“双创”驱动经济发展的效果评价研究
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摘要
"双创"是经济发展的新动力。如何评价"双创"对经济发展的驱动作用,当前"双创"对经济发展的驱动效果如何等问题目前还缺乏理论关注与实证研究。研究结合"双创"发展特征,修订了波特的钻石模型,以此为基础建立了"双创"驱动经济发展要素模型,设计了"双创"驱动经济发展的评价指标体系,并以"双创"企业为研究对象展开了实证分析。研究表明:(1)"双创"对经济发展的驱动作用通过要素层、协同层和环境层三个部分作用实现;(2)"双创"驱动经济发展的效果取决于"双创"要素的具备情况、"双创"要素间的协同情况及政策与机会的影响;(3)"双创"对经济发展的驱动作用效果显著,要素具备齐全且各要素在良好的"双创"环境下交互较充分。但是,核心人力资源供给、企业金融资本需求、创新创业项目质量及"双创"政策环境等方面需进一步聚焦优化。
Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation is an important measure taken to realize the Innovation-Driven Development Strategy in the context of the New Normal in China. In 2015,the Government Work Report put forward that entrepreneurship and innovation is a new engine for economic development. Since then, " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" has been supported by nearly 300 documents issued by the State Council and Ministries. In 2017,the number of registered enterprises reached 16,600 on a daily basis. Nevertheless,how the effect of"popular entrepreneurship and innovation"on economic development is evaluated? How is the driven effect by now? There is still lack of theoretical and empirical research.Combined with the development characteristics of " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" in China,the research revised Porter's Diamond Model which holds that opportunity and government are no longer additional elements,but the important environmental factors that affect the other four create a good environment for the generation and development of other elements,and at the same time government policy has an impact on opportunity.On this basis,an Element Model of Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Driven Economic Development is established,which can be divided into three parts: the element layer,the coordination layer and the environment layer. The element layer is composed of the basic elements supporting innovation and entrepreneurship. The coordination layer contains the communication and interaction of the basic elements around the goal of innovation and entrepreneurship. The environment layer is the collection of all the macroscopic factors that influence the formation of factors and the interaction among factors. Therefore,the Element Model of Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Driven Economic Development is an elements set which takes innovation and entrepreneurship resources as core,pays attention to the elements and synergies of promoting popular entrepreneurship and innovation,and gathers the influence of policy and opportunity on innovation and entrepreneurship.An evaluation index system for the effect of popular entrepreneurship and innovation on economic development is designed based on the Element Model of Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Driven Economic Development,including 3 first-level indicators of elements,collaboration and environment,and 10 second-level indicators (4 belong to element layer,4 belong to collaboration layer,and 2 belong to environment layer) and 43 third-level indicators (18 belong to element layer,9 belong to collaboration layer,and 14 belong to environment layer). It carried out an empirical analysis based on the survey data of324 enterprises from various industries,like internet,machinery manufacturing,clean technology,semiconductor,information technology,finance. The questionnaire is designed to evaluate relevant indicators from the perspective of perception with enterprises as the main body. Delphi method was used to determine the weight. The experts included scholars,managerial personnel,governmental personnel,management consultants,etc. According to the Likert 5-point scale,the higher the score is,the better the support for innovation and entrepreneurship will be; otherwise,the weaker the support.Data show that,in general,the popular entrepreneurship and innovation has a better effect on economic development,and the score is 78 (100 point system). Among them,environmental factors score the highest (80 points),collaboration factors second (79 points),and key factors score relatively less (73 points). For the specific scores,except production factor (71 points)and enterprise factor (69 points),the scores of other factors are basically the same and at a high level (75 points or more). Among them,the opportunity score the highest (83 points),which indicates that the science and technology,market demand and social atmosphere encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship provide more innovation and entrepreneurship motivation and opportunities for the sample enterprises.The study reachedthe following conclusions: (1) the driven effect is realized through three parts: element layer,coordination layer and environment layer. The three parts focus on element composition,interaction and environmental impact from micro,medium and macro perspectives respectively; (2) the driven effect depends on the availability of " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" elements,the synergy between elements and the impact of policies and opportunity environment. The weight coefficients of the three are 0. 3,0. 5 and 0. 2 respectively; and (3) " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" has a significant driving effect on economic development,with complete elements and sufficient interaction in a comfortable environment.The study also found that,in order to promote the effect of " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" oneconomic development,the supply of professional human resources,the demand for financial capital of corporate,the quality of projects and the policy environment need to be further optimized. They are reflected in: (1) lack of innovation and entrepreneurship talents is the source of innovation and entrepreneurship problems,and the cultivation of professional innovation and entrepreneurship talents should become the focus of current innovation and entrepreneurship education. The cooperation among the government,enterprises and universities should be strengthened to maximize the synergistic promotion of the three parties in the process of talent cultivation,so as to provide the best growth environment for them; (2) the financial capital could not meet the needs of enterprises.In order to alleviate the capital pressure further,the investment of social capital should be actively guided,and a market-oriented diversified financing system should be built; (3) the proportion of technological innovation entrepreneurship is relatively small. The promotion effect of innovation and entrepreneurship on economy mainly depends on innovation,that is,the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship is the key to whether " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" can promote economic development,rather than the quantity. Therefore,in order to promote " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" to become a new engine of economic development after the formation of the whole society's innovation and entrepreneurship atmosphere,it should focus on supporting and encouraging the development of innovative entrepreneurship; and (4) although the specific policies on intellectual property protection,industry-university-research cooperation and finance innovation have been continuously improved,they are still limitation for enterprises in those parts. Therefore,the construction of policy environment should focus on specific problems and difficulties to further optimize the policy environment for innovation and entrepreneurship.
Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation is an important measure taken to realize the Innovation-Driven Development Strategy in the context of the New Normal in China. In 2015,the Government Work Report put forward that entrepreneurship and innovation is a new engine for economic development. Since then, " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" has been supported by nearly 300 documents issued by the State Council and Ministries. In 2017,the number of registered enterprises reached 16,600 on a daily basis. Nevertheless,how the effect of"popular entrepreneurship and innovation"on economic development is evaluated? How is the driven effect by now? There is still lack of theoretical and empirical research.Combined with the development characteristics of " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" in China,the research revised Porter's Diamond Model which holds that opportunity and government are no longer additional elements,but the important environmental factors that affect the other four create a good environment for the generation and development of other elements,and at the same time government policy has an impact on opportunity.On this basis,an Element Model of Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Driven Economic Development is established,which can be divided into three parts: the element layer,the coordination layer and the environment layer. The element layer is composed of the basic elements supporting innovation and entrepreneurship. The coordination layer contains the communication and interaction of the basic elements around the goal of innovation and entrepreneurship. The environment layer is the collection of all the macroscopic factors that influence the formation of factors and the interaction among factors. Therefore,the Element Model of Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Driven Economic Development is an elements set which takes innovation and entrepreneurship resources as core,pays attention to the elements and synergies of promoting popular entrepreneurship and innovation,and gathers the influence of policy and opportunity on innovation and entrepreneurship.An evaluation index system for the effect of popular entrepreneurship and innovation on economic development is designed based on the Element Model of Popular Entrepreneurship and Innovation – Driven Economic Development,including 3 first-level indicators of elements,collaboration and environment,and 10 second-level indicators (4 belong to element layer,4 belong to collaboration layer,and 2 belong to environment layer) and 43 third-level indicators (18 belong to element layer,9 belong to collaboration layer,and 14 belong to environment layer). It carried out an empirical analysis based on the survey data of324 enterprises from various industries,like internet,machinery manufacturing,clean technology,semiconductor,information technology,finance. The questionnaire is designed to evaluate relevant indicators from the perspective of perception with enterprises as the main body. Delphi method was used to determine the weight. The experts included scholars,managerial personnel,governmental personnel,management consultants,etc. According to the Likert 5-point scale,the higher the score is,the better the support for innovation and entrepreneurship will be; otherwise,the weaker the support.Data show that,in general,the popular entrepreneurship and innovation has a better effect on economic development,and the score is 78 (100 point system). Among them,environmental factors score the highest (80 points),collaboration factors second (79 points),and key factors score relatively less (73 points). For the specific scores,except production factor (71 points)and enterprise factor (69 points),the scores of other factors are basically the same and at a high level (75 points or more). Among them,the opportunity score the highest (83 points),which indicates that the science and technology,market demand and social atmosphere encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship provide more innovation and entrepreneurship motivation and opportunities for the sample enterprises.The study reachedthe following conclusions: (1) the driven effect is realized through three parts: element layer,coordination layer and environment layer. The three parts focus on element composition,interaction and environmental impact from micro,medium and macro perspectives respectively; (2) the driven effect depends on the availability of " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" elements,the synergy between elements and the impact of policies and opportunity environment. The weight coefficients of the three are 0. 3,0. 5 and 0. 2 respectively; and (3) " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" has a significant driving effect on economic development,with complete elements and sufficient interaction in a comfortable environment.The study also found that,in order to promote the effect of " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" oneconomic development,the supply of professional human resources,the demand for financial capital of corporate,the quality of projects and the policy environment need to be further optimized. They are reflected in: (1) lack of innovation and entrepreneurship talents is the source of innovation and entrepreneurship problems,and the cultivation of professional innovation and entrepreneurship talents should become the focus of current innovation and entrepreneurship education. The cooperation among the government,enterprises and universities should be strengthened to maximize the synergistic promotion of the three parties in the process of talent cultivation,so as to provide the best growth environment for them; (2) the financial capital could not meet the needs of enterprises.In order to alleviate the capital pressure further,the investment of social capital should be actively guided,and a market-oriented diversified financing system should be built; (3) the proportion of technological innovation entrepreneurship is relatively small. The promotion effect of innovation and entrepreneurship on economy mainly depends on innovation,that is,the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship is the key to whether " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" can promote economic development,rather than the quantity. Therefore,in order to promote " popular entrepreneurship and innovation" to become a new engine of economic development after the formation of the whole society's innovation and entrepreneurship atmosphere,it should focus on supporting and encouraging the development of innovative entrepreneurship; and (4) although the specific policies on intellectual property protection,industry-university-research cooperation and finance innovation have been continuously improved,they are still limitation for enterprises in those parts. Therefore,the construction of policy environment should focus on specific problems and difficulties to further optimize the policy environment for innovation and entrepreneurship.
引文
[1]国务院.政府工作报告[R].北京:中华人民共和国中央人民政府,2015.The State Council.Government work report[R].Beijing:The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China,2015.
[2]财新网:中共十八届五中全会公报(全文)[EB/OL].http://www.caixin.com/2015-10-29/100867990.html.2015-10-20/2016-11-24.Caixin:The fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee communique of the Communist Party of China[EB/OL].http://www.caixin.com/2015-10-29/100867990.html.2015-10-20/2016-11-24.
[3]约瑟夫·阿洛伊斯·熊彼特.经济发展理论[M]:商务印书馆,2009.Joseph Alois Schumpeter.The theory of economic development[M]:The Commercial Press,2009.
[4]Winter SG,Nelson RR.An evolutionary theory of economic change[M]:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press;1982.
[5]冯之浚,刘燕华,方新,穆荣平,张伟.创新是发展的根本动力[J].科研管理,2015,36(11):01-10.Feng Zhijun,Liu Yanhua,Fang Xin,Mu Rongping,Zhang Wei.Innovation is the fundamental motive force of development[J].Science Research Management,2015,36(11):01-10.
[6]洪银兴.关于创新驱动和协同创新的若干重要概念[J].经济理论与经济管理,2013,V33(5):05-12.Hong Yinxing.Some conceptions on innovation-driven growth and collaborative innovation[J].Economic Theory and Business Management,2013,V33(5):05-12.
[7]Carree MAT,A.R.The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth.[J].Open Access Publications from Maastricht University,2010,1:557-94.
[8]WennekersSaRT.Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth[J].Small Business Economics,1999,13(1):27-55.
[9]Crnoga K,Rebernik M,Hojnik BB.Supporting economic growth with innovation-oriented entrepreneurship[J].Ekonomicky C(asopis,2015,63(4):395-409.
[10]Kelley,Singer DJ,Herrington S,Mike.Global entrepreneurship monitor 2011 global report[J].Global Entrepreneurship Research Association,2014,3(1):66-70.
[11]王元地,陈禹.区域“双创”能力评价指标体系研究---基于因子分析和聚类分析[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(20):115-121.Wang Yuandi,Chen Yu.Regional double-innovation capability evaluation index system-Based on factor analysis and cluster analysis[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2016,33(20):115-121.
[12]中国科协创新战略研究院:中国科协创新战略研究院组织研制“双创”指数[EB/OL].http://www.nais.com.cn/html/news/tpyw/2016/0918/705.html.2016-09-19/2017-02-07.National Academy of Innovation Strategy:National Academy of Innovation Strategy organized the development of"popular innovation and entrepreneurship"index.[EB/OL].http://www.nais.com.cn/html/news/tpyw/2016/0918/705.html.2016-09-19/2017-02-07.
[13]Fagerberg J,Fosaas M,Sapprasert K.Innovation:Exploring the knowledge base[J].Working Papers on Innovation Studies,2012,41(7):1132-53.
[14]Landstr9m H,Harirchi G,str9m F.Entrepreneurship:Exploring the knowledge base[J].Research Policy,2012,41(7):1154-1181.
[15]王海燕,郑秀梅.创新驱动发展的理论基础、内涵与评价[J].中国软科学,2017(1):41-49.Wang Haiyan,Zheng Xiumei.Research on the theoretical basis,connotation and evaluation of innovation-driven development[J].China Soft Science,2017(1):41-49.
[16]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.Michael E.Porter.The competitive advantage of nations[M].Beijing:Huaxia Publishing House,2002.
[17]Greenway D.The competitive advantage of nation[J].Kyklos,1993,46(1):145-146.
[18]Rugman A M,D'Cruz J R.The"Double Diamond"model of international competitiveness:The canadian experience[J].Mir Management International Review,1993,33:17-39.
[19]Dunning J H.The competitive advantage of countries and the activities of transnational corporations[J].Transnational Corporations,1992.1(1):135-168.
[20]Rugman A M.Diamond in the rough[J].Business Quarterly,1991(55):61-64.
[21]Rugman A M,D'Cruz J R.The"Double Diamond"model of international competitiveness:The canadian experience[J].Mir Management International Review,1993(33):17-39.
[22]Moon H C,Rugman A M,Verbeke A.A generalized double diamond approach to the global competitiveness of korea and singapore[J].International Business Review,1998,7(2):135-150.
[23]税伟.钻石模型在中国的检验与重构[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2011,31(4):14-20.Shui Wei.The inspection and reconstruction of diamond model in China[J].Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2011,31(4):14-20.
[24]芮明杰.产业竞争力的“新钻石模型”[J].社会科学,2006(4):68-73.Rui Mingjie.New diamond model of industry competitiveness[J].Social science,2006(4):68-73.
[25]Autio E,Acs Z.Intellectual property protection and the formation of entrepreneurial growth aspirations[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2010,4(3):234-251.
[26]Autio E,Wennberg K.Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2013,44(4):334-362.
[27]Levie J,Autio E.Regulatory burden,rule of law,and entry of strategic entrepreneurs:An international panel study[J].Journal of Management Studies,2011,48(6):1392-1419.
[28]Autio E,Kenney M,Mustar P,et al.Entrepreneurial innovation:The importance of context[J].Research Policy,2014,43(7):1097-1108.
[2]财新网:中共十八届五中全会公报(全文)[EB/OL].http://www.caixin.com/2015-10-29/100867990.html.2015-10-20/2016-11-24.Caixin:The fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee communique of the Communist Party of China[EB/OL].http://www.caixin.com/2015-10-29/100867990.html.2015-10-20/2016-11-24.
[3]约瑟夫·阿洛伊斯·熊彼特.经济发展理论[M]:商务印书馆,2009.Joseph Alois Schumpeter.The theory of economic development[M]:The Commercial Press,2009.
[4]Winter SG,Nelson RR.An evolutionary theory of economic change[M]:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press;1982.
[5]冯之浚,刘燕华,方新,穆荣平,张伟.创新是发展的根本动力[J].科研管理,2015,36(11):01-10.Feng Zhijun,Liu Yanhua,Fang Xin,Mu Rongping,Zhang Wei.Innovation is the fundamental motive force of development[J].Science Research Management,2015,36(11):01-10.
[6]洪银兴.关于创新驱动和协同创新的若干重要概念[J].经济理论与经济管理,2013,V33(5):05-12.Hong Yinxing.Some conceptions on innovation-driven growth and collaborative innovation[J].Economic Theory and Business Management,2013,V33(5):05-12.
[7]Carree MAT,A.R.The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth.[J].Open Access Publications from Maastricht University,2010,1:557-94.
[8]WennekersSaRT.Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth[J].Small Business Economics,1999,13(1):27-55.
[9]Crnoga K,Rebernik M,Hojnik BB.Supporting economic growth with innovation-oriented entrepreneurship[J].Ekonomicky C(asopis,2015,63(4):395-409.
[10]Kelley,Singer DJ,Herrington S,Mike.Global entrepreneurship monitor 2011 global report[J].Global Entrepreneurship Research Association,2014,3(1):66-70.
[11]王元地,陈禹.区域“双创”能力评价指标体系研究---基于因子分析和聚类分析[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(20):115-121.Wang Yuandi,Chen Yu.Regional double-innovation capability evaluation index system-Based on factor analysis and cluster analysis[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2016,33(20):115-121.
[12]中国科协创新战略研究院:中国科协创新战略研究院组织研制“双创”指数[EB/OL].http://www.nais.com.cn/html/news/tpyw/2016/0918/705.html.2016-09-19/2017-02-07.National Academy of Innovation Strategy:National Academy of Innovation Strategy organized the development of"popular innovation and entrepreneurship"index.[EB/OL].http://www.nais.com.cn/html/news/tpyw/2016/0918/705.html.2016-09-19/2017-02-07.
[13]Fagerberg J,Fosaas M,Sapprasert K.Innovation:Exploring the knowledge base[J].Working Papers on Innovation Studies,2012,41(7):1132-53.
[14]Landstr9m H,Harirchi G,str9m F.Entrepreneurship:Exploring the knowledge base[J].Research Policy,2012,41(7):1154-1181.
[15]王海燕,郑秀梅.创新驱动发展的理论基础、内涵与评价[J].中国软科学,2017(1):41-49.Wang Haiyan,Zheng Xiumei.Research on the theoretical basis,connotation and evaluation of innovation-driven development[J].China Soft Science,2017(1):41-49.
[16]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.Michael E.Porter.The competitive advantage of nations[M].Beijing:Huaxia Publishing House,2002.
[17]Greenway D.The competitive advantage of nation[J].Kyklos,1993,46(1):145-146.
[18]Rugman A M,D'Cruz J R.The"Double Diamond"model of international competitiveness:The canadian experience[J].Mir Management International Review,1993,33:17-39.
[19]Dunning J H.The competitive advantage of countries and the activities of transnational corporations[J].Transnational Corporations,1992.1(1):135-168.
[20]Rugman A M.Diamond in the rough[J].Business Quarterly,1991(55):61-64.
[21]Rugman A M,D'Cruz J R.The"Double Diamond"model of international competitiveness:The canadian experience[J].Mir Management International Review,1993(33):17-39.
[22]Moon H C,Rugman A M,Verbeke A.A generalized double diamond approach to the global competitiveness of korea and singapore[J].International Business Review,1998,7(2):135-150.
[23]税伟.钻石模型在中国的检验与重构[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2011,31(4):14-20.Shui Wei.The inspection and reconstruction of diamond model in China[J].Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2011,31(4):14-20.
[24]芮明杰.产业竞争力的“新钻石模型”[J].社会科学,2006(4):68-73.Rui Mingjie.New diamond model of industry competitiveness[J].Social science,2006(4):68-73.
[25]Autio E,Acs Z.Intellectual property protection and the formation of entrepreneurial growth aspirations[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2010,4(3):234-251.
[26]Autio E,Wennberg K.Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2013,44(4):334-362.
[27]Levie J,Autio E.Regulatory burden,rule of law,and entry of strategic entrepreneurs:An international panel study[J].Journal of Management Studies,2011,48(6):1392-1419.
[28]Autio E,Kenney M,Mustar P,et al.Entrepreneurial innovation:The importance of context[J].Research Policy,2014,43(7):1097-1108.
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