基于附面层理论的路基热边界模型
|
摘要
基于"附面层原理",建立考虑气象条件和路面结构热物理因素影响下的路面结构热交换计算模型。选用合适的判据给出热边界厚度的确定方法,然后,通过数值模拟和灰关联分析,考察太阳辐射强度、风速、路面结构等因素对热边界底部温度增量的影响。最后,对各影响因素及其交互作用下的热边界底部温度增量进行二次正交回归分析,建立热边界底部温度计算模型,并以青藏高原气象数据和青藏高速公路路基试验段实测的温度验证模型的可靠性。研究结果表明:热边界厚度与路基等效热扩散率线性正相关;路面吸收率对热边界底部温度增量的影响最大,太阳辐射强度的影响次之,对流换热系数的影响中等,等效热扩散率的影响较小,发射率的影响最小;该模型可靠性高,可以用来预测路基热边界。
Based on the boundary-layer theory, a model for heat exchange of embankment structure was established firstly considering all influence factors including meteorological conditions and thermal physical parameters of pavement structure to determine thermal boundary condition. And then the method to determine the thermal boundary condition was proposed. Secondly, sensitivity analysis of the influencing factors which affect the temperature increment at the thermal boundary was implemented using the method of grey relation. Finally, considering the influences of all factors and their interaction, the quadratic regression orthogonality analysis method was used to study the temperature increment at the thermal boundary. A prediction model on thermal boundary condition was established and verified by the measured temperature of Qinghai—Tibet Highway. The results show that the thickness of thermal boundary has a positive relationship with the equivalence thermal diffusivity of embankment. The road surface absorptivity has the largest influence on the thermal boundary, followed by the solar radiation, with the convective heat transfer coefficient in the middle, the equivalent thermal diffusivity being the next factor, and the road surface emissivity influences the smallest.The model is reliable and can be used to predict the thermal boundary of embankment.
Based on the boundary-layer theory, a model for heat exchange of embankment structure was established firstly considering all influence factors including meteorological conditions and thermal physical parameters of pavement structure to determine thermal boundary condition. And then the method to determine the thermal boundary condition was proposed. Secondly, sensitivity analysis of the influencing factors which affect the temperature increment at the thermal boundary was implemented using the method of grey relation. Finally, considering the influences of all factors and their interaction, the quadratic regression orthogonality analysis method was used to study the temperature increment at the thermal boundary. A prediction model on thermal boundary condition was established and verified by the measured temperature of Qinghai—Tibet Highway. The results show that the thickness of thermal boundary has a positive relationship with the equivalence thermal diffusivity of embankment. The road surface absorptivity has the largest influence on the thermal boundary, followed by the solar radiation, with the convective heat transfer coefficient in the middle, the equivalent thermal diffusivity being the next factor, and the road surface emissivity influences the smallest.The model is reliable and can be used to predict the thermal boundary of embankment.
引文
[1]王绍令,赵林,李述训,等.青藏公路多年冻土段沥青路面热量平衡及路基稳定性研究[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):111-118.WANG Shaolin,ZHAO Lin,LI Shuxun,et al.Study on thermal balance of asphalt pavement and roadbed stability in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet highway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):111-118.
[2]窦建明,胡长顺,何子文,等.青藏公路多年冻土段路基病害分布规律[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(6):780-783.DOU Mingjian,HU Changshun,HE Ziwen,et al.Distributing regularities of subgrade diseases in permafrost section of the Qinghai-Tibet highway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(6):780-783.
[3]张鲁新,原思成,杨永平.青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形裂缝发生机理及其防治[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(6):604-610.ZHANG Luxin,YUAN Sicheng,YANG Yongping.Mechanism and prevention of deformation cracks of embankments in the permafrost region along Qinghai-Xizang railway[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(6):604-610.
[4]俞祁浩,谷伟,钱进,等.多年冻土区高等级公路建设面临问题分析[J].公路,2010,11(11):74-80.YU Qihao,GU Wei,QIAN Jin,et al.Problem analysis of high grade highway construction in permafrost regions[J].Highway,2010,11(11):74-80.
[5]ZHANG Mingyi,LAI Yuanming,GAO Zhihua,et al.Influence of boundary conditions on the cooling effect of crushed-rock embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,44(3):225-239.
[6]ZHANG T,OSTERKAMP T E,STAMNES K.Influence of the depth hoar layer of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime[J].Water Resources Research,1996,32(7):2075-2086.
[7]ZHANG T,STAMNES K.Impact of climatic factors on the active layer and permafrost at Barrow,Alaska[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,1998,9(3):229-246.
[8]穆彦虎.青藏铁路冻土区路基温度和变形动态变化过程研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2012:24-34.MU Yanhu.Analyses on dynamic variations of embankment thermal regime and deformation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2012:24-34.
[9]王可丽,程国栋.青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅰ):物理过程与实验方案[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(6):759-764.WANG Keli,CHENG Guodong.Thermodynamic model of the ground surface and the roadbed surface along the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway(Ⅰ):physical process and experimental scheme[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(6):759-764.
[10]王可丽,程国栋,江灏,等.青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅱ):无云大气条件下模拟试验结果分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(2):171-176.WANG Keli,CHENG Guodong,JIANG Hao,et al.Thermodynamic model of the ground surface and embankment surface along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(Ⅱ):results in the cloud-free condition[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(2):171-176.
[11]江灏,吴青柏,王可丽,等.青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅲ):参数化方案[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):680-685.JIANG Hao,WU Qingbai,WANG Keli,et al.Thermodynamic model of the ground surface and embankment surface along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(Ⅲ):parameterization schemes[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(5):680-685.
[12]LIU Zhiyun,CHEN Jianbing,JIN Long,et al.Roadbed temperature study based on earth-atmosphere coupled system in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,86(2):167-176.
[13]张文纲,李述训,吴通华,等.青藏高原地气温差变化分析[J].地理学报,2006,61(9):899-910.ZHANG Wengang,LI Shuxun,WU Tonghua,et al.Changes of the differences between ground and air temperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(9):899-910.
[14]李述训,吴通华.青藏高原地气温度之间的关系[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):627-632.LI Shuxun,WU Tonghua.The relationship between air temperature and ground temperature in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(5):627-632.
[15]KARUNARATNE K C,BURN C R.Relations between air and surface temperature in discontinuous permafrost terrain near Mayo,Yukon Territory[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2004,41(12):1437-1451.
[16]朱林楠.高原冻土区不同下垫面的附面层研究[J].冰川冻土,1988,10(1):8-14.ZHU Linnan.Study of the adherent layer on different types of ground in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1988,10(1):8-14.
[17]ZHANG Mingyi,LAI Yuanming,DONG Yuanhong.Numerical study on temperature characteristics of expressway embankment with crushed-rock revetment and ventilated ducts in warm permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2009,59(1):19-24.
[18]赵世运.青藏铁路冻土区“冷却地基”设计理论的研究和实践[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2007:173-209.ZHAO Shiyun.The study and practice of cooling embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2007:173-209.
[19]孙志忠.青藏铁路多年冻土区块石护坡路基试验研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2006:90-105.SUN Zhizhong.Study on the crushed-rock revetment embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2006:90-105.
[20]ASAEDA T,CA V T,WAKE A.Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(3):413-427.
[21]张中琼.多年冻土区沥青路面热效应机理研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2012:25-30.ZHANG Zhongqiong.Study on the mechanism of asphalt pavement’s thermal effects in permafrost regions[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2012:25-30.
[22]严作人.层状路面体系的温度场分析[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),1984,16(3):79-88.YAN Zuoren.Analysis of the temperature field in layered pavement system[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),1984,16(3):79-88.
[23]王孙富.沥青路面结构温度场与温度应力的数值模拟分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院,2010:15-16.WANG Sunfu.Simulation analysis of temperature field and thermal stress for bituminous pavement structure[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology.School of Transportation Science and Engineering,2010:15-16.
[24]张朝晖.ANSYS热分析教程与实例解析[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2007:51-52.ZHANG Chaohui.ANSYS thermal analysis tutorial and case analysis[M].Beijing:China Railway Press,2007:51-52.
[25]冯德成,胡伟超,于飞,等.沥青路面材料热物性参数对温度场的影响及敏感性分析[J].公路交通科技,2011,28(11):12-19.FENG Decheng,HU Weichao,YU Fei,et al.Impact of asphalt pavement thermophysical property on temperature field and sensitivity analysis[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2011,28(11):12-19.
[26]赵镇南.传热学[M].2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:142-145.ZHAO Zhennan.Heat transfer[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007:142-145.
[27]白青波,李旭,田亚护.路基温度场长期模拟中的地表热边界条件研究[J].岩土工程学报,2015,37(6):1142-1149.BAI Qinbo,LI Xu,TIAN Yahu.Upper boundary conditions in long-term thermal simulation of subgrade[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2015,37(6):1142-1149.
[28]张慧彧,邹玲,纪小平.沥青混合料导热系数的试验研究[J].公路,2011(10):50-51.ZHANG Huiyu,ZOU Lin,JI Xiaoping.Experimental study on the heat conduction of asphalt mixtures[J].Highway,2011(10):50-51.
[29]陈明宇.沥青路面太阳能集热性能研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学材料科学与工程学院,2010:22-23.CHEN Mingyu.Research on solar energy collection using asphalt pavement[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology.School of Materials Science and Engineering,2010:22-23.
[30]张鑫.沥青路面热反射与热阻技术降温机理与应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院,2011:38-40.ZHANG Xin.Research on heat reflection and thermal resistance technology of asphalt pavement cooling mechanism and its application[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology.School of Transportation Science and Engineering,2011:38-40.
[31]翁笃鸣.中国太阳直接辐射的气候计算及其分布特征[J].太阳能学报,1986,7(2):3-12.WENG Duming.Climatical method for direct solar radiation calculation and its distribution over China[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1986,7(2):121-130.
[32]马有哲,刘小宁,许松.中国太阳辐射数据集及其质量检验分析[J].气象科技,1998(2):53-56.MA Youzhe,LIU Xiaoning,XU Song.Analysis of data set and quality inspection radiation in China[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,1998(2):53-56.
[33]吴其重,王自发,崔应杰.我国近20年太阳辐射时空分布状况模式评估[J].应用气象学报,2010,21(3):343-351.WU Qizhong,WANG Zifa,CUI Yingjie.Evaluating the solar radiation resources of China in recent 20 years by meteorological model[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2010,21(3):343-351.
[34]SHARPLES S.Full sealed measurements of convective energy losses from exterior building surfaces[J].Building Environment,1984,19:31-38.
[35]WILLIAM D B.理解回归假设[M].余珊珊,译.上海格致出版社,上海出版社,2012:20-50.WILLIAM D B.Understanding regression assumptions[M].YUShanshan,trans.Shanghai:Truth and Wisdom Press,Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2012:20-50.
[36]王铁行.多年冻土地区路基计算原理及临界高度研究[D].西安:长安大学公路工程学院,2001:19-21.WANG Tiexing.Research on calculation principle and critical height of subgrade in permafrost regions[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University.School of Highway Engineering,2001:19-21.
[37]陈练.气候变暖背景下中国风速(能)变化及其影响因子研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学大气科学学院,2013:14-15.CHEN Lian.Changes and their impact factors of wind speed(energy)over china under the background of climate warming[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.College of Atmospheric Science,2013:14-15.
[38]江滢,罗勇,赵宗慈,等.近50年中国风速变化及原因分析[C]//中国气象学会2007年年会气候变化分会场论文集.北京,2007:80-89.JIANG Ying,LUO Yong,ZHAO Zongci,et al.Analysis of wind speed changes and causes in China in the past 50 years[C]//Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Conference of the Chinese Meteorological Society on Climate Change.Beijing,2007:80-89.
[2]窦建明,胡长顺,何子文,等.青藏公路多年冻土段路基病害分布规律[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(6):780-783.DOU Mingjian,HU Changshun,HE Ziwen,et al.Distributing regularities of subgrade diseases in permafrost section of the Qinghai-Tibet highway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(6):780-783.
[3]张鲁新,原思成,杨永平.青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形裂缝发生机理及其防治[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(6):604-610.ZHANG Luxin,YUAN Sicheng,YANG Yongping.Mechanism and prevention of deformation cracks of embankments in the permafrost region along Qinghai-Xizang railway[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(6):604-610.
[4]俞祁浩,谷伟,钱进,等.多年冻土区高等级公路建设面临问题分析[J].公路,2010,11(11):74-80.YU Qihao,GU Wei,QIAN Jin,et al.Problem analysis of high grade highway construction in permafrost regions[J].Highway,2010,11(11):74-80.
[5]ZHANG Mingyi,LAI Yuanming,GAO Zhihua,et al.Influence of boundary conditions on the cooling effect of crushed-rock embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,44(3):225-239.
[6]ZHANG T,OSTERKAMP T E,STAMNES K.Influence of the depth hoar layer of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime[J].Water Resources Research,1996,32(7):2075-2086.
[7]ZHANG T,STAMNES K.Impact of climatic factors on the active layer and permafrost at Barrow,Alaska[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,1998,9(3):229-246.
[8]穆彦虎.青藏铁路冻土区路基温度和变形动态变化过程研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2012:24-34.MU Yanhu.Analyses on dynamic variations of embankment thermal regime and deformation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2012:24-34.
[9]王可丽,程国栋.青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅰ):物理过程与实验方案[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(6):759-764.WANG Keli,CHENG Guodong.Thermodynamic model of the ground surface and the roadbed surface along the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway(Ⅰ):physical process and experimental scheme[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(6):759-764.
[10]王可丽,程国栋,江灏,等.青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅱ):无云大气条件下模拟试验结果分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(2):171-176.WANG Keli,CHENG Guodong,JIANG Hao,et al.Thermodynamic model of the ground surface and embankment surface along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(Ⅱ):results in the cloud-free condition[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(2):171-176.
[11]江灏,吴青柏,王可丽,等.青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅲ):参数化方案[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):680-685.JIANG Hao,WU Qingbai,WANG Keli,et al.Thermodynamic model of the ground surface and embankment surface along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(Ⅲ):parameterization schemes[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(5):680-685.
[12]LIU Zhiyun,CHEN Jianbing,JIN Long,et al.Roadbed temperature study based on earth-atmosphere coupled system in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,86(2):167-176.
[13]张文纲,李述训,吴通华,等.青藏高原地气温差变化分析[J].地理学报,2006,61(9):899-910.ZHANG Wengang,LI Shuxun,WU Tonghua,et al.Changes of the differences between ground and air temperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(9):899-910.
[14]李述训,吴通华.青藏高原地气温度之间的关系[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):627-632.LI Shuxun,WU Tonghua.The relationship between air temperature and ground temperature in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(5):627-632.
[15]KARUNARATNE K C,BURN C R.Relations between air and surface temperature in discontinuous permafrost terrain near Mayo,Yukon Territory[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2004,41(12):1437-1451.
[16]朱林楠.高原冻土区不同下垫面的附面层研究[J].冰川冻土,1988,10(1):8-14.ZHU Linnan.Study of the adherent layer on different types of ground in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1988,10(1):8-14.
[17]ZHANG Mingyi,LAI Yuanming,DONG Yuanhong.Numerical study on temperature characteristics of expressway embankment with crushed-rock revetment and ventilated ducts in warm permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2009,59(1):19-24.
[18]赵世运.青藏铁路冻土区“冷却地基”设计理论的研究和实践[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2007:173-209.ZHAO Shiyun.The study and practice of cooling embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2007:173-209.
[19]孙志忠.青藏铁路多年冻土区块石护坡路基试验研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2006:90-105.SUN Zhizhong.Study on the crushed-rock revetment embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2006:90-105.
[20]ASAEDA T,CA V T,WAKE A.Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(3):413-427.
[21]张中琼.多年冻土区沥青路面热效应机理研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2012:25-30.ZHANG Zhongqiong.Study on the mechanism of asphalt pavement’s thermal effects in permafrost regions[D].Lanzhou:The Chinese Academy of Sciences.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,2012:25-30.
[22]严作人.层状路面体系的温度场分析[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),1984,16(3):79-88.YAN Zuoren.Analysis of the temperature field in layered pavement system[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),1984,16(3):79-88.
[23]王孙富.沥青路面结构温度场与温度应力的数值模拟分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院,2010:15-16.WANG Sunfu.Simulation analysis of temperature field and thermal stress for bituminous pavement structure[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology.School of Transportation Science and Engineering,2010:15-16.
[24]张朝晖.ANSYS热分析教程与实例解析[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2007:51-52.ZHANG Chaohui.ANSYS thermal analysis tutorial and case analysis[M].Beijing:China Railway Press,2007:51-52.
[25]冯德成,胡伟超,于飞,等.沥青路面材料热物性参数对温度场的影响及敏感性分析[J].公路交通科技,2011,28(11):12-19.FENG Decheng,HU Weichao,YU Fei,et al.Impact of asphalt pavement thermophysical property on temperature field and sensitivity analysis[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2011,28(11):12-19.
[26]赵镇南.传热学[M].2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:142-145.ZHAO Zhennan.Heat transfer[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007:142-145.
[27]白青波,李旭,田亚护.路基温度场长期模拟中的地表热边界条件研究[J].岩土工程学报,2015,37(6):1142-1149.BAI Qinbo,LI Xu,TIAN Yahu.Upper boundary conditions in long-term thermal simulation of subgrade[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2015,37(6):1142-1149.
[28]张慧彧,邹玲,纪小平.沥青混合料导热系数的试验研究[J].公路,2011(10):50-51.ZHANG Huiyu,ZOU Lin,JI Xiaoping.Experimental study on the heat conduction of asphalt mixtures[J].Highway,2011(10):50-51.
[29]陈明宇.沥青路面太阳能集热性能研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学材料科学与工程学院,2010:22-23.CHEN Mingyu.Research on solar energy collection using asphalt pavement[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology.School of Materials Science and Engineering,2010:22-23.
[30]张鑫.沥青路面热反射与热阻技术降温机理与应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院,2011:38-40.ZHANG Xin.Research on heat reflection and thermal resistance technology of asphalt pavement cooling mechanism and its application[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology.School of Transportation Science and Engineering,2011:38-40.
[31]翁笃鸣.中国太阳直接辐射的气候计算及其分布特征[J].太阳能学报,1986,7(2):3-12.WENG Duming.Climatical method for direct solar radiation calculation and its distribution over China[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1986,7(2):121-130.
[32]马有哲,刘小宁,许松.中国太阳辐射数据集及其质量检验分析[J].气象科技,1998(2):53-56.MA Youzhe,LIU Xiaoning,XU Song.Analysis of data set and quality inspection radiation in China[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,1998(2):53-56.
[33]吴其重,王自发,崔应杰.我国近20年太阳辐射时空分布状况模式评估[J].应用气象学报,2010,21(3):343-351.WU Qizhong,WANG Zifa,CUI Yingjie.Evaluating the solar radiation resources of China in recent 20 years by meteorological model[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2010,21(3):343-351.
[34]SHARPLES S.Full sealed measurements of convective energy losses from exterior building surfaces[J].Building Environment,1984,19:31-38.
[35]WILLIAM D B.理解回归假设[M].余珊珊,译.上海格致出版社,上海出版社,2012:20-50.WILLIAM D B.Understanding regression assumptions[M].YUShanshan,trans.Shanghai:Truth and Wisdom Press,Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2012:20-50.
[36]王铁行.多年冻土地区路基计算原理及临界高度研究[D].西安:长安大学公路工程学院,2001:19-21.WANG Tiexing.Research on calculation principle and critical height of subgrade in permafrost regions[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University.School of Highway Engineering,2001:19-21.
[37]陈练.气候变暖背景下中国风速(能)变化及其影响因子研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学大气科学学院,2013:14-15.CHEN Lian.Changes and their impact factors of wind speed(energy)over china under the background of climate warming[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.College of Atmospheric Science,2013:14-15.
[38]江滢,罗勇,赵宗慈,等.近50年中国风速变化及原因分析[C]//中国气象学会2007年年会气候变化分会场论文集.北京,2007:80-89.JIANG Ying,LUO Yong,ZHAO Zongci,et al.Analysis of wind speed changes and causes in China in the past 50 years[C]//Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Conference of the Chinese Meteorological Society on Climate Change.Beijing,2007:80-89.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |