中国精准扶贫土地整治的典型模式
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摘要
土地整治是助推精准扶贫,实现脱贫解困的重要途径。根据土地整治作用于农村减贫发展的实现路径,将全国土地整治助推精准扶贫的典型模式概括为四种:①单项土地整理模式。通过开发低效未利用地,建设高标准农田,改善农业生产条件,促进农业规模化经营。②三生空间优化模式。将农村宅基地复垦与易地扶贫搬迁相结合,改善人居环境,恢复脆弱生态,优化乡村三生空间。③土地资产显化模式。实施补充耕地指标有偿异地调剂,积累扶贫开发资金,促进城乡要素双向流动,统筹城乡发展。④土地资本流动模式。将土地整治与土地流转及作价入股相结合,整合贫困地区劳动力、资本等要素资源,推动农业现代化和乡村振兴。
Poverty is an obstacle for rural revitalization and development. As the largest developing country in the world, China has been struggling against poverty for decades and has achieved a great success. Land consolidation is regarded as an indispensable path to poverty alleviation in rural China, where residents are suffering from agriculture recession such as fragmentation of arable land, soil impoverishment, and infrastructure damage, etc. According to the path in promoting poverty alleviation, land consolidation can be categorized as four typical models. Firstly, the key of land consolidation is to increase the amount of arable land and improve the conditions of agricultural production. And land consolidation is generally composed of exploiting uncultivated land, levelling uneven land, merging scattered land as well as constructing irrigation and drainage facilities. Then poor peasants can obtain concentrated and contiguous farmland equipped with improved infrastructures and roads,which makes contribution to agriculture mechanization and large-scale operation. This kind of project is categorized as "Elementary Land Consolidation Model". In addition, impoverished people usually live in mountainous areas or remote valleys, featured by inconvenient transportation and fragile ecology. Therefore, it is important to resettle these people and restore the fragile eco-environment so that peasants can enjoy livable residential space, convenient production space and sustainable ecological space. Considering the multifunction of land consolidation for optimizing rural production, living and ecological spaces, this kind of project is named "Reconstruction of Three Spaces Model". Although there is sufficient land space for construction in rural areas, cities are short of construction land for further expansion.Accordingly, a new scheme was innovated that peasants can reclaim rural settlements to increase arable land, and urban departments can buy these quotas to obtain more construction land. In this way, rural departments acquire additional capital for poverty alleviation and economic development. This new project is named "Mobilizing Land Assets Model" as it can turn rural land into actual property and bring revenues to farmers. Furthermore, rural areas also face another obstacle on the way to prosperity except for capital, that is the enormous labor flow from rural areas into cities. A large quantity of farmland has been abandoned due to the lack of adequate labors, resulting in agriculture decline and rural poverty. To resolve these rural issues,farmers are encouraged to transfer their land use rights to rural collective economic organization with identifying them as stockholders. Then the transferred land is leased to professional enterprises or farmers which will bring profits to local farmers. During this process, land plays a role of stock capital, so this project is named "Land Capitalization Model". In general, land consolidation integrated with land rights transaction conduces to agriculture modernization and rural revitalization. Nonetheless, there are still some problems during land consolidation which need to be addressed, including the single financing channels, the absence of supporting system and the lack of advanced planning. The governments are supposed to take measures to promote land consolidation in poor rural areas, such as expanding financing channels, establishing perfect supporting system, and enhancing advanced planning.
Poverty is an obstacle for rural revitalization and development. As the largest developing country in the world, China has been struggling against poverty for decades and has achieved a great success. Land consolidation is regarded as an indispensable path to poverty alleviation in rural China, where residents are suffering from agriculture recession such as fragmentation of arable land, soil impoverishment, and infrastructure damage, etc. According to the path in promoting poverty alleviation, land consolidation can be categorized as four typical models. Firstly, the key of land consolidation is to increase the amount of arable land and improve the conditions of agricultural production. And land consolidation is generally composed of exploiting uncultivated land, levelling uneven land, merging scattered land as well as constructing irrigation and drainage facilities. Then poor peasants can obtain concentrated and contiguous farmland equipped with improved infrastructures and roads,which makes contribution to agriculture mechanization and large-scale operation. This kind of project is categorized as "Elementary Land Consolidation Model". In addition, impoverished people usually live in mountainous areas or remote valleys, featured by inconvenient transportation and fragile ecology. Therefore, it is important to resettle these people and restore the fragile eco-environment so that peasants can enjoy livable residential space, convenient production space and sustainable ecological space. Considering the multifunction of land consolidation for optimizing rural production, living and ecological spaces, this kind of project is named "Reconstruction of Three Spaces Model". Although there is sufficient land space for construction in rural areas, cities are short of construction land for further expansion.Accordingly, a new scheme was innovated that peasants can reclaim rural settlements to increase arable land, and urban departments can buy these quotas to obtain more construction land. In this way, rural departments acquire additional capital for poverty alleviation and economic development. This new project is named "Mobilizing Land Assets Model" as it can turn rural land into actual property and bring revenues to farmers. Furthermore, rural areas also face another obstacle on the way to prosperity except for capital, that is the enormous labor flow from rural areas into cities. A large quantity of farmland has been abandoned due to the lack of adequate labors, resulting in agriculture decline and rural poverty. To resolve these rural issues,farmers are encouraged to transfer their land use rights to rural collective economic organization with identifying them as stockholders. Then the transferred land is leased to professional enterprises or farmers which will bring profits to local farmers. During this process, land plays a role of stock capital, so this project is named "Land Capitalization Model". In general, land consolidation integrated with land rights transaction conduces to agriculture modernization and rural revitalization. Nonetheless, there are still some problems during land consolidation which need to be addressed, including the single financing channels, the absence of supporting system and the lack of advanced planning. The governments are supposed to take measures to promote land consolidation in poor rural areas, such as expanding financing channels, establishing perfect supporting system, and enhancing advanced planning.
引文
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[3]Skocpol Theda.America's first social security system:The expansion of benefits for Civil War veterans.Political Science Quarterly,1993,108(1):85.
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[6]World Bank.Rural poverty alleviation in Brazil:Towards an integrated strategy(2):Technical Papers.World Bank Other Operational Studies,2001,8(2):207-227.
[7]Jeandrèze Amartya Sen.Hunger and Public Action.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989.
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[9]岳映平,贺立龙.精准扶贫的一个学术史注角:阿马蒂亚·森的贫困观.经济问题,2016,(12):17-20,56.[Yue Yingping,He Lilong.A note of academic history about accurate poverty alleviation:Sen's poverty concept.Economic Issue,2016,(12):17-20,56.]
[10]丁建军,冷志明.区域贫困的地理学分析.地理学报,2018,73(2):232-247.[Ding Jianjun,Leng Zhiming.Regional poverty analysis in a view of geography science.Acta Geographica Sinca,2018,73(2):232-247.]
[11]严金明.土地政策扶贫的机理与效应分析.中国土地,2017,(11):12-15.[Yan Jinming.The mechanism and effects of land policy to poverty alleviation.China Land,2017,(11):12-15.]
[12]毕宇珠,苟天来,张骞之,等.战后德国城乡等值化发展模式及其启示:以巴伐利亚州为例.生态经济,2012,(5):99-102,106.[Bi Yuzhu,Gou Tianlai,Zhang Qianzhi,et al.The study on coordinated development between urban and rural areas of Germany and its implications for China:The case of the state of Bavaria.Ecological Economy,2012,(5):99-102,106.]
[13]廖蓉,杜官印.荷兰土地整理对我国土地整理发展的启示.中国国土资源经济,2004,17(9):26-28,48.[Liao Rong,Du Guanyin.Development of land consolidation in the Netherlands and its implications for China.China Land Resources and Economy,2004,17(9):26-28,48.]
[14]萧承勇.台湾地区的农地重划及其社会经济效益.农业工程学报,2001,17(5):172-176.[Xiao Chengyong.Farmland innovation in Taiwan region and its socioeconomic benefits.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(5):172-176.]
[15]龙花楼,屠爽爽,戈大专.新型城镇化对扶贫开发的影响与应对研究.中国科学院院刊,2016,31(3):309-319.[Long Hualou,Tu Shuangshuang,Ge Dazhuan.Effects of new-type urbanization on poverty alleviation and development and corresponding countermeasures.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,31(3):309-319.]
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