北京地区中国荷斯坦牛性情遗传评估
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摘要
旨在探究中国荷斯坦牛性情的影响因素,估计方差组分和遗传参数并揭示其遗传趋势。本试验收集北京地区2015-2017年13个奶牛场共9 016头健康泌乳牛的性情评分,采用logistic回归模型分析性情影响因素,利用DMU软件使用动物模型估计性情评分、直肠温度、日产奶量和繁殖性状(产犊到首次配种间隔、重复输精次数)的遗传力及其之间的遗传相关,并根据估计育种值分析其遗传趋势。结果显示,北京地区中国荷斯坦牛性情评分1分、 2分和3分比例分别为75.00%、19.25%和5.75%;胎次和场-评定人效应对性情评分有显著影响(P<0.05);性情评分估计遗传力为0.03,属于低遗传力性状,与重复输精次数为中度遗传相关(r=0.56),与产犊到首次配种间隔和直肠温度为中度负遗传相关(r=-0.30,r=-0.17),而与日产奶量为低度遗传相关(r=0.07);2001-2017年,北京地区中国荷斯坦牛性情遗传趋势总体上无明显变化。本研究是国内首次对奶牛性情进行遗传分析,为了解奶牛行为特征、实现平衡育种提供理论基础。
The aim of this study was to explore the factors affecting temperament of Chinese Holstein, estimate the variance component and genetic parameters, and reveal its genetic trend. The temperament score(TS) of 9 016 healthy lactating cows from 13 herds were collected from 2015 to 2017 in Beijing. Logistic model was used to analyze the factors affecting temperament, the animal model and DMU software were employed to estimate heritability of TS, rectal temperature(RT), daily milk yield(DMY) and reproductive traits(interval from calving to first service(ICF) and number of services(NS)) and genetic correlation between these traits. Genetic trends were analyzed according to the estimated breeding value. The results showed that the proportion of TS as 1, 2 and 3 in Chinese Holstein herds in Beijing area were 75.00%, 19.25% and 5.75%, respectively; The parity and farm-scorer had significant impact on TS(P<0.05); Estimated heritability of TS was 0.03, which defining TS as a low inheritable trait. The genetic correlation of TS with NS was moderate(r=0.56), with ICF and RT were negative and moderate(r=-0.30, r=-0.17, respectively), however, there was a low genetic correlation between TS and DMY(r=0.07); In general, no obvious change was evidenced for the genetic trend of temperament from 2001 to 2017. It is the first report to evaluate genetic parameters of temperament in Chinese Holstein. The results could provide theoretical basis for understanding the behavior characteristics of Chinese Holstein and facilitate future balanced breeding.
The aim of this study was to explore the factors affecting temperament of Chinese Holstein, estimate the variance component and genetic parameters, and reveal its genetic trend. The temperament score(TS) of 9 016 healthy lactating cows from 13 herds were collected from 2015 to 2017 in Beijing. Logistic model was used to analyze the factors affecting temperament, the animal model and DMU software were employed to estimate heritability of TS, rectal temperature(RT), daily milk yield(DMY) and reproductive traits(interval from calving to first service(ICF) and number of services(NS)) and genetic correlation between these traits. Genetic trends were analyzed according to the estimated breeding value. The results showed that the proportion of TS as 1, 2 and 3 in Chinese Holstein herds in Beijing area were 75.00%, 19.25% and 5.75%, respectively; The parity and farm-scorer had significant impact on TS(P<0.05); Estimated heritability of TS was 0.03, which defining TS as a low inheritable trait. The genetic correlation of TS with NS was moderate(r=0.56), with ICF and RT were negative and moderate(r=-0.30, r=-0.17, respectively), however, there was a low genetic correlation between TS and DMY(r=0.07); In general, no obvious change was evidenced for the genetic trend of temperament from 2001 to 2017. It is the first report to evaluate genetic parameters of temperament in Chinese Holstein. The results could provide theoretical basis for understanding the behavior characteristics of Chinese Holstein and facilitate future balanced breeding.
引文
[1] FRIEDRICH J,BRAND B,SCHWERIN M.Genetics of cattle temperament and its impact on livestock production and breeding - a review[J].Arch Anim Breed,2015,58(1):13-21.
[2] BOISSY A,FISHER A D,BOUIX J,et al.Genetics of fear in ruminant livestock[J].Livest Prod Sci,2005,93(1):23-32.
[3] B?E K E,FAEREVIK G.Grouping and social preferences in calves,heifers and cows[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2003,80(3):175-190.
[4] SUTHERLAND M A,ROGERS A R,VERKERK G A.The effect of temperament and responsiveness towards humans on the behavior,physiology and milk production of multi-parous dairy cows in a familiar and novel milking environment[J].Physiol Behav,2012,107(3):329-337.
[5] PHOCAS F,BOIVIN X,SAPA J,et al.Genetic correlations between temperament and breeding traits in Limousin heifers[J].J Anim Sci,2006,82(6):805-811.
[6] COOKE R F,BOHNERT D W,MENEGHETTI M,et al.Effects of temperament on pregnancy rates to fixed-timed AI in Bos indicus beef cows[J].Livest Sci,2011,142(1-3):108-113.
[7] HASKELL M J,SIMM G,TURNER S P.Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle[J].Front Genet,2014,5:368.
[8] SEWALEM A,MIGLIOR F,KISTEMAKER G J.Short communication:Genetic parameters of milking temperament and milking speed in Canadian Holsteins[J].J Dairy Sci,2011,94(1):512-516.
[9] ADAMCZYK K,POKORSKA J,MAKULSKA J,et al.Genetic analysis and evaluation of behavioural traits in cattle[J].Livest Sci,2013,154(1-3):1-12.
[10] 王晔,张海亮,吴帆,等.奶牛性情的影响因素及其对产奶性能的作用[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(9):32-39.WANG Y,ZHANG H L,WU F,et al.Factors affecting dairy cow’s temperament and the effect of temperament on milking performance[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(9):32-39.(in Chinese)
[11] 张驰,罗宇茜,王嘉熠,等.奶牛性情评定方法及其影响因素分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(3):488-496.ZHANG C,LUO Y X,WANG J Y,et al.Study on scoring method and influencing factors of temperament in dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(3):488-496.(in Chinese)
[12] 郭翔羽,郭刚,李锡智,等.北京地区荷斯坦青年牛繁殖性状影响因素分析[J].中国奶牛,2011(24):1-6.GUO X Y,GUO G,LI X Z,et al.Analysis of causal factors on reproduction traits for Holstein heifers in Beijing area[J].China Dairy Cattle,2011(24):1-6.(in Chinese)
[13] 李胜利,陈萍,郑博文.如何通过改善奶牛饲料转化效率提高牛奶产量和质量[C]//动物营养与饲料研究——第五届全国饲料营养学术研讨会论文集.珠海:中国畜牧兽医学会,中国农业大学,2006.LI S L,CHEN P,ZHENG B W.How to improve milk yield and quality by improving feed conversion efficiency of dairy cows[C]//Fifth National Symposium on Feed Nutrition.Zhuhai,2006.(in Chinese)
[14] GRANDIN T,DEESING M J.Genetics and the behavior of domestic animals[M].2nd ed.New York:Academic Press,2014.
[15] VOISINET B D,GRANDIN T,TATUM J D,et al.Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments[J].J Anim Sci,1997,75(4):892-896.
[16] LANIER J L,GRANDIN T,GREEN R D,et al.The relationship between reaction to sudden,intermittent movements and sounds and temperament[J].J Anim Sci,2000,78(6):1467-1474.
[17] SCHüTZ K E,HAWKE M L,WAAS J R,et al.Effects of human handling during early rearing on the behaviour of dairy calves[J].Anim Welf,2012,21(1):19-26.
[18] WAIBLINGER S,MENKE C,F?LSCH D W.Influences on the avoidance and approach behaviour of dairy cows towards humans on 35 farms[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2003,84(1):23-39.
[19] ADAMCZYK K,GIL Z,FALENCZAK A,et al.Relationship between milk yield of cows and their 24-hour walking activity[J].Anim Sci Pap Rep,2011,29(3):185-195.
[20] LE NEINDRE P,BOIVIN X,BOISSY A.Handling of extensively kept animals[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,1996,49(1):73-81.
[21] BURDICK N C,CARROLL J A,HULBERT L E,et al.Relationships between temperament and transportation with rectal temperature and serum concentrations of cortisol and epinephrine in bulls[J].Livest Sci,2010,129(1-3):166-172.
[22] 常瑶,朱莹琳,施佳庆,等.西荷杂交牛与荷斯坦牛重要经济性状对比[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(2):270-281.CHANG Y,ZHU Y L,SHI J Q,et al.A comparison study on economically important traits between Holstein and Simmental×Holstein crossbred cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(2):270-281.(in Chinese)
[23] GAULY M,MATHIAK H,ERHARDT G.Genetic background of behavioural and plasma cortisol response to repeated short-term separation and tethering of beef calves[J].J Anim Breed Genet,2002,119(6):379-384.
[24] HOPPE S,BRANDT H R,K?NIG S,et al.Temperament traits of beef calves measured under field conditions and their relationships to performance[J].J Anim Sci,2010,88(6):1982-1989.
[25] SCHWARTZKOPF-GENSWEIN K S,SHAH M A,CHURCH J S,et al.A comparison of commonly used and novel electronic techniques for evaluating cattle temperament[J].Can J Anim Sci,2012,92(1):21-31.
[26] KOVáCS L,KéZéR L,T?ZSéR J.Measuring stress level of dairy cows during milking using by geometric indices of heart rate variability[J].Anim Sci Biotechnol,2013,46(1):213-217.
[27] FOSTER W W,FREEMAN A E,BERGER P J,et al.Linear type trait analysis with genetic parameter estimation[J].J Dairy Sci,1988,71(1):223-231.
[28] TAL A.通过训练增加头胎牛产奶量并延长奶牛使用寿命[J].中国乳业,2014(154):28-30.TAL A.Increase milk production and extend the life span of dairy cows through training[J].China Dairy,2014(154):28-30.(in Chinese)
[29] CAFE L M,ROBINSON D L,FERGUSON D M,et al.Temperament and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth,efficiency,carcass,and meat quality traits in Brahman steers[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2011,40(4):230-240.
[30] 魏学良.奶牛产后生殖机能恢复规律研究[D].重庆:西南农业大学,2001.WEI X L.Studies on reproductive resomption regulations on cows in postpartum[D].Chongqing:Southwest Agricultural University,2001.(in Chinese)
[31] 崔才三,隋京美,韩丹青.产后抑郁症病因、诊断及防治的研究进展[J].现代妇产科进展,2005,14(4):319-321.CUI C S,SUI J M,HAN D Q.Research progress on etiology,diagnosis and prevention of postpartum depression[J].Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology,2005,14(4):319-321.(in Chinese)
[32] LASSEN J,MARK T.Short communication:Genotype by housing interaction for conformation and workability traits in danish holsteins[J].J Dairy Sci,2008,91(11):4424-4428.
[33] BENHAJALI H,BOIVIN X,SAPA J,et al.Assessment of different on-farm measures of beef cattle temperament for use in genetic evaluation[J].J Anim Sci,2010,88(11):3529-3537.
[34] VISSCHER P M,GODDARD M E.Genetic parameters for milk yield,survival,workability,and type traits for Australian dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,1995,78(1):205-220.
[35] PRAYAGA K C,CORBET N J,JOHNSTON D J,et al.Genetics of adaptive traits in heifers and their relationship to growth,pubertal and carcass traits in two tropical beef cattle genotypes[J].Anim Prod Sci,2009,49(5-6):413-425.
[36] RUPP R,BOICHARD D.Genetic parameters for clinical mastitis,somatic cell score,production,udder type traits,and milking ease in first lactation Holsteins[J].J Dairy Sci,1999,82(10):2198-2204.
[37] BREUER K,HEMSWORTH P H,BARNETT J L,et al.Behavioural response to humans and the productivity of commercial dairy cows[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2000,66(4):273-288.
[38] BRUCKMAIER R M,WELLNITZ O.Induction of milk ejection and milk removal in different production systems[J].J Anim Sci,2008,861(S13):15-20.
[39] RUSHEN J,MUNKSGAARD L,MARNET P G,et al.Human contact and the effects of acute stress on cows at milking[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2001,73(1):1-14.
[40] VAN REENEN C G,VAN DER WERF J T N,BRUCKMAIER R M,et al.Individual differences in behavioral and physiological responsiveness of primiparous dairy cows to machine milking[J].J Dairy Sci,2002,85(10):2551-2561.
[41] ORBáN M,GAáL K K,PAJOR F,et al.Effect of temperament of Jersey and Holstein Friesian cows on milk production traits and somatic cell count (Short communication)[J].Arch Tierz,2011,54(6):594-599.
[2] BOISSY A,FISHER A D,BOUIX J,et al.Genetics of fear in ruminant livestock[J].Livest Prod Sci,2005,93(1):23-32.
[3] B?E K E,FAEREVIK G.Grouping and social preferences in calves,heifers and cows[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2003,80(3):175-190.
[4] SUTHERLAND M A,ROGERS A R,VERKERK G A.The effect of temperament and responsiveness towards humans on the behavior,physiology and milk production of multi-parous dairy cows in a familiar and novel milking environment[J].Physiol Behav,2012,107(3):329-337.
[5] PHOCAS F,BOIVIN X,SAPA J,et al.Genetic correlations between temperament and breeding traits in Limousin heifers[J].J Anim Sci,2006,82(6):805-811.
[6] COOKE R F,BOHNERT D W,MENEGHETTI M,et al.Effects of temperament on pregnancy rates to fixed-timed AI in Bos indicus beef cows[J].Livest Sci,2011,142(1-3):108-113.
[7] HASKELL M J,SIMM G,TURNER S P.Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle[J].Front Genet,2014,5:368.
[8] SEWALEM A,MIGLIOR F,KISTEMAKER G J.Short communication:Genetic parameters of milking temperament and milking speed in Canadian Holsteins[J].J Dairy Sci,2011,94(1):512-516.
[9] ADAMCZYK K,POKORSKA J,MAKULSKA J,et al.Genetic analysis and evaluation of behavioural traits in cattle[J].Livest Sci,2013,154(1-3):1-12.
[10] 王晔,张海亮,吴帆,等.奶牛性情的影响因素及其对产奶性能的作用[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(9):32-39.WANG Y,ZHANG H L,WU F,et al.Factors affecting dairy cow’s temperament and the effect of temperament on milking performance[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(9):32-39.(in Chinese)
[11] 张驰,罗宇茜,王嘉熠,等.奶牛性情评定方法及其影响因素分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(3):488-496.ZHANG C,LUO Y X,WANG J Y,et al.Study on scoring method and influencing factors of temperament in dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(3):488-496.(in Chinese)
[12] 郭翔羽,郭刚,李锡智,等.北京地区荷斯坦青年牛繁殖性状影响因素分析[J].中国奶牛,2011(24):1-6.GUO X Y,GUO G,LI X Z,et al.Analysis of causal factors on reproduction traits for Holstein heifers in Beijing area[J].China Dairy Cattle,2011(24):1-6.(in Chinese)
[13] 李胜利,陈萍,郑博文.如何通过改善奶牛饲料转化效率提高牛奶产量和质量[C]//动物营养与饲料研究——第五届全国饲料营养学术研讨会论文集.珠海:中国畜牧兽医学会,中国农业大学,2006.LI S L,CHEN P,ZHENG B W.How to improve milk yield and quality by improving feed conversion efficiency of dairy cows[C]//Fifth National Symposium on Feed Nutrition.Zhuhai,2006.(in Chinese)
[14] GRANDIN T,DEESING M J.Genetics and the behavior of domestic animals[M].2nd ed.New York:Academic Press,2014.
[15] VOISINET B D,GRANDIN T,TATUM J D,et al.Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments[J].J Anim Sci,1997,75(4):892-896.
[16] LANIER J L,GRANDIN T,GREEN R D,et al.The relationship between reaction to sudden,intermittent movements and sounds and temperament[J].J Anim Sci,2000,78(6):1467-1474.
[17] SCHüTZ K E,HAWKE M L,WAAS J R,et al.Effects of human handling during early rearing on the behaviour of dairy calves[J].Anim Welf,2012,21(1):19-26.
[18] WAIBLINGER S,MENKE C,F?LSCH D W.Influences on the avoidance and approach behaviour of dairy cows towards humans on 35 farms[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2003,84(1):23-39.
[19] ADAMCZYK K,GIL Z,FALENCZAK A,et al.Relationship between milk yield of cows and their 24-hour walking activity[J].Anim Sci Pap Rep,2011,29(3):185-195.
[20] LE NEINDRE P,BOIVIN X,BOISSY A.Handling of extensively kept animals[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,1996,49(1):73-81.
[21] BURDICK N C,CARROLL J A,HULBERT L E,et al.Relationships between temperament and transportation with rectal temperature and serum concentrations of cortisol and epinephrine in bulls[J].Livest Sci,2010,129(1-3):166-172.
[22] 常瑶,朱莹琳,施佳庆,等.西荷杂交牛与荷斯坦牛重要经济性状对比[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(2):270-281.CHANG Y,ZHU Y L,SHI J Q,et al.A comparison study on economically important traits between Holstein and Simmental×Holstein crossbred cows[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(2):270-281.(in Chinese)
[23] GAULY M,MATHIAK H,ERHARDT G.Genetic background of behavioural and plasma cortisol response to repeated short-term separation and tethering of beef calves[J].J Anim Breed Genet,2002,119(6):379-384.
[24] HOPPE S,BRANDT H R,K?NIG S,et al.Temperament traits of beef calves measured under field conditions and their relationships to performance[J].J Anim Sci,2010,88(6):1982-1989.
[25] SCHWARTZKOPF-GENSWEIN K S,SHAH M A,CHURCH J S,et al.A comparison of commonly used and novel electronic techniques for evaluating cattle temperament[J].Can J Anim Sci,2012,92(1):21-31.
[26] KOVáCS L,KéZéR L,T?ZSéR J.Measuring stress level of dairy cows during milking using by geometric indices of heart rate variability[J].Anim Sci Biotechnol,2013,46(1):213-217.
[27] FOSTER W W,FREEMAN A E,BERGER P J,et al.Linear type trait analysis with genetic parameter estimation[J].J Dairy Sci,1988,71(1):223-231.
[28] TAL A.通过训练增加头胎牛产奶量并延长奶牛使用寿命[J].中国乳业,2014(154):28-30.TAL A.Increase milk production and extend the life span of dairy cows through training[J].China Dairy,2014(154):28-30.(in Chinese)
[29] CAFE L M,ROBINSON D L,FERGUSON D M,et al.Temperament and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth,efficiency,carcass,and meat quality traits in Brahman steers[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2011,40(4):230-240.
[30] 魏学良.奶牛产后生殖机能恢复规律研究[D].重庆:西南农业大学,2001.WEI X L.Studies on reproductive resomption regulations on cows in postpartum[D].Chongqing:Southwest Agricultural University,2001.(in Chinese)
[31] 崔才三,隋京美,韩丹青.产后抑郁症病因、诊断及防治的研究进展[J].现代妇产科进展,2005,14(4):319-321.CUI C S,SUI J M,HAN D Q.Research progress on etiology,diagnosis and prevention of postpartum depression[J].Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology,2005,14(4):319-321.(in Chinese)
[32] LASSEN J,MARK T.Short communication:Genotype by housing interaction for conformation and workability traits in danish holsteins[J].J Dairy Sci,2008,91(11):4424-4428.
[33] BENHAJALI H,BOIVIN X,SAPA J,et al.Assessment of different on-farm measures of beef cattle temperament for use in genetic evaluation[J].J Anim Sci,2010,88(11):3529-3537.
[34] VISSCHER P M,GODDARD M E.Genetic parameters for milk yield,survival,workability,and type traits for Australian dairy cattle[J].J Dairy Sci,1995,78(1):205-220.
[35] PRAYAGA K C,CORBET N J,JOHNSTON D J,et al.Genetics of adaptive traits in heifers and their relationship to growth,pubertal and carcass traits in two tropical beef cattle genotypes[J].Anim Prod Sci,2009,49(5-6):413-425.
[36] RUPP R,BOICHARD D.Genetic parameters for clinical mastitis,somatic cell score,production,udder type traits,and milking ease in first lactation Holsteins[J].J Dairy Sci,1999,82(10):2198-2204.
[37] BREUER K,HEMSWORTH P H,BARNETT J L,et al.Behavioural response to humans and the productivity of commercial dairy cows[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2000,66(4):273-288.
[38] BRUCKMAIER R M,WELLNITZ O.Induction of milk ejection and milk removal in different production systems[J].J Anim Sci,2008,861(S13):15-20.
[39] RUSHEN J,MUNKSGAARD L,MARNET P G,et al.Human contact and the effects of acute stress on cows at milking[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2001,73(1):1-14.
[40] VAN REENEN C G,VAN DER WERF J T N,BRUCKMAIER R M,et al.Individual differences in behavioral and physiological responsiveness of primiparous dairy cows to machine milking[J].J Dairy Sci,2002,85(10):2551-2561.
[41] ORBáN M,GAáL K K,PAJOR F,et al.Effect of temperament of Jersey and Holstein Friesian cows on milk production traits and somatic cell count (Short communication)[J].Arch Tierz,2011,54(6):594-599.
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