不同来源腐殖质的化学组成与结构特征研究
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摘要
分析了木本泥炭与水稻土和黑土两种土壤、混合物料发酵肥和鸡粪发酵肥两种有机肥共5种样品在腐殖质含量、表面特征、元素组成和官能团结构等方面的差异,以研究木本泥炭对提升土壤有机质(SOM)和改良土壤的潜在作用。结果表明,木本泥炭腐殖质含量最高,可达862.7 g·kg-1,但其腐殖质富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)组分的相对比例与2种有机肥和2种土壤的腐殖质组分存在显著差异,其腐殖质以HA为主,腐殖化程度更高,颗粒更为细小致密。木本泥炭碳含量较高,但氮含量相对较低,导致其腐殖质碳/氮(C/N)比可达100以上,远大于有机肥和土壤。同时,木本泥炭腐殖质缩合度、芳香化度和聚亚甲基化程度更高,分子结构更复杂,难以被微生物分解。然而,木本泥炭腐殖质FA和HA组分仍具有较高的氧化度和羧基含量,表明其含氧官能团还未充分降解。本研究揭示,木本泥炭对提升SOM具有较大的潜力,但在实际施用过程中,应当调节其腐殖质组分至适宜比例,适度降低其颗粒大小和聚亚甲基链,同时添加生物激发剂和保持秸秆还田,以激发微生物快速转化,平衡木本泥炭的分解。
【Objective】Recently, woody peat is widely used in horticulture, facility agriculture and soil amelioration, however, little is known about chemical composition and molecule structure of the humus it contains as the main component and ability of the substance to increase soil organic matter(SOM) in the soil. Therefore, in this research, samples were collected of woody peat(WP), two types of soils(paddy soil(PS) and black soil(BS)), two kinds of organic manure(Mix fermented organic manure(MFOM) and fermented chicken manure(FCM)), for analysis of content, micromorphological features,chemical composition, molecule structure and functional group structure characteristics of humus to evaluate differences between the substances of different sources in these indices and in ability to increase SOM.【Method】Different fractions(fulvic acid(FA), humic acid(HA) and humin(Hu)) of the humus in the samples of WP, PS, BS, MFOM and FCM were extracted for analysis of concentrations of Carbon(C), nitrogen(N), hydrogen(H), sulfur(S) and oxygen(O), micromorphological features with the aid of a scanning electron microscope, and molecule structures by means of fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR).【Result】Results show that the humus content of WP approached 862.7 g·kg-1 which was30.5～41.7 times and 4.1～5.1 times that in the soils and organic manures, respectively. The WP humus was dominated with HA, which accounted for 73.28% of the WP sample in dry weight, while the humus in PS,BS, MFOM and FCM was with Hu which accounted for less than 11.28% only of the samples in dry weight.The finding indicates that the humus in WP is more humified than that in soils or organic manure. The HA in WP was smaller in particle size than the HA and Hu in PS, BS, MFOM and FCM, which suggests that the molecules and particles on the surface of WP humus are denser in arrangement and hence lower in activity.The humus in WP, regardless of fraction was relatively high in C concentration, but lower in all the fractions in N concentration than their respective ones in PS, BS, MFOM and FCM, which led to a high, even over100, C/N ratio, about 5～11 and 9～14 times that in the soils and organic manures, respectively. Besides,except for the HA fraction in BS, both the FA and HA fractions in WP were the lowest in H/C ratio, which suggests that the humus in WP is more condensed than that in all the others. FTIR analysis shows that the values of 2920/1 620 and 2 920/2 850 of the HA and Hu fractions in WP were much higher than that in PS,BS, MFOM and FCM, which indicates that WP humus contains more aromatic and polymethylene groups.The higher humification and condensation degrees, more compact and inert surface and more aromatic and polymethylene groups suggest that the humus in WP is more complicated in molecule structure than that in all the others, and therefore it is harder for organisms to decompose. However, according to the FTIR spectra, the FA and HA fractions of humus in WP displayed absorption peaks higher their corresponding ones in all the others at 1 720 cm-1 and 1 420 cm-1 featuringcarboxylC=Obonds.Inaddition,inthehumus of WP, the HA fraction was higher in(S+O)/C ratio than that in all the others, although the Hu fraction was the lowest in(S+O)/C ratio, which suggests that the WP humus is still quite high in oxidation degree and that its oxygen functional groups have not yet been completely decomposed.【Conclusion】All the findings in this study demonstrate that WP is quite high in potential ability to raise SOM concentration in the soil.Therefore, when WP is applied into soil, it is essential to regulate the fractions in the humus to a proper ratio to reduce its particle size and polymethylene bonds, and meanwhile, to spike some biological activator and to incorporate straw into the soil, so as to stimulate organism inversion and balance WP decomposition.
【Objective】Recently, woody peat is widely used in horticulture, facility agriculture and soil amelioration, however, little is known about chemical composition and molecule structure of the humus it contains as the main component and ability of the substance to increase soil organic matter(SOM) in the soil. Therefore, in this research, samples were collected of woody peat(WP), two types of soils(paddy soil(PS) and black soil(BS)), two kinds of organic manure(Mix fermented organic manure(MFOM) and fermented chicken manure(FCM)), for analysis of content, micromorphological features,chemical composition, molecule structure and functional group structure characteristics of humus to evaluate differences between the substances of different sources in these indices and in ability to increase SOM.【Method】Different fractions(fulvic acid(FA), humic acid(HA) and humin(Hu)) of the humus in the samples of WP, PS, BS, MFOM and FCM were extracted for analysis of concentrations of Carbon(C), nitrogen(N), hydrogen(H), sulfur(S) and oxygen(O), micromorphological features with the aid of a scanning electron microscope, and molecule structures by means of fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR).【Result】Results show that the humus content of WP approached 862.7 g·kg-1 which was30.5～41.7 times and 4.1～5.1 times that in the soils and organic manures, respectively. The WP humus was dominated with HA, which accounted for 73.28% of the WP sample in dry weight, while the humus in PS,BS, MFOM and FCM was with Hu which accounted for less than 11.28% only of the samples in dry weight.The finding indicates that the humus in WP is more humified than that in soils or organic manure. The HA in WP was smaller in particle size than the HA and Hu in PS, BS, MFOM and FCM, which suggests that the molecules and particles on the surface of WP humus are denser in arrangement and hence lower in activity.The humus in WP, regardless of fraction was relatively high in C concentration, but lower in all the fractions in N concentration than their respective ones in PS, BS, MFOM and FCM, which led to a high, even over100, C/N ratio, about 5～11 and 9～14 times that in the soils and organic manures, respectively. Besides,except for the HA fraction in BS, both the FA and HA fractions in WP were the lowest in H/C ratio, which suggests that the humus in WP is more condensed than that in all the others. FTIR analysis shows that the values of 2920/1 620 and 2 920/2 850 of the HA and Hu fractions in WP were much higher than that in PS,BS, MFOM and FCM, which indicates that WP humus contains more aromatic and polymethylene groups.The higher humification and condensation degrees, more compact and inert surface and more aromatic and polymethylene groups suggest that the humus in WP is more complicated in molecule structure than that in all the others, and therefore it is harder for organisms to decompose. However, according to the FTIR spectra, the FA and HA fractions of humus in WP displayed absorption peaks higher their corresponding ones in all the others at 1 720 cm-1 and 1 420 cm-1 featuringcarboxylC=Obonds.Inaddition,inthehumus of WP, the HA fraction was higher in(S+O)/C ratio than that in all the others, although the Hu fraction was the lowest in(S+O)/C ratio, which suggests that the WP humus is still quite high in oxidation degree and that its oxygen functional groups have not yet been completely decomposed.【Conclusion】All the findings in this study demonstrate that WP is quite high in potential ability to raise SOM concentration in the soil.Therefore, when WP is applied into soil, it is essential to regulate the fractions in the humus to a proper ratio to reduce its particle size and polymethylene bonds, and meanwhile, to spike some biological activator and to incorporate straw into the soil, so as to stimulate organism inversion and balance WP decomposition.
引文
[1]Six J,Bossuyt H,Degryze S,et al. A history of research on the link between(micro)aggregates,soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research, 2004, 79(1):7-31
[2]崔婷婷,窦森,杨轶囡,等.秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响.土壤学报,2014, 51(4):718-725Cui T T, Dou S, Yang Y N, et al. Effect of deep applied corn stalks on composition of soil humus and structure of humic acid(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014, 51(4):718-725
[3]Kleber M, Sollins P,Sutton R. A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils:Self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces. Biogeochemistry, 2007,85(1):9-24
[4]Six J,Conant R T,Paul E A, et al. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter-Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 2002, 241:155-176
[5]Xin X, Zhang J, Zhu A, et al. Effects of long-term(23 years)mineral fertilizer and compost application on physical properties of fluvo-aquic soil in the north china plain. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 156:166-172
[6]Liu E,Yan C,Mei X,et al. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in Northwest China.Geoderma, 2010, 158(3/4):173-180
[7]孟宪民.第15届国际泥炭大会回眸.腐植酸,2016(5):63-66Meng X M. A glance back of the 15th International Peat Congress(In Chinese). Humic Acid, 2016(5):63-66
[8]孟宪民.泥炭物料在上海迪士尼乐园土壤修复中的应用.园林,2016(9):24-27Meng X M. The application of peat on soil remediation of Shanghai Disneyland Park(In Chinese). Garden,2016(9):24-27
[9]王忠强,张心昱,孟宪民,等.泥炭形成过程对泥炭基质替代物研究的启示.自然资源学报,2012, 27(7):1252-1258Wang Z Q, Zhang X Y, Meng X M, et al. The enlightement of nature peat formation to peat substitute research(In Chinese). Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(7):1252-1258
[10]袁京,何胜洲,李国学,等.添加不同辅料对污泥堆肥腐熟度及气体排放的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(S2):241-246Yuan J, He S Z, Li G X, et al. Effects of different additives on evalution of maturity and gaseous emissions during sweage sludge composting(In Chinese). Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016, 32(S2):241-246
[11]张地方,袁京,王国英,等.木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(2):233-240Zhang D F, Yuan J, Wang G Y, et al. Effects of woody peat addition on maturity and gaseous emissions during pig manure composting(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(2):233-240
[12]常瑞雪,甘晶晶,陈清,等.碳源调理剂对黄瓜秧堆肥进程和碳氮养分损失的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(S2):254-259Chang R X, Gan J J, Chen Q, et al. Effect of carbon resources conditioner on composting process and carbon and niturgen loss during composting of cucumber stalk(In Chinese),Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016,32(S2):254-259
[13]窦森.土壤有机质.北京:科学出版社,2010Dou S. Soil organic matter(In Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2010
[14]刘鑫,窦森,李长龙,等.开垦年限对稻田土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(1):137-145Liu X,Dou S,Li C L, et al. Composition of humus and structure of humic acid as a function of age of paddy field(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016, 53(1):137-145
[15]方丽婷,张一扬,黄崇俊,等.泥炭和褐煤对土壤有机碳和腐殖物质组成的影响.土壤通报,2017, 48(5):1149-1153Fang L T, Zhang Y Y, Huang C J, et al. Effects of peat and brown coal on soil organic carbon and humicsubstances(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(5):1149-1153
[16]董珊珊,窦森.玉米秸杆不同还田方式对黑土有机碳组成和结构特征的影响.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(2):322-328Dong S S, Dou S. Effect of different ways of corn stover application to soil on composition and strucutral characteristics of organic carbon in black soil(In Chinese). Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017, 36(2):322-328
[17]朱姝,窦森,关松,等.秸秆深还对土壤团聚体中胡敏素结构特征的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(1):127-136Zhu S,Dou S,Guan S,et al. Effect of corn stover deep incorporation on composition of humin in soil aggregates(In Chinese). Acta Pedological Sinica,2016, 53(1):127-136
[18]吴萍萍,王家嘉,李录久.不同施肥措施对白土腐殖质组成的影响.土壤,2016,48(1):76-81Wu P P, Wang J J, Li L J. Effects of different fertilizations on humus components of white soil(In Chinese). Soils, 2016, 48(1):76-81
[19]Xu Y,Chen Z, Ding W,et al. Responses of manure decomposition to nitrogen addition:Role of chemical composition. Scicence of the Total Environment,2017, 587/588:11-21
[20]刘金光,李孝刚,王兴祥.连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和酶活性的影响.土壤,2018, 50(2):305-311Liu J G,Li X G, Wang X X. Effects of successive application of organic fertilizers on rhizosphere microbial populations and enzyme activities of monoculture peanut(In Chinese). Soils, 2018,50(2):305-311
[2]崔婷婷,窦森,杨轶囡,等.秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响.土壤学报,2014, 51(4):718-725Cui T T, Dou S, Yang Y N, et al. Effect of deep applied corn stalks on composition of soil humus and structure of humic acid(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014, 51(4):718-725
[3]Kleber M, Sollins P,Sutton R. A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils:Self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces. Biogeochemistry, 2007,85(1):9-24
[4]Six J,Conant R T,Paul E A, et al. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter-Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 2002, 241:155-176
[5]Xin X, Zhang J, Zhu A, et al. Effects of long-term(23 years)mineral fertilizer and compost application on physical properties of fluvo-aquic soil in the north china plain. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 156:166-172
[6]Liu E,Yan C,Mei X,et al. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in Northwest China.Geoderma, 2010, 158(3/4):173-180
[7]孟宪民.第15届国际泥炭大会回眸.腐植酸,2016(5):63-66Meng X M. A glance back of the 15th International Peat Congress(In Chinese). Humic Acid, 2016(5):63-66
[8]孟宪民.泥炭物料在上海迪士尼乐园土壤修复中的应用.园林,2016(9):24-27Meng X M. The application of peat on soil remediation of Shanghai Disneyland Park(In Chinese). Garden,2016(9):24-27
[9]王忠强,张心昱,孟宪民,等.泥炭形成过程对泥炭基质替代物研究的启示.自然资源学报,2012, 27(7):1252-1258Wang Z Q, Zhang X Y, Meng X M, et al. The enlightement of nature peat formation to peat substitute research(In Chinese). Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(7):1252-1258
[10]袁京,何胜洲,李国学,等.添加不同辅料对污泥堆肥腐熟度及气体排放的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(S2):241-246Yuan J, He S Z, Li G X, et al. Effects of different additives on evalution of maturity and gaseous emissions during sweage sludge composting(In Chinese). Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016, 32(S2):241-246
[11]张地方,袁京,王国英,等.木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(2):233-240Zhang D F, Yuan J, Wang G Y, et al. Effects of woody peat addition on maturity and gaseous emissions during pig manure composting(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(2):233-240
[12]常瑞雪,甘晶晶,陈清,等.碳源调理剂对黄瓜秧堆肥进程和碳氮养分损失的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(S2):254-259Chang R X, Gan J J, Chen Q, et al. Effect of carbon resources conditioner on composting process and carbon and niturgen loss during composting of cucumber stalk(In Chinese),Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016,32(S2):254-259
[13]窦森.土壤有机质.北京:科学出版社,2010Dou S. Soil organic matter(In Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2010
[14]刘鑫,窦森,李长龙,等.开垦年限对稻田土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(1):137-145Liu X,Dou S,Li C L, et al. Composition of humus and structure of humic acid as a function of age of paddy field(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016, 53(1):137-145
[15]方丽婷,张一扬,黄崇俊,等.泥炭和褐煤对土壤有机碳和腐殖物质组成的影响.土壤通报,2017, 48(5):1149-1153Fang L T, Zhang Y Y, Huang C J, et al. Effects of peat and brown coal on soil organic carbon and humicsubstances(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(5):1149-1153
[16]董珊珊,窦森.玉米秸杆不同还田方式对黑土有机碳组成和结构特征的影响.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(2):322-328Dong S S, Dou S. Effect of different ways of corn stover application to soil on composition and strucutral characteristics of organic carbon in black soil(In Chinese). Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017, 36(2):322-328
[17]朱姝,窦森,关松,等.秸秆深还对土壤团聚体中胡敏素结构特征的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(1):127-136Zhu S,Dou S,Guan S,et al. Effect of corn stover deep incorporation on composition of humin in soil aggregates(In Chinese). Acta Pedological Sinica,2016, 53(1):127-136
[18]吴萍萍,王家嘉,李录久.不同施肥措施对白土腐殖质组成的影响.土壤,2016,48(1):76-81Wu P P, Wang J J, Li L J. Effects of different fertilizations on humus components of white soil(In Chinese). Soils, 2016, 48(1):76-81
[19]Xu Y,Chen Z, Ding W,et al. Responses of manure decomposition to nitrogen addition:Role of chemical composition. Scicence of the Total Environment,2017, 587/588:11-21
[20]刘金光,李孝刚,王兴祥.连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和酶活性的影响.土壤,2018, 50(2):305-311Liu J G,Li X G, Wang X X. Effects of successive application of organic fertilizers on rhizosphere microbial populations and enzyme activities of monoculture peanut(In Chinese). Soils, 2018,50(2):305-311
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