耕作措施及雨强对南方红壤坡耕地侵蚀的影响
|
摘要
选择典型南方红壤区平均坡度为10°的坡耕地小区进行天然降雨观测,对横坡耕作、顺坡耕作、顺坡耕作+植物篱、稻草覆盖4种耕作措施在侵蚀过程中的径流泥沙和养分流失特征进行研究。结果表明,监测期间,径流深和泥沙流失量基本随雨强的增大而增加。随着耕作措施由顺坡耕作向顺坡耕作+植物篱、横坡耕作、稻草覆盖的转换,减流效益、减氮效益和减磷效益依次增大。稻草覆盖措施减流效益最佳,为91.77%;横坡耕作措施减沙效益最佳,为98.91%;稻草覆盖、横坡耕作和植物篱3种措施在防治高强度降雨引发的土壤侵蚀和养分流失具有较高的效益。耕作措施对泥沙粒径分布有影响。与顺坡耕作、横坡耕作相比,植物篱和稻草覆盖措施能够更有效地拦截径流中的粗颗粒。该研究可为南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地选择合适的耕作措施和防治农业非点源污染提供依据。
The natural rainfall was observed in the runoff plots with 10° slope in red soil region. Five treatments: bare land as control(CK), down slope tillage(DT), hedgerows with down slope tillage(DT+HG), contour ridge tillage(CT) and straw mulch(SM) were designed. The effects of cultivation measures and rainfall intensities on runoff depth, sediment yield and nutrient losses were evaluated. The results showed that the runoff depth and sediment loss were increased with the increasing rainfall intensities during the rainfall events. With the cultivation measures changed from DT to DT+HG, CT and SM, the effectiveness of the cultivation measures on reducing runoff, nitrogen and phosphorus was increased respectively. The average annual runoff reduction(91.77%) of SM was the highest. But the sediment reduction(98.91%) of DT was the highest. The SM, CT and DT+CT measures were effective in preventing soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by the heavy rainfall. Cultivation measures influenced the sediment size distribution. The DT+HG and SM treatments were more effective on trapping coarser particles compared with DT and CT treatments. This study was helpful for selecting the suitable cultivation measures and provided data support for the protection and regulation of soil and water losses and non-point pollution in sloping cropland.
The natural rainfall was observed in the runoff plots with 10° slope in red soil region. Five treatments: bare land as control(CK), down slope tillage(DT), hedgerows with down slope tillage(DT+HG), contour ridge tillage(CT) and straw mulch(SM) were designed. The effects of cultivation measures and rainfall intensities on runoff depth, sediment yield and nutrient losses were evaluated. The results showed that the runoff depth and sediment loss were increased with the increasing rainfall intensities during the rainfall events. With the cultivation measures changed from DT to DT+HG, CT and SM, the effectiveness of the cultivation measures on reducing runoff, nitrogen and phosphorus was increased respectively. The average annual runoff reduction(91.77%) of SM was the highest. But the sediment reduction(98.91%) of DT was the highest. The SM, CT and DT+CT measures were effective in preventing soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by the heavy rainfall. Cultivation measures influenced the sediment size distribution. The DT+HG and SM treatments were more effective on trapping coarser particles compared with DT and CT treatments. This study was helpful for selecting the suitable cultivation measures and provided data support for the protection and regulation of soil and water losses and non-point pollution in sloping cropland.
引文
[1] 中华人民共和国水利部.中国水土保持公报[R].北京:中华人民共和国水利部,2007.
[2] Ma W, Li Z, Ding K, et al. Effect of soil erosion on dissolved organic carbon redistribution in subtropical red soil under rainfall simulation[J]. Geomorphology,2014,226:217-225.
[3] 蒲玉琳.植物篱—农作模式控制坡耕地氮磷流失效应及综合生态效益评价[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[4] 林超文,罗春燕,庞良玉,等.不同耕作和覆盖方式对紫色丘陵区坡耕地水土及养分流失的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6091-6101.
[5] 郑粉莉,边锋,卢嘉,等.雨型对东北典型黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):90-97.
[6] 边锋.降雨和耕作措施对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[7] 张雪,李忠武,申卫平,等.红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系[J].土壤学报,2012,49(3):465-473.
[8] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[9] 彭旭东.模拟降雨下喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分输出机制[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):624-634.
[10] 黄丽,张光远,丁树文,等.侵蚀紫色土土壤颗粒流失的研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(1):36-40.
[11] 许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安.坡地农林复合系统土壤养分过程研究进展[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):82-87.
[12] Shi Z H,Fang N F, Wu F Z. Soil erosion processes and sediment sorting associated with transport mechanisms on steep slopes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,454/455(3):123-130.
[13] Shi Z H, Yue B, Wang L, et al. Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(1):257-267.
[14] Mitchell J K, Mostaghimi S, Pond M C. Primary particle and aggregate size distribution of eroded soil from sequenced rainfall events[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1983,26:1773-1777.
[15] Alberts E, Moldenhauer W. Nitrogen and phosphorus transported by eroded soil aggregates[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(2):391-396.
[16] Liu H, Huang Q. Adoption and continued use of contour cultivation in the highlands of southwest China[J]. Ecological Economics,2013,91(2):28-37.
[17] Dai C T, Liu Y J, Wang T W, et al. Exploring optimal measures to reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses in southern China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2018,210:41-48.
[18] Liu Y J, Yang J, Hu J M, et al. Characteristics of the surface-subsurface flow generation and sediment yield to the rainfall regime and land-cover by long-term in-situ observation in the red soil region, Southern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,539:457-467.
[19] 于兴修,马骞,刘前进,等.不同覆被土壤结构稳定性对侵蚀泥沙氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):12-16.
[20] 张杰,陈晓安,汤崇军,等.典型水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘园水土保持效益的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):165-173.
[2] Ma W, Li Z, Ding K, et al. Effect of soil erosion on dissolved organic carbon redistribution in subtropical red soil under rainfall simulation[J]. Geomorphology,2014,226:217-225.
[3] 蒲玉琳.植物篱—农作模式控制坡耕地氮磷流失效应及综合生态效益评价[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[4] 林超文,罗春燕,庞良玉,等.不同耕作和覆盖方式对紫色丘陵区坡耕地水土及养分流失的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6091-6101.
[5] 郑粉莉,边锋,卢嘉,等.雨型对东北典型黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):90-97.
[6] 边锋.降雨和耕作措施对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[7] 张雪,李忠武,申卫平,等.红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系[J].土壤学报,2012,49(3):465-473.
[8] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[9] 彭旭东.模拟降雨下喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分输出机制[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):624-634.
[10] 黄丽,张光远,丁树文,等.侵蚀紫色土土壤颗粒流失的研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(1):36-40.
[11] 许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安.坡地农林复合系统土壤养分过程研究进展[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):82-87.
[12] Shi Z H,Fang N F, Wu F Z. Soil erosion processes and sediment sorting associated with transport mechanisms on steep slopes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,454/455(3):123-130.
[13] Shi Z H, Yue B, Wang L, et al. Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(1):257-267.
[14] Mitchell J K, Mostaghimi S, Pond M C. Primary particle and aggregate size distribution of eroded soil from sequenced rainfall events[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1983,26:1773-1777.
[15] Alberts E, Moldenhauer W. Nitrogen and phosphorus transported by eroded soil aggregates[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(2):391-396.
[16] Liu H, Huang Q. Adoption and continued use of contour cultivation in the highlands of southwest China[J]. Ecological Economics,2013,91(2):28-37.
[17] Dai C T, Liu Y J, Wang T W, et al. Exploring optimal measures to reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses in southern China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2018,210:41-48.
[18] Liu Y J, Yang J, Hu J M, et al. Characteristics of the surface-subsurface flow generation and sediment yield to the rainfall regime and land-cover by long-term in-situ observation in the red soil region, Southern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,539:457-467.
[19] 于兴修,马骞,刘前进,等.不同覆被土壤结构稳定性对侵蚀泥沙氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):12-16.
[20] 张杰,陈晓安,汤崇军,等.典型水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘园水土保持效益的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):165-173.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |