Quality and Crop Yield Potential of Moderately Degraded Alfisols Under Different Nutrient Inputs and Cropping Patterns
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摘要
Crop performance on degraded soil needs special management practices to overcome soil quality limitations. In a 2-year(from summer 2006 to winter 2007–2008) field trial on a moderately degraded Alfisol in Swabi District(34°7′12′′N, 72°28′20′′E), Pakistan,the effects of three cropping patterns, cereal-cereal(CC), cereal-legume(CL), and cereal-cereal and legume intercrop(CLI), were tested in main plots under four fertilization treatments in sub-plots, including no fertilization(control), farmers' practice(FP, 60:45 kg ha~(-1) N:P_2O_5), recommended dose(RD, 120:90:60 kg ha~(-1) N:P_2O_5:K_2O), and integrated nutrient management(INM, 20 t ha~(-1) farmyard manure integrated with 50% N, 100% P, and K of recommended dose), using a split-plot randomized complete block design. The performance of CL was superior than CC in plant height, leaf area index(LAI), cob length, grain yield, biological yield, and grain protein(8%, 26%, 8%, 5%, 10%, and 8% increases, respectively), while CLI confirmed significant improvement only in LAI(25%) over CC. Response to nutrient inputs from all sources was in the order of INM > RD > FP > control, and the maximum net economic return by INM(23% and 2.5 times higher than RD and FP, respectively) indicated severe deficiency of both macro-and micro-nutrients in the soil as well as degraded physical properties. Increases in soil organic matter, total N, total mineral N, available P and K, total porosity, and available water-holding capacity by 6%, 34%, 24%, 50%, 13%, 5%, and 7%, respectively, and decrease in soil bulk density by 4% after four crop seasons indicated optimistic changes in soil quality as a result of the combined effects of fertilization from organic and inorganic sources and legumes within crop rotation. This study suggests that keeping the soil covered under cereal-legume rotation crops all year round and treatment with INM(50% N from organic source and 50% from inorganic source) are the best management practice for sustained production on degraded Alfisols.
Crop performance on degraded soil needs special management practices to overcome soil quality limitations. In a 2-year(from summer 2006 to winter 2007–2008) field trial on a moderately degraded Alfisol in Swabi District(34°7′12′′N, 72°28′20′′E), Pakistan,the effects of three cropping patterns, cereal-cereal(CC), cereal-legume(CL), and cereal-cereal and legume intercrop(CLI), were tested in main plots under four fertilization treatments in sub-plots, including no fertilization(control), farmers' practice(FP, 60:45 kg ha~(-1) N:P_2O_5), recommended dose(RD, 120:90:60 kg ha~(-1) N:P_2O_5:K_2O), and integrated nutrient management(INM, 20 t ha~(-1) farmyard manure integrated with 50% N, 100% P, and K of recommended dose), using a split-plot randomized complete block design. The performance of CL was superior than CC in plant height, leaf area index(LAI), cob length, grain yield, biological yield, and grain protein(8%, 26%, 8%, 5%, 10%, and 8% increases, respectively), while CLI confirmed significant improvement only in LAI(25%) over CC. Response to nutrient inputs from all sources was in the order of INM > RD > FP > control, and the maximum net economic return by INM(23% and 2.5 times higher than RD and FP, respectively) indicated severe deficiency of both macro-and micro-nutrients in the soil as well as degraded physical properties. Increases in soil organic matter, total N, total mineral N, available P and K, total porosity, and available water-holding capacity by 6%, 34%, 24%, 50%, 13%, 5%, and 7%, respectively, and decrease in soil bulk density by 4% after four crop seasons indicated optimistic changes in soil quality as a result of the combined effects of fertilization from organic and inorganic sources and legumes within crop rotation. This study suggests that keeping the soil covered under cereal-legume rotation crops all year round and treatment with INM(50% N from organic source and 50% from inorganic source) are the best management practice for sustained production on degraded Alfisols.
Crop performance on degraded soil needs special management practices to overcome soil quality limitations. In a 2-year(from summer 2006 to winter 2007–2008) field trial on a moderately degraded Alfisol in Swabi District(34°7′12′′N, 72°28′20′′E), Pakistan,the effects of three cropping patterns, cereal-cereal(CC), cereal-legume(CL), and cereal-cereal and legume intercrop(CLI), were tested in main plots under four fertilization treatments in sub-plots, including no fertilization(control), farmers' practice(FP, 60:45 kg ha~(-1) N:P_2O_5), recommended dose(RD, 120:90:60 kg ha~(-1) N:P_2O_5:K_2O), and integrated nutrient management(INM, 20 t ha~(-1) farmyard manure integrated with 50% N, 100% P, and K of recommended dose), using a split-plot randomized complete block design. The performance of CL was superior than CC in plant height, leaf area index(LAI), cob length, grain yield, biological yield, and grain protein(8%, 26%, 8%, 5%, 10%, and 8% increases, respectively), while CLI confirmed significant improvement only in LAI(25%) over CC. Response to nutrient inputs from all sources was in the order of INM > RD > FP > control, and the maximum net economic return by INM(23% and 2.5 times higher than RD and FP, respectively) indicated severe deficiency of both macro-and micro-nutrients in the soil as well as degraded physical properties. Increases in soil organic matter, total N, total mineral N, available P and K, total porosity, and available water-holding capacity by 6%, 34%, 24%, 50%, 13%, 5%, and 7%, respectively, and decrease in soil bulk density by 4% after four crop seasons indicated optimistic changes in soil quality as a result of the combined effects of fertilization from organic and inorganic sources and legumes within crop rotation. This study suggests that keeping the soil covered under cereal-legume rotation crops all year round and treatment with INM(50% N from organic source and 50% from inorganic source) are the best management practice for sustained production on degraded Alfisols.
引文
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Ahmad W,Khan F.2014.Remediation of soil past erosion effects through amendments and agronomic practices.J NSFSri Lanka.42:45-62.
Ahmad W,Khan F,Naeem M.2014.Improvement in physical properties of eroded agricultural soils through agronomic management practices.Indian J Agric Sci.84:850-855.
Ali S,Bhatti A U,Khan F,Ghani A.2008.Performance of mungbean in wheat-mungbean system under integrated plant nutrient management on eroded lands.Sarhad J Agric.24:445-452.
Alvarenga P,Palma P,Gon?calves A P,Fernandes R M,CunhaQueda A C,Duarte E,Vallini G.2007.Evaluation of chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of biodegradable organic residues for application to agricultural land.Environ Int.33:505-513.
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Hati K M,Swarup A,Dwivedi A K,Misra A K,Bandyopadhyay K K.2007.Changes in soil physical properties and organic carbon status at the topsoil horizon of a vertisol of central India after 28 years of continuous cropping,fertilization and manuring.Agric Ecosyst Environ.119:127-134.
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Khan F,Khan,Ahmad W,Bhatti A U,Khattak R A.2003.Effect of soil erosion on physical properties of some soil series in NWFP,Pakistan.Pak J Soil Sci.22:36-41.
Khan F,Khan,Ahmad W,Bhatti A U,Khattak R A,Shafiq M.2004.Effect of soil erosion on chemical properties of some soil series in NWFP,Pakistan.Sci Tech Develop.23:31-35.
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Lipiec J,Hatano R.2003.Quantification of compaction effects on soil physical properties and crop growth.Geoderma.116:107-136.
Mandal A,Patra A K,Singh D,Swarup A,Masto R E.2007.Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages.Bioresour Tech.98:3585-3592.
Manna M C,Swarup A,Wanjari R H,Ravankar H N,Mishra B,Saha M N,Singh Y V,Sahi D K,Sarap P A.2005.Longterm effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage,soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India.Field Crops Res.93:264-280.
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Morari F,Lugato E,Giardini L.2008.Olsen phosphorus,exchangeable cations and salinity in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy and assessment of soil quality evolution.Agric Ecosys Environ.124:85-96.
Motavalli P P,Anderson S H,Pengthamkeerati P.2003.Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth,nitrogen availability,and physical properties of a claypan soil.Field Crops Res.84:303-318.
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Ahmad W,Khan F.2014.Remediation of soil past erosion effects through amendments and agronomic practices.J NSFSri Lanka.42:45-62.
Ahmad W,Khan F,Naeem M.2014.Improvement in physical properties of eroded agricultural soils through agronomic management practices.Indian J Agric Sci.84:850-855.
Ali S,Bhatti A U,Khan F,Ghani A.2008.Performance of mungbean in wheat-mungbean system under integrated plant nutrient management on eroded lands.Sarhad J Agric.24:445-452.
Alvarenga P,Palma P,Gon?calves A P,Fernandes R M,CunhaQueda A C,Duarte E,Vallini G.2007.Evaluation of chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of biodegradable organic residues for application to agricultural land.Environ Int.33:505-513.
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Bureau of Statistics.2013.District Wise Land Use and Cropping Information NPK.Planning and Development Department,Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Peshawar.
Celik I,Ortas I,Kilic S.2004.Effects of compost,mycorrhiza,manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a Chromoxerert soil.Soil Till Res.78:59-67.
Chalk P M,Heng L K,Moutonnet P.2003.Nitrogen fertilization and its environmental impact.In Ji L,Chen G,Schnug E,Hera C,Hanklaus S(eds.)Proceedings of the 12th International World Fertilizer Congress.Liaoning Scientific and Technological Press,Beijing.pp.1-15.
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Dawe D,Dobermann A,Ladha J K,Yadav R L,Bao L,Gupta RK,Lal P,Panaullah G,Sariam O,Singh Y,Swarup A,Zhen Q X.2003.Do organic amendments improve yield trends and profitability in intensive rice systems?Field Crops Res.83:191-213.
de la Rosa D,Moreno J A,Mayol F,Bons′on T.2000.Assessment of soil erosion vulnerability in western Europe and potential impact on crop productivity due to loss of soil depth using the ImpelERO model.Agric Ecosyst Environ.81:179-190.
Duran Zu′azo V H,Rodr′?guez Pleguezuelo C R.2008.Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers.A review.Agron Sustain Dev.28:65-86.
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FAO.2009.Quarterly Reports for the Project.Up-Scaling Conservation Agriculture for Improved Food Security.FAO,Harare.
Gitari J N,Friesen D K.2001.The use of organic/inorganic soil amendments for enhanced maize production in the central highlands of Kenya.In Friesen D K,Palmer A F E(eds.)Proceedings of the 7th Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference.Kari Regional Research Centre,Embu Kenya.pp.367-371.
Gomez K A,Gomez A A.1984.Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research.2nd Edn.John Wiley&Sons,New York.
Guo S L,Dang T H,Hao M D.2008.Phosphorus changes and sorption characteristics in a calcareous soil under long-term fertilization.Pedosphere.18:248-256.
Haefele S M,Naklang K,Harnpichitvitaya D,Jearakongman S,Skulkhu E,Romyen P,Phasopa S,Tabtim S,Suriya-Arunroj D,Khunthasuvon S,Kraisorakul D,Youngsuk P,Amarante S T,Wade L J.2006.Factors affecting rice yield and fertilizer response in rainfed lowlands of northeast Thailand.Field Crops Res.98:39-51.
Hanif M,Ali J.2014.Climate Scenarios 2011-2040.Districts Haripur,Swabi,Attock and Chakwal,Pakistan.Intercooperation Pakistan,Islamabad.
Hati K M,Swarup A,Dwivedi A K,Misra A K,Bandyopadhyay K K.2007.Changes in soil physical properties and organic carbon status at the topsoil horizon of a vertisol of central India after 28 years of continuous cropping,fertilization and manuring.Agric Ecosyst Environ.119:127-134.
Heluf G.2002.Soil and Water Management Research Program Summary Report of 2000/2001.Research Activities.Alemaya Research Center,Alemaya University,Dire Dawa.
Hussain T,Jullani G,Javaid M A.1992.Crop production with brackish ground water through integrated nutrient management system.J Drain Recycl.491:49-59.
Jensen E S.1994.Availability of nitrogen in15N-labelled mature pea residues to subsequent crops in the field.Soil Biol Biochem.26:465-472.
Khan F,Khan,Ahmad W,Bhatti A U,Khattak R A.2003.Effect of soil erosion on physical properties of some soil series in NWFP,Pakistan.Pak J Soil Sci.22:36-41.
Khan F,Khan,Ahmad W,Bhatti A U,Khattak R A,Shafiq M.2004.Effect of soil erosion on chemical properties of some soil series in NWFP,Pakistan.Sci Tech Develop.23:31-35.
Kuo S.1996.Phosphorus.In Spark D L(ed.)Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 3.Chemical Methods.American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America,Madison.pp.869-919.
Lipiec J,Hatano R.2003.Quantification of compaction effects on soil physical properties and crop growth.Geoderma.116:107-136.
Mandal A,Patra A K,Singh D,Swarup A,Masto R E.2007.Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages.Bioresour Tech.98:3585-3592.
Manna M C,Swarup A,Wanjari R H,Ravankar H N,Mishra B,Saha M N,Singh Y V,Sahi D K,Sarap P A.2005.Longterm effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage,soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India.Field Crops Res.93:264-280.
McClean E O.1982.Soil pH and lime requirement.In Page AL,Miller R H,Keeney D R(eds.)Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 2.Chemical and Microbiological Properties.2nd Edn.American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America,Madison.pp.209-223.
Morari F,Lugato E,Giardini L.2008.Olsen phosphorus,exchangeable cations and salinity in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy and assessment of soil quality evolution.Agric Ecosys Environ.124:85-96.
Motavalli P P,Anderson S H,Pengthamkeerati P.2003.Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth,nitrogen availability,and physical properties of a claypan soil.Field Crops Res.84:303-318.
Muchena F N.2008.Indicators for Sustainable Land Management in Kenya’s Context.GEF Land Degradation Focal Area Indicators,ETC-East Africa.Google Scholar,Nairobi.
Mulvaney R L.1996.Nitrogen-inorganic forms.In Spark D L(ed.)Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 3.Chemical Methods.American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America,Madison.pp.595-624.
Nelson D W,Sommers L E.1982.Total carbon,organic carbon,and organic matter.In Page A L,Miller R H,Keeney D R(eds.)Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 2.Chemical and Microbiological Properties.2nd Edn.American Society of A-gronomy and Soil Science Society of America,Madison.pp.574-577.
Ogunwole J O,Ogunleye P O.2004.Surface soil aggregation,trace,and heavy metal enrichment under long-term application of farm yard manure and mineral fertilizers.Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal.35:1505-1516.
Ogunwole J O,Ogunleye P O.2005.Influence of long-term application of organic and mineral fertilizers on quality of a savanna Alfisol.J Sust Agric.26:5-14.
Pimentel D.2006.Soil erosion:A food and environmental threat.Environ Dev Sustain.8:119-137.
Pratt R G.2008.Fungal population levels in soils of commercial swine waste disposal sites and relationships to soil nutrient concentrations.Appl Soil Ecol.38:223-229.
Rasool R,Kukal S S,Hira G S.2007.Soil physical fertility and crop performance as affected by long term application of FYM and inorganic fertilizers in rice-wheat system.Soil and Till Res.96:64-72.
Raza S J,Bhatti A U,Rashid M,Khan F.2004.Developing moisture release curves of soil of rainfed area using suction up to 0.1 Mpa.Pak J Soil Sci.22:17-23.
Ryan J,Ibrikci H,Singh M,Matar A,Masri S,Rashid A,Pala M.2008.Response to residual and currently applied phosphorus in dryland cereal/legume rotations in three Syrian Mediterranean agroecosystems.Eur J Agron.28:126-137.
Saxena M C,Singh V.1965.A note on area estimation of intact maize leaves.Indian J Agron.10:437-439.
Sestak Z,Catasky J,Jarvis P G.1971.Plant Photosynthetic Production:Manual of Methods.Dr.W.Junk N.V.Publications,The Hague.
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