力机制——以长江三角洲南汇潮滩为例[J].海洋学报,2016, 38(5):158-167.
[40]孙连成.渤海湾西南部近海水域风天含沙量分布特征[J].泥沙研究,1991(1):52-56.
[41] LI Y, LI X. Remote sensing observations and numerical studies of a super typhoon-induced suspended sediment concentration variation in the East China Sea[J]. Ocean Modelling, 2016, 104:187-202.
[2]詹义正,陈立.泥沙比表面积的测定[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),1996(5):6-9.
[3]WEBSTER T, LEMCKERT C J. Sediment resuspension within a microtidal estuary/embayment and the implication to channel management[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2002, SI36(4):753-759.
[4]刘金贵,李海,刘桂梅,等.近海泥沙输运与生态系统的耦合模拟研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,2012(5):770-774.
[5]陈沈良,谷国传.杭州湾口悬沙浓度变化与模拟[J].泥沙研究,2000(5):45-50.
[6]YANG S L, ZHANG J, ZHU J. Response of suspended sediment concentration to tidal dynamics at a site inside the mouth of an inlet:Jiaozhou Bay(China)[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2004, 8(2):170-182.
[7]王喜年.风暴潮预报知识讲座[J].海洋预报,2001.20(3):63-69.
[8]FIELD C B, BARROS V R, DOKKEN D J, et al. Part A:Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M]//IPCC. Climate Change 2014:Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2014.
[9]冯士榨.风暴潮的研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,1998, 20(4):44-47.
[10]杨桂山.中国沿海风暴潮灾害的历史变化及未来趋向[J].自然灾害学报,2000, 9(3):23-30.
[11] YING M, CHEN B, WU G. Climate trends in tropical cyclone-induced wind and precipitation over mainland China[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(1):1702.
[12]何超.近二十年长江口邻近海域悬沙分布比较研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2007.
[13]刘志国.长江口水体表层泥沙浓度的遥感反演与分析[D]上海:华东师范大学,2007.
[14] FANG S, VERHOEF W, ZHOU Y X, et al. Satellite estimates of wide-range suspended sediment concentrations in Changjiang(Yangtze)estuary using MERIS data[J]. Estuaries&Coasts, 2010, 33(6):1420-1429.
[15] LI P, YANG S L, XU K H, et al. Spatial, temporal, and human-induced variations in suspended sediment concentration in the surface waters of the Yangtze Estuary and adjacent coastal areas[J]. Estuaries&Coasts,2012,35(5):1316-1327.
[16] YANG S L, LI P, GAO A, et al. Cyclical variability of suspended sediment concentration over a low-energy tidal flat in Jiaozhou Bay, China:Effect of shoaling on wave impact[J]. Geo-Marine Letters, 2007, 27(5):345-353.
[17] HALE R P, NITTROUER C A, LIU J T, et al. Effects of a major typhoon on sediment accumulation in Fangliao Submarine Canyon, SW Taiwan[J]. Marine Geology, 2012, 326:116-130.
[18] HUANG M Y F, MONTGOMERY D R. Altered regional sediment transport regime after a large typhoon,southern Taiwan[J]. Geology, 2013, 41(12):1223-1226.
[19] MILES T, GLENN S M, SCHOFIELD O. Temporal and spatial variability in fall storm induced sediment resuspension on the Mid-Atlantic Bight[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2013, 63(4):S36-S49.
[20] YING M, ZHANG W, YU H, et al. An overview of the China meteorological administration tropical cyclone database[J]. Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology, 2014, 31(2):287-301.
[21] YANG S L, MILLIMAN J D, XU K H, et al. Downstream sedimentary and geomorphic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014, 138:469-486.
[22]沈焕庭,贺松林.长江河口最大浑浊带研究[M]//沈焕庭,潘定安.长江河口最大浑浊带.北京:海洋出版社,2001:90-97.
[23]隋洪波.长江口区波浪分布及其双峰谱型波浪的统计特征[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2003.
[24]恽才兴.长江河口近期演变基本规律[M]北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[25]陈沈良,胡方西,胡辉,等.长江口区河海划界自然条件及方案探讨[J].海洋学研究,2009, 27(s1):1-9.
[26]国家质量技术监督局.海洋监测规范第4部分,海水分析:GB 17378.7-1998[S].北京:中国标准出版社出版,1999.
[27] LIN I I. Typhoon-induced phytoplankton blooms and primary productivity increase in the western North Pacific subtropical ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2012, 117(C03039):1-15.
[28]中国气象局政策法规司.气象标准汇编:2005-2006[M].北京:气象出版社,2008.
[29]王帅,张干,傅聃.西北太平洋台风眼形态特征分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2010,40(s1):31-40.
[30]李鹏.长江供沙锐减背景下河口及其邻近海域悬沙浓度变化和三角洲敏感区部淤响应[D].上海:华东师范大学,2012.
[31]姚俊.长江口典型河段表层悬沙浓度影响因子定量分析[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.
[32]杨世伦,丁平兴,赵庆英.开敞大河口滩槽冲淤对台风的响应及其动力泥沙机制探讨——以长江口南汇边滩-南槽-九段沙系统为例[J].海洋工程,2002(3):69-75.
[33]郜昂,赵华云,杨世伦,等.径流、潮流和风浪共同作用下近岸悬沙浓度变化的周期性探讨——以杭州湾和长江口交汇处的南汇嘴为例[J].海洋科学进展,2008, 26(1):44-50.
[34] DAVERGNE T. Offshore and nearshore chlorophyll increases induced by typhoon winds and subsequent terrestrial rainwater runoff[J]. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 2007, 333(1):61-74.
[35] CIGIZOGLU H K. Estimation and forecasting of daily suspended sediment data by multi-layer perceptrons[J].Advances in Water Resources, 2004, 27(2):185-195.
[36]左书华.长江河口典型河段水动力、泥沙特征及影响因素分析[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[37] BOOTH J G, MILLER R L, MCKEE B A, et al. Wind-induced bottom sediment resuspension in a microtidal coastal environment[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2000, 20(7):785-806.
[38] HALLERMEIER R J. A profile zonation for seasonal sand beaches from wave climate[J]. Coastal Engineering,1980, 4(80):253-277.
[39]苗丽敏,杨世伦,朱琴,等.风暴过程中潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的变化及其动力机制——以长江三角洲南汇潮滩为例[J].海洋学报,2016, 38(5):158-167.
[40]孙连成.渤海湾西南部近海水域风天含沙量分布特征[J].泥沙研究,1991(1):52-56.
[41] LI Y, LI X. Remote sensing observations and numerical studies of a super typhoon-induced suspended sediment concentration variation in the East China Sea[J]. Ocean Modelling, 2016, 104:187-202.
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