Formation and evolution of the tertiary carbonate reefs in the Madura Strait Basin of Indonesia
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摘要
Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome re?ections, slope progradational re?ections, chaotic re?ections and discontinuous strong re?ections inside the reef, which onlap the ?ank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily in?uenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.
Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic reflection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome reflections, slope progradational reflections, chaotic reflections and discontinuous strong reflections inside the reef, which onlap the flank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily influenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.
Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic reflection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome reflections, slope progradational reflections, chaotic reflections and discontinuous strong reflections inside the reef, which onlap the flank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily influenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.
引文
Arifin M T,Ferguson A.2017.Reservoir characterization using seismic attributes and inversion analysis of Globigerina Limestone reservoir,Madura Strait,Indonesia.In:Proceedings of the 41st Annual Convention Indonesian Petroleum Assocation.IPA,Jakarta.p.1-16.
Brown L F Jr,Fisher W L.1980.Seismic stratigraphic interpretation and petroleum exploration:interpretation of depositional systems and lithofacies from seismic data.I n:AAPG Continuing Education Course Note Series.AAPG,McLean,VA.p.1-125.
Bubb J N,Hatlelid W G.1978.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,part 10:seismic recognition of carbonate buildups.AAPG Bulletin,62(5):772-791.
Clements B,Hall R,Smyth H R,Cottam M A.2009.Thrusting of a volcanic arc:a new structural model for Java.Petroleum Geoscience,15(2):159-174.
Clements B,Hall R.2011.A record of continental collision and regional sediment fl ux for the cretaceous and palaeogene core of SE Asia:implications for early Cenozoic palaeogeography.Journal of the Geological Society,168(5):1 187-1 200.
Du Y,Fang G H.2011.Progress on the study of the Indonesian Seas and Indonesian throughfl ow.Advances in Earth Science,26(11):1 131-1 142.
Eberli G P,Masaferro J L,Sarg J F.2004.Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems.A APG Memoir,81(81):1-9.
Fan X J.2015.Control sedimentation characteristics of upper Permian Changxing formation in Yuanba area and its control action for reservoir.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),37(2):39-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fang G H,Susanto R D,Wirasantosa S,Qiao F L,Supangat A,Fan B,Wei Z X,Sulistiyo B,Li S J.2010.Volume,heat,and freshwater transports from the South China Sea to Indonesian seas in the boreal winter of 2007-2008.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C12):C12020.
Fontaine J M,Cussey R,Lacaze J,Lanaud R,Yapaudjian Y.1987.Seismic interpretation of carbonate depositional environments.AAPG Bulletin,71(3):281-297.
Gordon A L,Susanto R D,Vranes K.2003.Cool Indonesian throughfl ow as a consequence of restricted surface layer fl ow.Nature,425(6960):824-828.
Grammer G M,Ginsburg R N,Swart P K,McNeill D F,Jull AJ T,Prezbindowski D R.1993.Rapid growth rates of syndepositional marine aragonite cements in steep marginal slope deposits,Bahamas and Belize.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,63(5):983-989.
Gu J Y,Ma F,Ji L D.2009.Types,characteristics and main controlling factors of carbonate platform.Journal of Palaeogeography,11(1):21-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hall R,Sevastjanova I.2012.Australian crust in Indonesia.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,59(6):827-844.
Hall R.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,106(1):153-184.
Hall R.1997.Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstructions of SEAsia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,126(1):11-23.
Hall R.2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacifi c:computer-based reconstructions,model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20(4):353-431.
Hall R.2012.Late Jurassic-Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,570-571:1-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.021.
Hamilton W.1979.Tectonics of the Indonesian Region.United States Government Printing Offi ce,Washington,USA.
Handford C R,Loucks R G.1993.Carbonate Depositional Sequences and Systems Tracts--Responses of Carbonate Platforms to Relative Sea-Level Changes:Chapter 1.AAPG Special Volumes,168:3-41.
Jin Z K,Shi L,Gao B S,Yu K H.2013.Carbonate facies and facies models.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,31(6):965-979.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Kopp H,Flueh E R,Petersen C J,Weinrebe W,Wittwer A,Scientists M.2006.The Java margin revisited:evidence for subduction erosion off Java.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,242(1-2):130-142.
Kusumastuti A,Van Rensbergen P,Warren J K.2002.Seismic sequence analysis and reservoir potential of drowned Miocene carbonate platforms in the Madura Strait,East Java,Indonesia.AAPG Bulletin,86(2):213-232.
Li Q F,Miao S D,Jiang Q C,Wang T S,Xu A N,Zhai X F.2015.Sedimentary characteristics and reef-forming model of Changxing Formation in Panlongdong Section of Xuanhan,Sichuan.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),45(5):1 322-1 331.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Longley I M.1997.The tectonostratigraphic evolution of SEAsia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,126(1):311-339.
Matthews S J,Bransden P J E.1995.Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic development of the East Java Sea basin,Indonesia.Marine and Petroleum Geology,12(5):499-510.
Nayoan G A S,Arpandi,Siregar M.1981.Tertiary carbonate reservoirs in Indonesia.In:Energy Resources of the Pacifi c Region.AAPG,McLean,VA.p.133-145.
Ni J E,Sun L C,He J,Jiang B Z,Wang H Q,Wang L,Guo LN.2016.Characteristics of globigerinid limestone reservoirs of bottom current deposition in Gas Field A of Madura Strait,Indonesia.Oil&Gas Geology,37(5):773-778.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Read J F.1985.Carbonate platform facies models.AAPGBulletin,69(1):1-21.
Rutley D W.2001.Quantitative seismic reservoir characterisation:A model-based approach for the Sampang PSC,East Java,Indonesia.Exploration Geophysics,32(3-4):275-278.
Satyana A H.2002.Oligo-Miocene reefs:east Java’s giant fi elds.In:Sidi F H,Setiawan A eds.Proceedings of Giant Field and New exploration concepts seminar.Indonesian Association of Geologists(IAGI),Jakarta.p.45-62.
Satyana A H.2005.Oligo-Miocene carbonates of Java,Indonesia:tectono-volcanic setting and petroleum implications.Proceedings of the 30th Annual Convention.Indonesian Petroleum Association(IPA),Jakarta.1:217-249.
Schiller D M,Seubert B W,Musliki S,Abdullah M.1994.The reservoir potential of globigerinid sands in Indonesia.Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Convention.AAPG,McLean,VA.1:189-212.
Sevastjanova I,Clements B,Hall R,Belousova E A,Griffi n WL,Pearson N.2011.Granitic magmatism,basement ages,and provenance indicators in the Malay Peninsula:insights from detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotope data.Gondwana Res earch,19(4):1 024-1 039.
Sharaf E,Simo J A,Carroll A R,Shields M.2005.Stratigraphic evolution of Oligocene-Miocene carbonates and siliciclastics,East Java Basin,Indonesia.AAPG Bulletin,89(6):799-819.
Shinoda T,Han W Q,Metzger E J,Hurlburt H E.2012.Seasonal variation of the Indonesian throughfl ow in Makassar Strait.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(7):1 099-1 123.
Simandjuntak T O,Barber A J.1996.Contrasting tectonic styles in the Neogene orogenic belts of Indonesia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,106(1):185-201.
Smyth H R,Hamilton P J,Hall R,Kinny P D.2007.The deep crust beneath island arcs:inherited zircons reveal a Gondwana continental fragment beneath East Java,Indonesia.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,258(1-2):269-282.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Armijo R.1986.On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,19(1):113-157.
Triyana Y,Harris G I,Basden W A,Tadiar E,Sharp N C.2007.The maleo fi eld:an example of the Pliocene Globigerina bioclastic limestone play in the East Java Basin,Indonesia.I n:Proceedings of the 31st Annual IPA Convention.Indonesian Petroleum Association,Jakarta.p.45-61.
Vail P R,Mitchum R M Jr,Thompson III S.1977.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level:part 3.Relative changes of sea level from coastal onlap:section2.Application of seismic refl ection confi guration to stratigrapic interpretation.I n:Seismic StratigraphyApplications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG,McLean,VA.p.63-81.
Wei P S,Liu Q X,Zhang J L,Chen Q L,Zhang H Q.2006.Re-discussion of relationship between reef and giant oilgas fi elds.Acta Petrolei Sinica,27(2):38-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wilson J L.1975.The stratigraphy of carbonate deposits.In:Wilson J L ed.Carbonate Facies in Geologic History.Springer,New York.p.20-55.
Wilson M E J.2002.Cenozoic carbonates in Southeast Asia:implications for equatorial carbonate development.Sedimentary Geology,147(3-4):295-428.
Wu S G,Yuan S Q,Zhang G C,Ma Y B,Mi L J,Xu N.2009.Seismic characteristics of a reef carbonate reservoir and implications for hydrocarbon exploration in deepwater of the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,26(6):817-823.
Xu H,Sun J,Liao J,Dong G,Liu J Q,Song H Y.2012.Bioherm petroleum reservoir types and features in main sedimentary basins of the South China Sea.Journal of Earth Science,23(6):828-841.
Yang F Z,Luo L,Jia D,Zhu H Q,Wu L,Li X.2011.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the East Java Basin,Indonesia.Geological Journal of China Universities,17(2):240-248.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang Z,Zhang G X,Zhang L,Wu S G,Zhu Y H,Qiang K S,Yan W.2017a.The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Miocene Carbonate Platform in Xisha Sea Area and Its Reservoir Model.Acta Geologica Sinica,91(6):1 360-1 373.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang Z,Zhang G X,Zhang L,Yan W,Lin Z,Luo S B,Qian X.2017b.The style and hydrocarbon prospects of reefs in the Beikang Basin,southern South China Sea.Geology in China,44(3):428-438.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Z,Zhang G X,Zhang L.2016.The evolution and main controlling factors of reef and carbonate platform in Wan’an Basin.Earth Science,41(8):1 349-1 360.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yu K F,Zhao J X,Collerson K D,Shi Q,Chen T G,Wang P X,Liu T S.2004.Storm cycles in the last millennium recorded in Yongshu Reef,southern South China Sea.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,210(1):89-100.
Zhu D C,Pan G T,Mo X X,Duan L P,Liao Z L.2004.The age of collision between India and Eurasia.Advance in Earth Sciences,19(4):564-571.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu W L,Wang Z F,Mi L J,Du X B,Xie X N,Lu Y C,Zhang D J,Sun Z P,Liu X Y,You L.2015.Sequence stratigraphic framework and reef growth unit of Well Xike-1 from Xisha Islands,South China Sea.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,40(4):677-687.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zou C N,Zhai G M,Zhang G Y,Wang H J,Zhang G S,Li J Z,Wang Z M,Wen Z X,Ma F,Liang Y B,Yang Z,Li X,Liang K.2015.Formation,distribution,potential and prediction of global conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.Petroleum Exploration and Development,42(1):14-28.
Brown L F Jr,Fisher W L.1980.Seismic stratigraphic interpretation and petroleum exploration:interpretation of depositional systems and lithofacies from seismic data.I n:AAPG Continuing Education Course Note Series.AAPG,McLean,VA.p.1-125.
Bubb J N,Hatlelid W G.1978.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,part 10:seismic recognition of carbonate buildups.AAPG Bulletin,62(5):772-791.
Clements B,Hall R,Smyth H R,Cottam M A.2009.Thrusting of a volcanic arc:a new structural model for Java.Petroleum Geoscience,15(2):159-174.
Clements B,Hall R.2011.A record of continental collision and regional sediment fl ux for the cretaceous and palaeogene core of SE Asia:implications for early Cenozoic palaeogeography.Journal of the Geological Society,168(5):1 187-1 200.
Du Y,Fang G H.2011.Progress on the study of the Indonesian Seas and Indonesian throughfl ow.Advances in Earth Science,26(11):1 131-1 142.
Eberli G P,Masaferro J L,Sarg J F.2004.Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems.A APG Memoir,81(81):1-9.
Fan X J.2015.Control sedimentation characteristics of upper Permian Changxing formation in Yuanba area and its control action for reservoir.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),37(2):39-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fang G H,Susanto R D,Wirasantosa S,Qiao F L,Supangat A,Fan B,Wei Z X,Sulistiyo B,Li S J.2010.Volume,heat,and freshwater transports from the South China Sea to Indonesian seas in the boreal winter of 2007-2008.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C12):C12020.
Fontaine J M,Cussey R,Lacaze J,Lanaud R,Yapaudjian Y.1987.Seismic interpretation of carbonate depositional environments.AAPG Bulletin,71(3):281-297.
Gordon A L,Susanto R D,Vranes K.2003.Cool Indonesian throughfl ow as a consequence of restricted surface layer fl ow.Nature,425(6960):824-828.
Grammer G M,Ginsburg R N,Swart P K,McNeill D F,Jull AJ T,Prezbindowski D R.1993.Rapid growth rates of syndepositional marine aragonite cements in steep marginal slope deposits,Bahamas and Belize.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,63(5):983-989.
Gu J Y,Ma F,Ji L D.2009.Types,characteristics and main controlling factors of carbonate platform.Journal of Palaeogeography,11(1):21-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hall R,Sevastjanova I.2012.Australian crust in Indonesia.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,59(6):827-844.
Hall R.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,106(1):153-184.
Hall R.1997.Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstructions of SEAsia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,126(1):11-23.
Hall R.2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacifi c:computer-based reconstructions,model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20(4):353-431.
Hall R.2012.Late Jurassic-Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,570-571:1-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.021.
Hamilton W.1979.Tectonics of the Indonesian Region.United States Government Printing Offi ce,Washington,USA.
Handford C R,Loucks R G.1993.Carbonate Depositional Sequences and Systems Tracts--Responses of Carbonate Platforms to Relative Sea-Level Changes:Chapter 1.AAPG Special Volumes,168:3-41.
Jin Z K,Shi L,Gao B S,Yu K H.2013.Carbonate facies and facies models.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,31(6):965-979.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Kopp H,Flueh E R,Petersen C J,Weinrebe W,Wittwer A,Scientists M.2006.The Java margin revisited:evidence for subduction erosion off Java.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,242(1-2):130-142.
Kusumastuti A,Van Rensbergen P,Warren J K.2002.Seismic sequence analysis and reservoir potential of drowned Miocene carbonate platforms in the Madura Strait,East Java,Indonesia.AAPG Bulletin,86(2):213-232.
Li Q F,Miao S D,Jiang Q C,Wang T S,Xu A N,Zhai X F.2015.Sedimentary characteristics and reef-forming model of Changxing Formation in Panlongdong Section of Xuanhan,Sichuan.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),45(5):1 322-1 331.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Longley I M.1997.The tectonostratigraphic evolution of SEAsia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,126(1):311-339.
Matthews S J,Bransden P J E.1995.Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic development of the East Java Sea basin,Indonesia.Marine and Petroleum Geology,12(5):499-510.
Nayoan G A S,Arpandi,Siregar M.1981.Tertiary carbonate reservoirs in Indonesia.In:Energy Resources of the Pacifi c Region.AAPG,McLean,VA.p.133-145.
Ni J E,Sun L C,He J,Jiang B Z,Wang H Q,Wang L,Guo LN.2016.Characteristics of globigerinid limestone reservoirs of bottom current deposition in Gas Field A of Madura Strait,Indonesia.Oil&Gas Geology,37(5):773-778.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Read J F.1985.Carbonate platform facies models.AAPGBulletin,69(1):1-21.
Rutley D W.2001.Quantitative seismic reservoir characterisation:A model-based approach for the Sampang PSC,East Java,Indonesia.Exploration Geophysics,32(3-4):275-278.
Satyana A H.2002.Oligo-Miocene reefs:east Java’s giant fi elds.In:Sidi F H,Setiawan A eds.Proceedings of Giant Field and New exploration concepts seminar.Indonesian Association of Geologists(IAGI),Jakarta.p.45-62.
Satyana A H.2005.Oligo-Miocene carbonates of Java,Indonesia:tectono-volcanic setting and petroleum implications.Proceedings of the 30th Annual Convention.Indonesian Petroleum Association(IPA),Jakarta.1:217-249.
Schiller D M,Seubert B W,Musliki S,Abdullah M.1994.The reservoir potential of globigerinid sands in Indonesia.Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Convention.AAPG,McLean,VA.1:189-212.
Sevastjanova I,Clements B,Hall R,Belousova E A,Griffi n WL,Pearson N.2011.Granitic magmatism,basement ages,and provenance indicators in the Malay Peninsula:insights from detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotope data.Gondwana Res earch,19(4):1 024-1 039.
Sharaf E,Simo J A,Carroll A R,Shields M.2005.Stratigraphic evolution of Oligocene-Miocene carbonates and siliciclastics,East Java Basin,Indonesia.AAPG Bulletin,89(6):799-819.
Shinoda T,Han W Q,Metzger E J,Hurlburt H E.2012.Seasonal variation of the Indonesian throughfl ow in Makassar Strait.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(7):1 099-1 123.
Simandjuntak T O,Barber A J.1996.Contrasting tectonic styles in the Neogene orogenic belts of Indonesia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,106(1):185-201.
Smyth H R,Hamilton P J,Hall R,Kinny P D.2007.The deep crust beneath island arcs:inherited zircons reveal a Gondwana continental fragment beneath East Java,Indonesia.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,258(1-2):269-282.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Armijo R.1986.On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,19(1):113-157.
Triyana Y,Harris G I,Basden W A,Tadiar E,Sharp N C.2007.The maleo fi eld:an example of the Pliocene Globigerina bioclastic limestone play in the East Java Basin,Indonesia.I n:Proceedings of the 31st Annual IPA Convention.Indonesian Petroleum Association,Jakarta.p.45-61.
Vail P R,Mitchum R M Jr,Thompson III S.1977.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level:part 3.Relative changes of sea level from coastal onlap:section2.Application of seismic refl ection confi guration to stratigrapic interpretation.I n:Seismic StratigraphyApplications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG,McLean,VA.p.63-81.
Wei P S,Liu Q X,Zhang J L,Chen Q L,Zhang H Q.2006.Re-discussion of relationship between reef and giant oilgas fi elds.Acta Petrolei Sinica,27(2):38-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wilson J L.1975.The stratigraphy of carbonate deposits.In:Wilson J L ed.Carbonate Facies in Geologic History.Springer,New York.p.20-55.
Wilson M E J.2002.Cenozoic carbonates in Southeast Asia:implications for equatorial carbonate development.Sedimentary Geology,147(3-4):295-428.
Wu S G,Yuan S Q,Zhang G C,Ma Y B,Mi L J,Xu N.2009.Seismic characteristics of a reef carbonate reservoir and implications for hydrocarbon exploration in deepwater of the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,26(6):817-823.
Xu H,Sun J,Liao J,Dong G,Liu J Q,Song H Y.2012.Bioherm petroleum reservoir types and features in main sedimentary basins of the South China Sea.Journal of Earth Science,23(6):828-841.
Yang F Z,Luo L,Jia D,Zhu H Q,Wu L,Li X.2011.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the East Java Basin,Indonesia.Geological Journal of China Universities,17(2):240-248.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang Z,Zhang G X,Zhang L,Wu S G,Zhu Y H,Qiang K S,Yan W.2017a.The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Miocene Carbonate Platform in Xisha Sea Area and Its Reservoir Model.Acta Geologica Sinica,91(6):1 360-1 373.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang Z,Zhang G X,Zhang L,Yan W,Lin Z,Luo S B,Qian X.2017b.The style and hydrocarbon prospects of reefs in the Beikang Basin,southern South China Sea.Geology in China,44(3):428-438.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Z,Zhang G X,Zhang L.2016.The evolution and main controlling factors of reef and carbonate platform in Wan’an Basin.Earth Science,41(8):1 349-1 360.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yu K F,Zhao J X,Collerson K D,Shi Q,Chen T G,Wang P X,Liu T S.2004.Storm cycles in the last millennium recorded in Yongshu Reef,southern South China Sea.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,210(1):89-100.
Zhu D C,Pan G T,Mo X X,Duan L P,Liao Z L.2004.The age of collision between India and Eurasia.Advance in Earth Sciences,19(4):564-571.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu W L,Wang Z F,Mi L J,Du X B,Xie X N,Lu Y C,Zhang D J,Sun Z P,Liu X Y,You L.2015.Sequence stratigraphic framework and reef growth unit of Well Xike-1 from Xisha Islands,South China Sea.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,40(4):677-687.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zou C N,Zhai G M,Zhang G Y,Wang H J,Zhang G S,Li J Z,Wang Z M,Wen Z X,Ma F,Liang Y B,Yang Z,Li X,Liang K.2015.Formation,distribution,potential and prediction of global conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.Petroleum Exploration and Development,42(1):14-28.
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