模拟酸雨淋溶下强风化土壤矿物风化计量关系研究
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摘要
矿物风化计量关系对于定量土壤酸化速率至关重要。我国亚热带地区矿物风化强烈,土壤的酸敏感性高。为获取强风化土壤在矿物风化过程中元素释放特征及其化学计量关系,选取花岗岩发育的富铁土,先用EDTA-乙酸铵溶液洗脱土壤胶体上吸附的盐基离子,然后采用改进的Batch法,将洗脱盐基土壤与未洗脱盐基土壤同时进行模拟酸雨淋溶。结果表明:(1)洗脱盐基土壤与未洗脱盐基土壤的盐基离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))释放情况存在显著差异,洗脱盐基后土壤在淋溶中释放的盐基来源为矿物风化,释放缓慢而平稳;(2)未洗脱盐基土壤在淋溶初期,盐基的释放量较大,随着淋溶的进行,释放量迅速下降,淋溶后期的释放速率与洗脱盐基土壤接近,这说明未洗脱盐基土壤在淋溶初期释放的盐基主要来源于阳离子交换过程,后期则主要来源于风化过程;(3)洗脱盐基土壤和未洗脱盐基土壤经酸雨淋溶释放的各盐基化学计量关系(K~+∶Na~+∶Ca~(2+)∶Mg~(2+))以及盐基离子与硅的化学计量关系(BC∶Si)差异较大,由于未洗脱盐基土壤受到阳离子交换的影响,因此只有洗脱盐基土壤的矿物风化计量关系可以作为定量估算土壤酸化速率的依据。
【Objective】As the problem of soil acidification is becoming increasingly serious, the research of soil acidification rate appears to be of critical importance, especially on stoichiometry of mineral weathering, which plays an important role in quantifying soil acidification rate. The soils in the subtropical region of China, as affected by intensive weathering, are highly acid-sensitive. And in recent years acid deposition has been very serious, making the problem of soil acidification prominent. Therefore,in this research, a leaching experiment with simulated acid rain was conducted to explore stoichiometric relationship between element releasing features weathering of minerals during the weathering process of soil minerals in intensively weathered soil derived from granite in the subtropical region, in an attempt to provide a certain basis for quantitative estimation of soil acidification rate.【Method】First of all, soil samples were collected of highly weathered soil derived from granite in the subtropical region and some of the samples were treated with EDTA-ammonium acetate solution to elute base cations adsorbed on soil colloids to avoid the effect of cation exchange reaction in subsequent processes of the experiment. Then the two groups of soil samples, eluted and uneluted, were leached with simulated acid rain at the same time by following the modified Batch method, and effluent leachates were collected for analysis of K~+, Na~+,Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and Si.【Result】(1) During the eluting process, the amount of K~+, Na~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) eluted from the samples was related to the content of exchangeable base in the soil; for highly weathered ferrisol,eight rounds of elution processes were performed to have all the exchangeable base cations eluted from soil colloids;(2) In the leaching process with simulated acid rain, the eluted samples were relatively low in release of base cations and quite stable in releasing feature while the uneluted samples varied sharply from the former. They released a quite large amount of base cations at the initial stage of the leaching and did at a rapidly reducing rate with the leaching going on till they got quite close to the eluted samples in base leaching rate, which indicates that the base cations released at the initial stage of leaching of unelutedbase soil came mainly from cation exchange reaction, while those released at the later stage originated from mineral weathering; and(3) During the leaching process with simulated acid rain, weathering of polyminerals in the soil began to appear and feldspar, hydromica and vermiculite started hydrolysis releasing base cations. Based on the amounts of base cations and Si released, the stoichiometric relationships of K~+:Na~+:Ca~(2+):Mg~(2+) and BC:Si in Horizons A, B and C of the eluted and uneluted soils was obtained. The BC:Si of the former was 0.8～1.4:1 and of the latter 3.4～4.0:1. The sharply difference between the two indicates that to achieve accurate stoichiometric relationships of weathering of the minerals, it is a must to elute exchangeable base cations adsorbed on the soil colloids off the soil first. 【Conclusion】(1) During the base eluting process, the base cations eluted from the soil come mainly from the exchangeable base cations adsorbed on soil colloids, and it takes only eight rounds of elution to elute this portion of base cations completely;(2) During the process of leaching with simulated aci rain, the two soils, eluted and uneluted, differ sharply in amount of base cations released and characteristics of the release because with the former, the base cations released come mainly from weathering of minerals, while with the latter they include exchangeable base cations released from the process of cation exchange; and(3) Polyminerals in the soils begin their weathering processes, like hydrolysis of feldspar, hydromica and vermiculite as triggered by acid rain. BC:Si of the eluted soil is 0.8～1.4:1 and that of the uneluted soil 3.4～4.0:1. The sharply difference means that to achieve accurate stoichiometry of mineral weathering, it is essential to elute exchangeable base cations adsorbed on soil colloids of the soil.
【Objective】As the problem of soil acidification is becoming increasingly serious, the research of soil acidification rate appears to be of critical importance, especially on stoichiometry of mineral weathering, which plays an important role in quantifying soil acidification rate. The soils in the subtropical region of China, as affected by intensive weathering, are highly acid-sensitive. And in recent years acid deposition has been very serious, making the problem of soil acidification prominent. Therefore,in this research, a leaching experiment with simulated acid rain was conducted to explore stoichiometric relationship between element releasing features weathering of minerals during the weathering process of soil minerals in intensively weathered soil derived from granite in the subtropical region, in an attempt to provide a certain basis for quantitative estimation of soil acidification rate.【Method】First of all, soil samples were collected of highly weathered soil derived from granite in the subtropical region and some of the samples were treated with EDTA-ammonium acetate solution to elute base cations adsorbed on soil colloids to avoid the effect of cation exchange reaction in subsequent processes of the experiment. Then the two groups of soil samples, eluted and uneluted, were leached with simulated acid rain at the same time by following the modified Batch method, and effluent leachates were collected for analysis of K~+, Na~+,Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and Si.【Result】(1) During the eluting process, the amount of K~+, Na~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) eluted from the samples was related to the content of exchangeable base in the soil; for highly weathered ferrisol,eight rounds of elution processes were performed to have all the exchangeable base cations eluted from soil colloids;(2) In the leaching process with simulated acid rain, the eluted samples were relatively low in release of base cations and quite stable in releasing feature while the uneluted samples varied sharply from the former. They released a quite large amount of base cations at the initial stage of the leaching and did at a rapidly reducing rate with the leaching going on till they got quite close to the eluted samples in base leaching rate, which indicates that the base cations released at the initial stage of leaching of unelutedbase soil came mainly from cation exchange reaction, while those released at the later stage originated from mineral weathering; and(3) During the leaching process with simulated acid rain, weathering of polyminerals in the soil began to appear and feldspar, hydromica and vermiculite started hydrolysis releasing base cations. Based on the amounts of base cations and Si released, the stoichiometric relationships of K~+:Na~+:Ca~(2+):Mg~(2+) and BC:Si in Horizons A, B and C of the eluted and uneluted soils was obtained. The BC:Si of the former was 0.8～1.4:1 and of the latter 3.4～4.0:1. The sharply difference between the two indicates that to achieve accurate stoichiometric relationships of weathering of the minerals, it is a must to elute exchangeable base cations adsorbed on the soil colloids off the soil first. 【Conclusion】(1) During the base eluting process, the base cations eluted from the soil come mainly from the exchangeable base cations adsorbed on soil colloids, and it takes only eight rounds of elution to elute this portion of base cations completely;(2) During the process of leaching with simulated aci rain, the two soils, eluted and uneluted, differ sharply in amount of base cations released and characteristics of the release because with the former, the base cations released come mainly from weathering of minerals, while with the latter they include exchangeable base cations released from the process of cation exchange; and(3) Polyminerals in the soils begin their weathering processes, like hydrolysis of feldspar, hydromica and vermiculite as triggered by acid rain. BC:Si of the eluted soil is 0.8～1.4:1 and that of the uneluted soil 3.4～4.0:1. The sharply difference means that to achieve accurate stoichiometry of mineral weathering, it is essential to elute exchangeable base cations adsorbed on soil colloids of the soil.
引文
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[4]Sanclements M D, Fernandez I J, Norton S A. Soil chemical and physical properties at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 2010, 171(1/4):111-128
[5]Blake L, Goulding K W T, Mott C J B, et al.Changes in soil chemistry accompanying acidification over more than 100 years under woodland and grass at Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK. European Journal of Soil Science, 2010, 50(3):401-412
[6]Jonsson U, Rosengren U, Thelin G, et al.Acidification-induced chemical changes in coniferous forest soils in southern Sweden 1 988-1999.Environmental Pollution, 2003,123(1):75-83
[7]Miegroet H V,Cole D W. The impact of nitrification on soil acidification and cation leaching in a red alder ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1984,13(4):586-590
[8]Yang J L,Zhang G L,Huang L M,et al. Estimating soil acidification rate at watershed scale based on the stoichiometric relations between silicon and base cations. Chemical Geology, 2013,337(1):30-37
[9]廖柏寒,李长生.土壤对酸沉降缓冲机制探讨.环境科学,1989,10(1):30-34Liao B H,Li C S. Study on buffer mechanism of soil to acid deposition(In Chinese). Environmental Science,1989,10(1):30-34
[10]廖柏寒,戴昭华.土壤对酸沉降的缓冲能力与土壤矿物的风化特征.环境科学学报,1991,11(4):425-430Liao B H,Dai S H. Soil buffering capacity to acid precipitation and weathering characteristics of soil minerals(In Chinese). Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 1991, 11(4):425-430
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[12]鲁艳红,廖育林,聂军,等.长期施用氮磷钾肥和石灰对红壤性水稻土酸性特征的影响.土壤学报,2016, 53(1):202-212Lu Y H, Liao Y L, Nie J, et al. Effect of long-term fertilization and lime application on soil acidity of Reddish Paddy Soil(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):202-212
[13]Frey J, Frey T,Pajuste K. Input-output analysis of macroelements in ICP-IM catchment area, Estonia.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2004,67(1):217-223
[14]Fujii K, Hartono A, Funakawa S, et al. Acidification of tropical forest soils derived from serpentine and sedimentary rocks in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.Geoderma, 2011, 160(3):311-323
[15]Zhang J E,Ouyang Y,Ling D J. Impacts of simulated acid rain on cation leaching from the Latosol in south China. Chemosphere, 2007, 67(11):2131-2137
[16]樊后保,林德喜.模拟酸雨对福建四种山地土壤的淋溶与风化作用.山地学报,2002,20(5):570-577Fan H B,Lin D X. Leaching and weathering effects of simulated acid rain on four types of mountain soils in Fujian, China(In Chinese). Journal of Mountain Science,2002, 20(5):570-577
[17]冯志刚,马强,李石朋,等.模拟不同气候条件下碳酸盐岩风化作用的淋溶实验研究.中国岩溶,2012,31(4):361-376Feng Z G, Ma Q, Li S P, et al. Leaching experiment for the weathering of carbonate rocks by simulating different climates(In Chinese). Carsologica Sinica,2012, 31(4):361-376
[18]仇荣亮,杨平.南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅴ——模拟酸雨条件下土壤矿物风化特征.中山大学学报(自然科学版),1998,37(4):89-93Qiu R L, Yang P. Study of sensitivity of soil to acid deposition in south China V. Weathering characteristics of soil minerals under simulated acid rain(In Chinese). Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 1998, 37(4):89-93
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