金沙江“10·11”白格特大型滑坡形成机制及发展趋势初步分析
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摘要
2018年10月11日,西藏昌都市江达县波罗乡白格村发生大规模滑坡,约有3165×104m3的山体高速冲入金沙江形成堰塞坝,13日9时堰塞坝体被自然泄流冲开,堰塞湖威胁解除。11月3日,在时隔短短23 d后,该滑坡后缘约215×104m3高位滑体再次发生滑动破坏,高速运动的滑体沿途铲刮坡体并冲入金沙江,再次形成堰塞坝。现场调查研究得出白格滑坡主要是受其后缘逆冲分支断层f2(不整合接触面)控制,并在长期重力卸荷、降雨和地下水的反复浸润作用影响下,最终整体失稳破坏。通过对滑坡演化过程分析得出,其变形破坏过程可分为5个阶段,即:后缘蠕滑和沉降下错阶段(Ⅰ)、坡体裂缝发展、贯通阶段(Ⅱ)、整体启动"锁固端"剪断阶段(Ⅲ)、高速凌空滑跃阶段(Ⅳ)、碰撞、破碎、堆积成坝阶段(Ⅴ)。一期变形破坏机制模式可归结为蠕滑-下错-剪断-滑跃式,破坏方式表现为推移式,后期临空条件较好,破坏将以牵引式为主。在此基础上,结合残留强变形区块(K1、K2、K3)及其周边影响区形貌特征和变形迹象,对其变形破坏特征和发展趋势进行了预测分析,认为后期强变形区总体将以渐进解体方式破坏为主。
On October 11,2018,a massive landslide occurred in Baige Village,Boluo Town,Jiangdacounty,Changdu city,Tibet. About 3,165 × 104 cubic meter of a mountain mass rushed into the Jinsha River at a high speed,thus forming a barrier dam. At 9: 00 on October 13,the body of the barrier dam was washed away by natural aerial drainage and the threat of forming a barrier lake was resolved. On November 3,only 23 days later,the highslip mass of 215×104 cubic meter at the back edge of the landslide occurred sliding failure again. The high-speed slip mass scraped the slope along the way and then rushed into the Jinsha River,forming a barrier dam again. This paper held the view that the landslide happened in Baige Village was thought to be mainly controlled by the next branch margin thrust fault f2,then finally generated buckling failure of the overall instability of the landslide with the influence of a long-term gravity unloading,rainfall and repeated infiltration of groundwater. The process of slip deformation and failure can be divided into five stages: trailing creep and settlement under the fault phase( Ⅰ),slope crack development,penetration stage( Ⅱ),overall launch of the "locking-fix end"cutting stage( Ⅲ),a stage with high moving speed( Ⅳ),collided,crushing and dam accumulation stage( Ⅴ). The failure mode of the first-stage deformation and failure mechanism can be summed up as creep-slip type-down fault type-shearing type-ski-jump type,and the failure mode is shown as the thrust type. In the later stage,the free surface condition of the slope is better,and the traction type can remain as the main failure mode. On this basis,combined with the residual strong deformation block( K1,K2,K3) and morphological characteristics and deformation signs of the surrounding influence zone,this paper predicted and analyzed the deformation and failure characteristics and development trend of the block,deeming that strong deformation areas can be destroyed by gradual disintegration.And these research findings can provide some reference for the monitoring,survey and governance of the future plan making and implementation.
On October 11,2018,a massive landslide occurred in Baige Village,Boluo Town,Jiangdacounty,Changdu city,Tibet. About 3,165 × 104 cubic meter of a mountain mass rushed into the Jinsha River at a high speed,thus forming a barrier dam. At 9: 00 on October 13,the body of the barrier dam was washed away by natural aerial drainage and the threat of forming a barrier lake was resolved. On November 3,only 23 days later,the highslip mass of 215×104 cubic meter at the back edge of the landslide occurred sliding failure again. The high-speed slip mass scraped the slope along the way and then rushed into the Jinsha River,forming a barrier dam again. This paper held the view that the landslide happened in Baige Village was thought to be mainly controlled by the next branch margin thrust fault f2,then finally generated buckling failure of the overall instability of the landslide with the influence of a long-term gravity unloading,rainfall and repeated infiltration of groundwater. The process of slip deformation and failure can be divided into five stages: trailing creep and settlement under the fault phase( Ⅰ),slope crack development,penetration stage( Ⅱ),overall launch of the "locking-fix end"cutting stage( Ⅲ),a stage with high moving speed( Ⅳ),collided,crushing and dam accumulation stage( Ⅴ). The failure mode of the first-stage deformation and failure mechanism can be summed up as creep-slip type-down fault type-shearing type-ski-jump type,and the failure mode is shown as the thrust type. In the later stage,the free surface condition of the slope is better,and the traction type can remain as the main failure mode. On this basis,combined with the residual strong deformation block( K1,K2,K3) and morphological characteristics and deformation signs of the surrounding influence zone,this paper predicted and analyzed the deformation and failure characteristics and development trend of the block,deeming that strong deformation areas can be destroyed by gradual disintegration.And these research findings can provide some reference for the monitoring,survey and governance of the future plan making and implementation.
引文
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Gehle C,Kutter H K.2003.Breakage and shear behavior of intermittent rock joints[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,40(5):687-700.
He S M,Bai X Q,Ouyang C J,et al.2017.On the survey of giant landslide at Xinmo village of Diexin town,Maoxian County,Sichuan Province,China[J].Mountain Research,35(4):598-603.
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Melons H J.1996.Dynamical weakening of faults by acoustic fluidization[J].Nature,379(6566):601-606.
Xiao S R,Liu D F,Hu Z Y.2010.Engineering geologic study of three actual dip bedding rock slides associated with reservoirs in the world[J].Joumal of Engineering Geolpgy,18(1):52-59.
Xiao Y J,Yin K L.2010.Analysis of rockmass'stability at Baitupo slope in Badong new town,Hubei Province[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,21(4):44-47.
Xu Q,Li W L,Dong X J,et al.2017.The Xinmocun landslide on June24,2017 in Maoxian,Sichuan:Characteristics and failure mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,36(11):2612-2628.
Xu Q,Tang M G,Xu K Y,et al.2008.Research on space-time evolution laws and early warning-prediction of landslides[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(6):1104-1112.
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Xu Y Q,Yin Z Q,Sa L P.2016.Developing characteristics and evolution process of Ganjiazhai large scale landslide in Ludian 8.03earthquake area of northeast Yunnan[J].Joumal of Engineering Geolpgy,24(4):550-558.
Xu Z M,Liu W L,Huang R Q.2011.Engineering geological characteristics of Zhaizicun giant ancient landslide along Jinsha River and its occurrence mechanisms[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Enginneering,30(S2):3539-3550.
Zhang L J,Wu G H,He S,et al.2016.Structural diagenesis in carbonate fault damage zone:A case study of the No.1 fault zone in the Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,32(3):922-934.
冯文凯,胡云鹏,谢吉尊,等.2016.顺层震裂斜坡降雨触发灾变机制及稳定性分析---以三溪村滑坡为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,35(11):2197-2207.
何思明,白秀强,欧阳朝军,等.2017.四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村特大滑坡应急科学调查[J].山地学报,35(4):598-603.
黄晓,杨为民,张春山,等.2013.甘肃南部坪定-化马断裂带锁儿头滑坡成因机制[J].地质通报,32(12):1936-1942.
肖诗荣,刘德富,胡志宇.2010.世界三大典型水库型顺层岩质滑坡工程地质比较研究[J].工程地质学报,18(1):52-59.
肖拥军,殷坤龙.2010.湖北省巴东新城白土坡斜坡岩体稳定性分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,21(4):44-47.
徐永强,殷志强,撒兰鹏.2016.鲁甸8.03地震区甘家寨特大型滑坡发育特征及演化过程研究[J].工程地质学报,24(4):550-558.
徐则民,刘文连,黄润秋.2011.金沙江寨子村巨型古滑坡的工程地质特征及其发生机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,30(S2):3539-3550.
许强,李为乐,董秀军,等.2017.四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村滑坡特征与成因机制初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,36(11):2612-2628.
许强,汤明高,徐开洋,等.2008.滑坡时空演化规律及预警预报研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(6):1104-1112.
许强,郑光,李为乐,等.2018年10月和11月金沙江白格两次滑坡-堰塞堵江事件分析研究[J].工程地质学报,26(6):1534-1551.
张丽娟,邬光辉,何曙,等.2016.碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用---以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例[J].岩石学报,32(3):922-934.
Feng W K,Hu Y P,Xie J Z,et al.2016.Disaster mechanism and stability analysis of shattered bedding slopes triggered by rainfall-Acase study of Sanxicun landslide[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,35(11):2197-2207.
Gehle C,Kutter H K.2003.Breakage and shear behavior of intermittent rock joints[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,40(5):687-700.
He S M,Bai X Q,Ouyang C J,et al.2017.On the survey of giant landslide at Xinmo village of Diexin town,Maoxian County,Sichuan Province,China[J].Mountain Research,35(4):598-603.
Huang N E,Shen Z,Long S R,et al.1998.The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and nonstationary time series analysis[J].Proceedings A,454(1971):903-995.
Huang X,Yang W M,Zhang C S,et al.2013.The formation mechanism of Suoertou landslide in Pingding-Huama fault zone,Southern Gansu[J].Geological Bulletin of China,32(12):1936-1942.
Melons H J.1996.Dynamical weakening of faults by acoustic fluidization[J].Nature,379(6566):601-606.
Xiao S R,Liu D F,Hu Z Y.2010.Engineering geologic study of three actual dip bedding rock slides associated with reservoirs in the world[J].Joumal of Engineering Geolpgy,18(1):52-59.
Xiao Y J,Yin K L.2010.Analysis of rockmass'stability at Baitupo slope in Badong new town,Hubei Province[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,21(4):44-47.
Xu Q,Li W L,Dong X J,et al.2017.The Xinmocun landslide on June24,2017 in Maoxian,Sichuan:Characteristics and failure mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,36(11):2612-2628.
Xu Q,Tang M G,Xu K Y,et al.2008.Research on space-time evolution laws and early warning-prediction of landslides[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(6):1104-1112.
Xu Q,Zeng G,Li W L,et al.2018.Study on successive landslide damming events of Jinsha River in Baige Village on Octorber 11 and November 3,2018[J].Joumal of Engineering Geology,26(6):1534-1551.
Xu Y Q,Yin Z Q,Sa L P.2016.Developing characteristics and evolution process of Ganjiazhai large scale landslide in Ludian 8.03earthquake area of northeast Yunnan[J].Joumal of Engineering Geolpgy,24(4):550-558.
Xu Z M,Liu W L,Huang R Q.2011.Engineering geological characteristics of Zhaizicun giant ancient landslide along Jinsha River and its occurrence mechanisms[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Enginneering,30(S2):3539-3550.
Zhang L J,Wu G H,He S,et al.2016.Structural diagenesis in carbonate fault damage zone:A case study of the No.1 fault zone in the Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,32(3):922-934.
冯文凯,胡云鹏,谢吉尊,等.2016.顺层震裂斜坡降雨触发灾变机制及稳定性分析---以三溪村滑坡为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,35(11):2197-2207.
何思明,白秀强,欧阳朝军,等.2017.四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村特大滑坡应急科学调查[J].山地学报,35(4):598-603.
黄晓,杨为民,张春山,等.2013.甘肃南部坪定-化马断裂带锁儿头滑坡成因机制[J].地质通报,32(12):1936-1942.
肖诗荣,刘德富,胡志宇.2010.世界三大典型水库型顺层岩质滑坡工程地质比较研究[J].工程地质学报,18(1):52-59.
肖拥军,殷坤龙.2010.湖北省巴东新城白土坡斜坡岩体稳定性分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,21(4):44-47.
徐永强,殷志强,撒兰鹏.2016.鲁甸8.03地震区甘家寨特大型滑坡发育特征及演化过程研究[J].工程地质学报,24(4):550-558.
徐则民,刘文连,黄润秋.2011.金沙江寨子村巨型古滑坡的工程地质特征及其发生机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,30(S2):3539-3550.
许强,李为乐,董秀军,等.2017.四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村滑坡特征与成因机制初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,36(11):2612-2628.
许强,汤明高,徐开洋,等.2008.滑坡时空演化规律及预警预报研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(6):1104-1112.
许强,郑光,李为乐,等.2018年10月和11月金沙江白格两次滑坡-堰塞堵江事件分析研究[J].工程地质学报,26(6):1534-1551.
张丽娟,邬光辉,何曙,等.2016.碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用---以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例[J].岩石学报,32(3):922-934.
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