宜宾市PM_(2.5)中碳组分的污染特性及来源分析
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摘要
2017年1月—12月期间在四川省宜宾市布置4个点位,共采集360个PM_(2.5)样品膜,采用美国沙漠研究所DRI Model 2001型热光分析仪测定PM_(2.5)样品中OC、EC的浓度值,应用OC/EC比值法对SOC进行了估算.结果表明,宜宾市PM_(2.5)年均浓度为75.2μg·m~(-3).OC、EC年均浓度分别为14.3μg·m~(-3)和4.30μg·m~(-3),季节变化趋势为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,OC占PM_(2.5)比例为19.0%,为PM_(2.5)重要组成部分.SOC年均浓度为4.70μg·m~(-3),对OC贡献较大,在OC中占比为29.3%;SOC在OC中的占比春季>冬季≈秋季>夏季.进一步对OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、和OPC进行主成分分析,结果表明机动车尾气、燃煤排放和生物质燃烧是宜宾市PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的主要贡献源,可贡献PM_(2.5)中碳组分的54.0%—69.0%.
Three hundred and sixty PM_(2.5) samples were collected in locations in Yibin,Sichuan Province, from January 2017 to December 2017. The concentrations of organic carbon(OC) and element carbon(EC) in PM_(2.5) samples were determined by DRI Model 2001 Thermo/Optical Carbon Analyzer. The secondary organic carbon(SOC)was then estimated by the OC/EC ratio. The results showed that the annual average concentration of PM_(2.5) in Yibin was 75.2 μg·m~(-3). The annual average concentrations of OC and EC were 14.3 μg·m~(-3) and 4.30 μg·m~(-3), respectively. Also, the OC and EC concentrations showed a seasonal variation in an order of winter > autumn > spring > summer. OC accounted for 19.0% of PM_(2.5), which was an important part of PM_(2.5). Annual average concentration of SOC was 4.70 μg·m~(-3), accounting for 29.3% of total OC. Note that the proportion of SOC in OC followed the order of spring > winter ≈ autumn > summer. Further principal component analysis(PCA) of OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1, EC2, EC3 and OPC showed that motor vehicle exhaust, coal-fired emissions and biomass burning were the main sources of OC and EC in PM_(2.5) in Yibin, contributing 54.0%—69.0% of the carbonaceous aerosol in PM_(2.5).
Three hundred and sixty PM_(2.5) samples were collected in locations in Yibin,Sichuan Province, from January 2017 to December 2017. The concentrations of organic carbon(OC) and element carbon(EC) in PM_(2.5) samples were determined by DRI Model 2001 Thermo/Optical Carbon Analyzer. The secondary organic carbon(SOC)was then estimated by the OC/EC ratio. The results showed that the annual average concentration of PM_(2.5) in Yibin was 75.2 μg·m~(-3). The annual average concentrations of OC and EC were 14.3 μg·m~(-3) and 4.30 μg·m~(-3), respectively. Also, the OC and EC concentrations showed a seasonal variation in an order of winter > autumn > spring > summer. OC accounted for 19.0% of PM_(2.5), which was an important part of PM_(2.5). Annual average concentration of SOC was 4.70 μg·m~(-3), accounting for 29.3% of total OC. Note that the proportion of SOC in OC followed the order of spring > winter ≈ autumn > summer. Further principal component analysis(PCA) of OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1, EC2, EC3 and OPC showed that motor vehicle exhaust, coal-fired emissions and biomass burning were the main sources of OC and EC in PM_(2.5) in Yibin, contributing 54.0%—69.0% of the carbonaceous aerosol in PM_(2.5).
引文
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[2] JIMENEZ J L,CANAGARATNA M R,DONAHUE N M,et al.Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere[J].Science,2009,326(5959):1525-1529.
[3] PANDIS S N,HARLEY R A,CASS G R,et al.Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport[J].Atmospheric Environment.Part A.General Topics,1992,26(13):2269-2282.
[4] TURPIN B J,HUNTZICKER J J.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(23):3527-3544.
[5] CHAN Y C,SIMPSON R W,MCTAINSH G H,et al.Source apportionment of visibility degradation problems in Brisbane (Australia) using the multiple linear regression techniques[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(19):3237-3250.
[6] 段凤魁,贺克斌,刘咸德,等.含碳气溶胶研究进展:有机碳和元素碳[J].环境工程学报,2007,1(8):1-8.DUAN F K,HE K B,LIU X D,et al.Review of carbonaceous aerosol studies:Organic carbon and elemental carbon[J].2007,1(8):1-8(in Chinese).
[7] 迟旭光,段凤魁,董树屏,等.北京大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的浓度水平和季节变化[J].中国环境监测,2000,16(3):35-38.CHI X G,DUAN F K,DONG S P,et al.Concentration level seasonal variation of organic carbon and elemental carbon in Beijing aerosol[J].Environment Monitoring in China,2000,16(3):35-38(in Chinese).
[8] DUAN J,TAN J,WANG S,et al.Roadside,Urban,and Rural comparison of size distribution characteristics of PAHs and carbonaceous components of Beijing,China[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2012,69(4):337-349.
[9] LI W,BAI Z.Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric fine particles in Tianjin,China[J].Particuology,2009,7(6):432-437.
[10] 郭育红,辛金元,王跃思,等.唐山市大气颗粒物 OC/EC 浓度谱分布观测研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2497-2504.GUO Y H,XIN J Y,WANG Y S,et al.Observation of size distribution of atmospheric OC/EC in Tangshan,China[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2497-2504(in Chinese).
[11] FENG Y,CHEN Y,GUO H,et al.Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 samples in Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,92(4):434-442.
[12] 王广华,位楠楠,刘卫,等.上海市大气颗粒物中有机碳 (OC) 与元素碳 (EC) 的粒径分布[J].环境科学,2010,31(9):1993-2001.WANG G H,WAI N N,LIU W,et al.Size distribution of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in shanghai atmospheric particles[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(9):1993-2001(in Chinese).
[13] 张予燕,俞美香,任兰,等.南京大气细颗粒中有机碳与元素碳污染特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,2012,24(4):30-32.ZHANG Y Y,YU M X,REN L,et al.Organic and element carbon pollution characteristics of atmospheric fine particles in Nanjing[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2012,24(4):30-32(in Chinese).
[14] 刘刚,张旭贤,滕卫林,等.杭州市大气PM2.5中有机碳元素碳的同位素组成[J].科学通报,2007,52(16):1935-1937.LIU G,ZHANG X X,TENG W L,et al.The isotopic composition of organic carbon in PM2.5 in Hangzhou[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(16):1935-1937(in Chinese).
[15] CAO J J,LEE S C,Chow J C,et al.Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2007,112(D22):1-9.
[16] YU J,CHEN T,BENJAMIN G,et al.Characteristics of carbonaceous particles in Beijing during winter and summer 2003[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2006,23(3):468-473.
[17] 史国良,陈刚,田瑛泽,等.天津大气PM2.5中碳组分特征和来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2016,38(1):1-7.SHI G L,CHEN G,TIAN Y Z,et al.Characteristic and sources of carbon fractions in PM2.5 in Tianjin urban area[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2016,38(1):1-7(in Chinese).
[18] 黄虹,李顺诚,曹军骥,等.广州市夏季室内外PM2.5中有机碳,元素碳的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1242-1249HUANG H,LI S C,CAO J Y,et al.Characterization of indoor/outdoor organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 during summer in Guangzhou city[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(9):1242-1249(in Chinese).
[19] YU S,DENNIS R L,BHAVE P V,et al.Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States:Estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC),and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(31):5257-5268.
[20] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,LU Z,et al.Descriptive analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(12):2079-2112.
[21] MICHAEL J K,SARAH G R,MICHAEL A R,et al.Lubricating oil and fuel contributions to particulate matter emissions from light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(1):235-242.
[22] SAYLOR R D,EDGERTON E S,HARTSELL B E.Linear regression techniques for use in the EC tracer method of secondary organic aerosol estimation [J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(39):7546-7556.
[23] HO J L,URPIN B J,RUSSELL L M,et al.Organic and elemental carbon measurements during ACE-Asia suggest a longer atmospheric lifetime for elemental carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(14):3055-3061.
[24] HO J L,TURPIN B J.Origins of primary and secondary organic aerosol in Atlanta:results of time resolved measurements during the Atlanta duper site experiment [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36(21):4489-4496.
[25] CAO J J,CHOW J C,LEE S C,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi an,China[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2005 (5):3561-3593.