浅埋近距煤层开采三场演化规律与合理煤柱错距研究
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摘要
为探索浅埋近距煤层开采基于三场(应力场、位移场和裂隙场)演化规律的合理煤柱错距,实现井下减压与地表减损开采,以陕北柠条塔煤矿北翼东区1~(-2)与2~(-2)煤层开采为背景,采用FLAC~(3D),UDEC数值计算、物理模拟及理论分析相结合的方法,揭示了近距煤层开采覆岩与地表应力场、位移场和裂隙场演化规律,掌握了不同区段煤柱错距对煤柱集中应力、覆岩与地表位移及裂隙演化的影响,提出了基于三场演化规律的区段煤柱错距确定方法。研究表明,近距煤层开采的裂缝集中发育和地层拉、压应力集中源于煤柱引起的非均匀沉降,上部单一煤层开采后,在底板形成煤柱高应力区、低应力区和采空区中部高应力区,为避开上、下煤柱垂直应力叠加,下煤层巷道应布置在低应力区范围内。近距煤层开采的地表拉应力场和位移场与煤柱错距存在密切联系,通过合理的煤柱错距布置,可以减缓地表下沉的"波状"幅度,减轻地表拉应力和水平变形。随两煤层煤柱错距增大,覆岩裂隙场由叠合逐渐分散,对应地裂缝逐渐减小,煤柱错距对其上部的覆岩裂隙与地裂缝起控制作用。建立了应力场-位移场-裂缝场耦合控制模型,提出了煤柱错距的计算方法,可实现减轻地应力集中和地裂缝发育的耦合控制。本研究得到实测验证,并在柠条塔煤矿后续开采布置中应用。
In order to explore the rational staggered distance of coal pillars based on the three-field( stress field,displacement field and fracture field) evolution and realize the reduction of ground pressure and surface damage in shallow buried closely spaced multi-seam,the mining at No.1~(-2) and No.2~(-2) coal seams in the east of northern Ningtiaota coal mine was investigated in this study.Combining with FLAC~(3D),UDEC numerical calculation,physical simulation and theoretical analysis,the three-field evolution of overlying strata and ground surface in closely spaced multi-seam mining were revealed.Meanwhile,the relationship between the coal pillar staggered distance and the concentrated stress,displacement and fracture evolution of overlying strata and surface was obtained,the rational coal pillar staggered distance based on the three-field was put forward.The results show that the concentrated development of fractures and the concentrated tensile and compressive stress are due to the uneven strata subsidence by coal pillars.After upper single seam mining,high stress area of coal pillar,low stress area and high stress area in the middle of longwall face were formed in the floor.In order to avoid the vertical stress superposition of upper and lower coal pillars,the lower roadway should be placed in the low stress area.There was a close relationship between tensile stress field,displacement field of surface and coal pillar staggered distance.Through rational arrangement of coal pillars,the "wavy"amplitude of surface subsidence decreased,and the tensile stress and horizontal deformation were effectively controlled.As the coal pillar staggered distance increased,the fracture field changed from superposition to separation,and the surface fractures decreased gradually,consequently,the coal pillar staggered distance had control function on overlying strata fractures and surface fractures.Finally,the coupling control model of stress field-displacement field-fracture field was established,and the calculation method of coal pillar staggered distance was proposed.It can realize the coupling control for reducing the concentration of ground stress and development of ground fractures.It is verified by engineering practice,and will be adopted in the subsequent layout of Ningtiaota coal mine.
In order to explore the rational staggered distance of coal pillars based on the three-field( stress field,displacement field and fracture field) evolution and realize the reduction of ground pressure and surface damage in shallow buried closely spaced multi-seam,the mining at No.1~(-2) and No.2~(-2) coal seams in the east of northern Ningtiaota coal mine was investigated in this study.Combining with FLAC~(3D),UDEC numerical calculation,physical simulation and theoretical analysis,the three-field evolution of overlying strata and ground surface in closely spaced multi-seam mining were revealed.Meanwhile,the relationship between the coal pillar staggered distance and the concentrated stress,displacement and fracture evolution of overlying strata and surface was obtained,the rational coal pillar staggered distance based on the three-field was put forward.The results show that the concentrated development of fractures and the concentrated tensile and compressive stress are due to the uneven strata subsidence by coal pillars.After upper single seam mining,high stress area of coal pillar,low stress area and high stress area in the middle of longwall face were formed in the floor.In order to avoid the vertical stress superposition of upper and lower coal pillars,the lower roadway should be placed in the low stress area.There was a close relationship between tensile stress field,displacement field of surface and coal pillar staggered distance.Through rational arrangement of coal pillars,the "wavy"amplitude of surface subsidence decreased,and the tensile stress and horizontal deformation were effectively controlled.As the coal pillar staggered distance increased,the fracture field changed from superposition to separation,and the surface fractures decreased gradually,consequently,the coal pillar staggered distance had control function on overlying strata fractures and surface fractures.Finally,the coupling control model of stress field-displacement field-fracture field was established,and the calculation method of coal pillar staggered distance was proposed.It can realize the coupling control for reducing the concentration of ground stress and development of ground fractures.It is verified by engineering practice,and will be adopted in the subsequent layout of Ningtiaota coal mine.
引文
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[9]程志恒,齐庆新,李宏艳,等.近距离煤层群叠加开采采动应力-裂隙动态演化特征实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(2):367-375.CHENG Zhiheng,QI Qingxin,LI Hongyan,et al.Evolution of the superimposed mining induced stress-fissure field under extracting of close distance coal seam group[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(2):367-375.
[10]黄炳香,刘长友,许家林.采动覆岩破断裂隙的贯通度研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2010,39(1):45-49.HUANG Bingxiang,LIU Changyou,XU Jialin.Research on through degree of overlying strata fracture fissure induced by mining[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2010,39(1):45-49.
[11]李树清,何学秋,李绍泉,等.煤层群双重卸压开采覆岩移动及裂隙动态演化的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(12):2146-2152.LI Shuqing,HE Xueqiu,LI Shaoquan,et al.Experimental research on strata movement and fracture dynamic evolution of double pressure-relief mining in coal seams group[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,38(12):2146-2152.
[12]薛东杰,周宏伟,任伟光,等.浅埋深薄基岩煤层组开采采动裂隙演化及台阶式切落形成机制[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(8):1746-1752.XUE Dongjie,ZHOU Hongwei,REN Weiguang,et al.Stepped shearing-induced failure mechanism and cracks propagation of overlying thin bedrocks in shallow deep coal seams mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(8):1746-1752.
[13]范钢伟,张东升,马立强.神东矿区浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动与裂隙分布特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2011,40(2):196-201.FAN Gangwei,ZHANG Dongsheng,MA Liqiang.Overburden movement and fracture distribution induced by longwall mining of the shallow coal seam in the Shendong coalfield[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2011,40(2):196-201.
[14]黄汉富,闫志刚,姚邦华,等.万利矿区煤层群开采覆岩裂隙发育规律研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(5):619-624.HUANG Hanfu,YAN Zhigang,YAO Banghua,et al.Research on the process of fracture development in overlying rocks under coal seams group mining in Wanli Mining Area[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(5):619-624.
[15]刘辉,何春桂,邓喀中,等.开采引起地表塌陷型裂缝的形成机理分析[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2013,30(3):380-384.LIU Hui,HE Chungui,DENG Kazhong,et al.Analysis of forming mechanism of collapsing ground fissure caused by mining[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2013,30(3):380-384.
[16]范立民,张晓团,向茂西,等.浅埋煤层高强度开采区地裂缝发育特征---以陕西榆神府矿区为例[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(6):1442-1447.FAN Limin,ZHANG Xiaotuan,XIANG Maoxi,et al.Characteristics of ground fissure development in high intensity mining area of shallow seam in Yushenfu coal field[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(6):1442-1447.
[17]王金庄,李永树,周雄,等.巨厚松散层下采煤地表移动规律的研究[J].煤炭学报,1997,22(1):18-21.WANG Jinzhuang,LI Yongshu,ZHOU Xiong,et al.Study on earth surface movement laws on conditions of thick alluvium[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1997,22(1):18-21.
[2]范立民,马雄德,李永红,等.西部高强度采煤区矿山地质灾害现状与防控技术[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(2):276-285.FAN Limin,MA Xiongde,LI Yonghong,et al.Geological disasters and control technology in high intensity mining area of western China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(2):276-285.
[3]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.Scientific connotation of water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[4]范立民,向茂西,彭捷,等.毛乌素沙漠与黄土高原接壤区泉的演化分析[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(1):207-218.FAN Limin,XIANG Maoxi,PENG Jie,et al.Evolution analysis on springs in contiguous area of Maowusu Desert and Loess Plateau[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):207-218.
[5]钱鸣高,缪协兴,许家林,等.论科学采矿[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2008,25(1):1-10.QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,XU Jialin,et al.On scientized mining[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2008,25(1):1-10.
[6]黄庆享.浅埋煤层保水开采岩层控制研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):50-55.HUANG Qingxiang.Research on roof control of water conservation mining in shallow seam[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):50-55.
[7]黄庆享,张文忠.浅埋煤层条带充填隔水岩组力学模型分析[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(5):973-978.HUANG Qingxiang,ZHANG Wenzhong.Mechanical model of water resisting strata group in shallow seam strip-filling mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(5):973-978.
[8]刘增辉,娄嵩,孟祥瑞,等.近距离煤层开采对卸压区采场围岩应力演化过程研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):102-108.LIU Zenghui,LOU Song,MENG Xiangrui,et al.Mining affect of close distance coal seam to surrounding rock stress evolution of coal face in distressed zone[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):102-108.
[9]程志恒,齐庆新,李宏艳,等.近距离煤层群叠加开采采动应力-裂隙动态演化特征实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(2):367-375.CHENG Zhiheng,QI Qingxin,LI Hongyan,et al.Evolution of the superimposed mining induced stress-fissure field under extracting of close distance coal seam group[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(2):367-375.
[10]黄炳香,刘长友,许家林.采动覆岩破断裂隙的贯通度研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2010,39(1):45-49.HUANG Bingxiang,LIU Changyou,XU Jialin.Research on through degree of overlying strata fracture fissure induced by mining[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2010,39(1):45-49.
[11]李树清,何学秋,李绍泉,等.煤层群双重卸压开采覆岩移动及裂隙动态演化的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(12):2146-2152.LI Shuqing,HE Xueqiu,LI Shaoquan,et al.Experimental research on strata movement and fracture dynamic evolution of double pressure-relief mining in coal seams group[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,38(12):2146-2152.
[12]薛东杰,周宏伟,任伟光,等.浅埋深薄基岩煤层组开采采动裂隙演化及台阶式切落形成机制[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(8):1746-1752.XUE Dongjie,ZHOU Hongwei,REN Weiguang,et al.Stepped shearing-induced failure mechanism and cracks propagation of overlying thin bedrocks in shallow deep coal seams mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(8):1746-1752.
[13]范钢伟,张东升,马立强.神东矿区浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动与裂隙分布特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2011,40(2):196-201.FAN Gangwei,ZHANG Dongsheng,MA Liqiang.Overburden movement and fracture distribution induced by longwall mining of the shallow coal seam in the Shendong coalfield[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2011,40(2):196-201.
[14]黄汉富,闫志刚,姚邦华,等.万利矿区煤层群开采覆岩裂隙发育规律研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(5):619-624.HUANG Hanfu,YAN Zhigang,YAO Banghua,et al.Research on the process of fracture development in overlying rocks under coal seams group mining in Wanli Mining Area[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(5):619-624.
[15]刘辉,何春桂,邓喀中,等.开采引起地表塌陷型裂缝的形成机理分析[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2013,30(3):380-384.LIU Hui,HE Chungui,DENG Kazhong,et al.Analysis of forming mechanism of collapsing ground fissure caused by mining[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2013,30(3):380-384.
[16]范立民,张晓团,向茂西,等.浅埋煤层高强度开采区地裂缝发育特征---以陕西榆神府矿区为例[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(6):1442-1447.FAN Limin,ZHANG Xiaotuan,XIANG Maoxi,et al.Characteristics of ground fissure development in high intensity mining area of shallow seam in Yushenfu coal field[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(6):1442-1447.
[17]王金庄,李永树,周雄,等.巨厚松散层下采煤地表移动规律的研究[J].煤炭学报,1997,22(1):18-21.WANG Jinzhuang,LI Yongshu,ZHOU Xiong,et al.Study on earth surface movement laws on conditions of thick alluvium[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1997,22(1):18-21.
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