基于i-Tree模型的城市小区行道树生态效益评价
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摘要
【目的】通过行道树生态经济价值分析,了解城市森林中树木发挥的各类生态效益,为校园行道树种植规划以及道路的合理分布提供参考。【方法】调查南京林业大学校园5个区域行道树树种组成、胸径和树高结构以及树木类型,共取得2 350株立木资料,分析研究校园行道树结构组成,并运用i-Tree模型对对校园行道树进行定量的森林效益评估,包括节能效益、净化空气效益、吸收二氧化碳效益、截留雨水效益和美学效益5个方面,并将效益值转化为相应的经济价值。【结果】研究区行道树属于31科49属54种,树木种类多为落叶阔叶型乔木,其中樱花、二球悬铃木、马褂木、樟树和银杏的数量最多;以胸径为≥8～46 cm的树种为主,其中胸径为≥8～15 cm的441株,占18.77%;≥15～30 cm的1 132株,占48.17%;≥30～46 cm的507株,占21.57%。通过i-Tree模型对南京林业大学行道树的总生态效益评估可得,研究区主要道路上的2 350株行道树年创造总效益值为1 023 101.29元,其中校园行道树的美学效益最高,占总效益的65.67%;其次是截留雨水效益,占总效益的17.05%,节能效益占总效益的13.02%;减少CO_2效益与改善空气质量效益比分别占总效益的2.65%、1.61%。各个区域中,教学区为行道树主要种植区,效益最高,占总效益的43.62%;其次是居民区,占总效益的19.43%;行政区、活动区和生活区分别占总效益的15.17%、11.21%和10.56%。不同的树种在各生态效益上的贡献率不同,二球悬铃木、银杏、马褂木、樟树的总生态效益贡献率最高,占总量的比例分别为21.97%、18.09%、14.50%、8.57%,共占生态总效益的63.13%,超过了总效益的一半。【结论】研究区总树种类型丰富,多样性高,但在活动区缺少高大乔木。生活区节能效益和改善空气质量效益低,建议种植枫杨、七叶树等树种。居民区水杉、银杏和二球悬铃木树种分布均匀度最高,所得到的单株效益和总效益均为各区首位。行政区尽管面积和道路长度最小,但杨树种植多区域单株效益较高,区域截留雨水效益最高。
【Objective】 Urban street trees are an important part of urban forests. They help beautify cities, regulate and improve urban climate, purify the air, reduce the urban heat island effect, prevent dust, and reduce noise. Street trees play an important role in maintaining the urban ecological balance and improving the environment. Based on survey data of campus street trees at Nanjing Forestry University, the research gave evaluation of the ecological benefit for the study area. 【Method】 i-Tree tool is a model that is specifically used for research on the benefits of urban forest systems. The i-Tree streets tool is a module that specifically evaluates the economic benefit of the urban street trees system. There is no limit on study size; it can be used to analyze a large research area or it can be used to examine a small area, such as a street. This tool explores the ecological functions of the urban street tree system and provides references for the management, planning, and planting strategies of urban street trees. Inventory data was surveyed for five regions of the campus(active, residential, teaching, living and administrative). Diameter and tree height were recorded for 2 350 trees and species composition was analyzed. Then the i-Tree module was used to build an ecological model. Five factors were calculated: energy-saving benefit, storm water retention benefit, air quality improvement benefit, CO_2 absorption benefit, and aesthetic benefit. 【Result】 A total of 2 350 trees were examined during the field survey, which included 54 species belonging to 31 families and 49 genera. Most trees were deciduous and broad-leaved, including Prunus serrulata, Platanus hybrida,Liriodendron, Cinnamomum sp. and Ginkgo. These are the main tree species that constituted the street tree system, accounting for 48.5% of the total number of trees examined. The Prunus serrulata and Ginkgo were mainly planted in active regions, Platanus hybrida was mainly planted in residential regions, Liriodendron was mainly planted in teaching regions, and Cinnamomum sp. was mainly planted in living regions. The distribution of breast high diameter(DBH) of street trees on the Nanjing Forestry University campus shows that the main species(Prunus serrulata, Platanus hybrida,Liriodendron, Cinnamomum sp. and Ginkgo) had a DBH of 8 to 46 cm, with 441 trees(18.77%) in the 8 to 15 cm range, 1 132 trees(48.17%) in the 15 to 30 cm range, and 507 trees(21.57%) in the 30 to 46 cm range. In the active region, the majority of trees(n=247, 47.59% of the regional total) had a DBH of 8-46 cm. Most trees in the teaching region(341 trees), administrative region(207 trees), living region(243 trees), and residential region(171 trees) had a DBH of 15-30 cm. The average tree height was 23.16 m, and the tree height is normally distributed.The total eco-efficiency benefit of street trees in Nanjing Forestry University is available through the i-Tree tools software. The total value of the 2 350 street trees on the main roads of Nanjing Forestry University is 1 023 101.29 yuan. Improved aesthetics was the greatest benefit of campus street trees, accounting for 65.67% of total benefits. Interception of rainwater accounted for 17.05% of the total benefits and energy saved accounted for 13.02% of the total benefits. Reduction in CO_2 efficiency and improvement of air quality were the lowest overall benefits, accounting for 2.65% and 1.61% of total benefits, respectively. Among the five regions, the teaching region had the highest eco-efficiency benefits, accounting for 43.62% of the total, followed by the residential region which accounted for 19.43% of the total. The administrative region, active region, and living region accounted for 15.17%, 11.21% and 10.56% of the total, respectively. Contribution rates for various ecological benefits varied for different tree species. Four species contributed the most to the total ecological benefits:Platanus hybrida, Liriodendron, Cinnamomum sp. and Ginkgo, accounting for 21.97%, 18.09%, 14.50%, and 8.57% of the total, respectively. These four tree species accounted for 63.13% of the total ecological benefits. The administrative region had more high-quality trees. such as Populus and Ginkgo. 【Conclusion】 i-Tree tools provides a way to analyze the benefit of street trees, which allows users to understand various ecological benefits and provides a reference for tree planting plans and reasonable road distributions. Tree species are rich and diverse on campus. In the living region, energy-saving and air quality benefits were the lowest compared to other benefits. Thus, we suggest planting Chinese ash and horse chestnut in this region. In the residential region, distribution of richness, evenness, total benefit, and average tree benefit were high relative to other regions. The main species in the residential region were Metasequoia, Gingko and Platanus hybrida, which are all highly economical efficient trees. The administrative region is relatively small and the roads are short; however, this region had the highest storm water retention benefit. This is because of the relatively high number of poplar trees in this region, as poplar trees had the highest individual benefit.
【Objective】 Urban street trees are an important part of urban forests. They help beautify cities, regulate and improve urban climate, purify the air, reduce the urban heat island effect, prevent dust, and reduce noise. Street trees play an important role in maintaining the urban ecological balance and improving the environment. Based on survey data of campus street trees at Nanjing Forestry University, the research gave evaluation of the ecological benefit for the study area. 【Method】 i-Tree tool is a model that is specifically used for research on the benefits of urban forest systems. The i-Tree streets tool is a module that specifically evaluates the economic benefit of the urban street trees system. There is no limit on study size; it can be used to analyze a large research area or it can be used to examine a small area, such as a street. This tool explores the ecological functions of the urban street tree system and provides references for the management, planning, and planting strategies of urban street trees. Inventory data was surveyed for five regions of the campus(active, residential, teaching, living and administrative). Diameter and tree height were recorded for 2 350 trees and species composition was analyzed. Then the i-Tree module was used to build an ecological model. Five factors were calculated: energy-saving benefit, storm water retention benefit, air quality improvement benefit, CO_2 absorption benefit, and aesthetic benefit. 【Result】 A total of 2 350 trees were examined during the field survey, which included 54 species belonging to 31 families and 49 genera. Most trees were deciduous and broad-leaved, including Prunus serrulata, Platanus hybrida,Liriodendron, Cinnamomum sp. and Ginkgo. These are the main tree species that constituted the street tree system, accounting for 48.5% of the total number of trees examined. The Prunus serrulata and Ginkgo were mainly planted in active regions, Platanus hybrida was mainly planted in residential regions, Liriodendron was mainly planted in teaching regions, and Cinnamomum sp. was mainly planted in living regions. The distribution of breast high diameter(DBH) of street trees on the Nanjing Forestry University campus shows that the main species(Prunus serrulata, Platanus hybrida,Liriodendron, Cinnamomum sp. and Ginkgo) had a DBH of 8 to 46 cm, with 441 trees(18.77%) in the 8 to 15 cm range, 1 132 trees(48.17%) in the 15 to 30 cm range, and 507 trees(21.57%) in the 30 to 46 cm range. In the active region, the majority of trees(n=247, 47.59% of the regional total) had a DBH of 8-46 cm. Most trees in the teaching region(341 trees), administrative region(207 trees), living region(243 trees), and residential region(171 trees) had a DBH of 15-30 cm. The average tree height was 23.16 m, and the tree height is normally distributed.The total eco-efficiency benefit of street trees in Nanjing Forestry University is available through the i-Tree tools software. The total value of the 2 350 street trees on the main roads of Nanjing Forestry University is 1 023 101.29 yuan. Improved aesthetics was the greatest benefit of campus street trees, accounting for 65.67% of total benefits. Interception of rainwater accounted for 17.05% of the total benefits and energy saved accounted for 13.02% of the total benefits. Reduction in CO_2 efficiency and improvement of air quality were the lowest overall benefits, accounting for 2.65% and 1.61% of total benefits, respectively. Among the five regions, the teaching region had the highest eco-efficiency benefits, accounting for 43.62% of the total, followed by the residential region which accounted for 19.43% of the total. The administrative region, active region, and living region accounted for 15.17%, 11.21% and 10.56% of the total, respectively. Contribution rates for various ecological benefits varied for different tree species. Four species contributed the most to the total ecological benefits:Platanus hybrida, Liriodendron, Cinnamomum sp. and Ginkgo, accounting for 21.97%, 18.09%, 14.50%, and 8.57% of the total, respectively. These four tree species accounted for 63.13% of the total ecological benefits. The administrative region had more high-quality trees. such as Populus and Ginkgo. 【Conclusion】 i-Tree tools provides a way to analyze the benefit of street trees, which allows users to understand various ecological benefits and provides a reference for tree planting plans and reasonable road distributions. Tree species are rich and diverse on campus. In the living region, energy-saving and air quality benefits were the lowest compared to other benefits. Thus, we suggest planting Chinese ash and horse chestnut in this region. In the residential region, distribution of richness, evenness, total benefit, and average tree benefit were high relative to other regions. The main species in the residential region were Metasequoia, Gingko and Platanus hybrida, which are all highly economical efficient trees. The administrative region is relatively small and the roads are short; however, this region had the highest storm water retention benefit. This is because of the relatively high number of poplar trees in this region, as poplar trees had the highest individual benefit.
引文
[1] 王晓磊,王成.城市森林调控空气颗粒物功能研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(8):1910-1921.DOI:10.5846/stxb201305301239.WANG X L,WANG C.Research status and prospects on functions of urban forests in regulating the air particulate matter[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(8):1910-1921.
[2] 汪瑛.北京市行道树结构分析与健康评价[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2011.WANG Y.Analysis of street tree structure and health evaluation in Beijing[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2011.
[3] 张铮.哈尔滨市道路绿化结构与改善小气候功能的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.ZHANG Z.Study on structure of road greening and the improvement of microclimate in harbin[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.
[4] 陶晓.合肥市行道树结构及功能研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2009.TAO X.Study on structure and function of street trees in Hefei City[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2009.
[5] 王蕾,王志,刘连友,等.城市园林植物生态功能及其评价与优化研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(1):51-54.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2006.01.016.WANG L,WANG Z,LIU L Y,et al.Research in assessment and optimization for ecological functions of urban garden plants[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2006,28(1):51-54.
[6] 童丽丽.南京城市森林群落结构及优化模式研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2007.TONG L L.Research on community structure and optimization model of urban forest in Nanjing[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2007.
[7] 王朴,涂继红,金晶,等.武汉市城市行道树现状调查及树种的选择[J].河北农业科学,2013,17(4):24-28.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1088-1631.2013.04.008.WANG P,TU J H,JIN J,et al.Investigation and selection of tree species of street trees in Wuhan City[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2013,17(4):24-28.
[8] 沈玲丽.上海松江大学城七所高校行道树调查与研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2014.SHEN L L.Investigation and research on street tree of seven campuses in Shanghai Songjiang university town[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2014.
[9] 吕先忠,楼炉焕,李根有.杭州市行道树现状调查及布局设想[J].浙江林学院学报,2000(3):77-82.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0756.2000.03.017.LYU X Z,LOU L H,LI G Y.Investigation and layout plan of street tree in Hangzhou[J].Journal of Zhejiang A & F University,2000(3):77-82.
[10] 魏楚芳.广州越秀区道路行道树调查与分析[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.WEI C F.Investigation and analysis of street trees in Yuexiu district of Guangzhou City [D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[11] 马宁,何兴元,石险峰,等.基于i-Tree模型的城市森林经济效益评估[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(4):810-817.DOI:10.13292/j.1000-4890.2011.0107.MA N,HE X Y,SHI X F,et al.Assessment of urban forest economic benefits based on i-Tree model:research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(4):810-817.DOI:10.13292/j.1000-4890.2011.0107.
[12] 王强.南京林业大学校园森林群落结构特征分析[D].南京:南京林业大学,2005.WANG Q.A preliminary investigation on forest composition and structure of campus in Nanjing Forestry University[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2005.
[13] i-tree Streets & STRATUM Resources[Z/OL].http://www.itreetools.org.2018.09.
[14] 李兴兴.基于i-Tree tools的城市小区森林结构和效益的研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2012.LI X X.The research of urban district forest structure and function based on i-Tree tools[D].Yaan:Sichuan Agricultural University,2012.
[15] DWYER M C,MILLER R W.Using GIS to assess urban tree canopy benefits and surrounding green space distributions[J].Journal of Arboriculture,1999,30(1):102-106.
[16] 彭立华,陈爽,刘云霞,等.Citygreen模型在南京城市绿地固碳与削减径流效益评估中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6):1293-1298.DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.2007.0218.PENG L H,CHEN S,LIU Y X,et al.Application of Citygreen model in benefit assessment of Nanjing urban greenbelt in carbon fixation and runoff reduction[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(6):1293-1298.
[17] 凌焕然,王伟,樊正球,等.近二十年来上海不同城市空间尺度绿地的生态效益[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5607-5615.LING H R,WANG W,FAN Z Q,et al.Ecological effect of green space of Shanghai in different spatial scales in past 20 years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(19):5607-5615.
[18] MORANI A,NOWAK D,HIRABAYASHI S,et al.Calfapietra,comparing i-tree modeledzone deposition with field measurements in a periurban Mediterranean forest[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,195:202-209.DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.031.
[19] CABARABAN M T I,KROLL C N,HIRABAYASHI S,et al.Modeling of air pollutant removal by dry deposition to urban trees using a WRF/CMAQ/i-Tree Eco coupled system[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,176:123-133.DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.006.
[2] 汪瑛.北京市行道树结构分析与健康评价[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2011.WANG Y.Analysis of street tree structure and health evaluation in Beijing[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2011.
[3] 张铮.哈尔滨市道路绿化结构与改善小气候功能的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.ZHANG Z.Study on structure of road greening and the improvement of microclimate in harbin[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.
[4] 陶晓.合肥市行道树结构及功能研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2009.TAO X.Study on structure and function of street trees in Hefei City[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2009.
[5] 王蕾,王志,刘连友,等.城市园林植物生态功能及其评价与优化研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(1):51-54.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2006.01.016.WANG L,WANG Z,LIU L Y,et al.Research in assessment and optimization for ecological functions of urban garden plants[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2006,28(1):51-54.
[6] 童丽丽.南京城市森林群落结构及优化模式研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2007.TONG L L.Research on community structure and optimization model of urban forest in Nanjing[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2007.
[7] 王朴,涂继红,金晶,等.武汉市城市行道树现状调查及树种的选择[J].河北农业科学,2013,17(4):24-28.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1088-1631.2013.04.008.WANG P,TU J H,JIN J,et al.Investigation and selection of tree species of street trees in Wuhan City[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2013,17(4):24-28.
[8] 沈玲丽.上海松江大学城七所高校行道树调查与研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2014.SHEN L L.Investigation and research on street tree of seven campuses in Shanghai Songjiang university town[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2014.
[9] 吕先忠,楼炉焕,李根有.杭州市行道树现状调查及布局设想[J].浙江林学院学报,2000(3):77-82.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0756.2000.03.017.LYU X Z,LOU L H,LI G Y.Investigation and layout plan of street tree in Hangzhou[J].Journal of Zhejiang A & F University,2000(3):77-82.
[10] 魏楚芳.广州越秀区道路行道树调查与分析[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.WEI C F.Investigation and analysis of street trees in Yuexiu district of Guangzhou City [D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[11] 马宁,何兴元,石险峰,等.基于i-Tree模型的城市森林经济效益评估[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(4):810-817.DOI:10.13292/j.1000-4890.2011.0107.MA N,HE X Y,SHI X F,et al.Assessment of urban forest economic benefits based on i-Tree model:research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(4):810-817.DOI:10.13292/j.1000-4890.2011.0107.
[12] 王强.南京林业大学校园森林群落结构特征分析[D].南京:南京林业大学,2005.WANG Q.A preliminary investigation on forest composition and structure of campus in Nanjing Forestry University[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2005.
[13] i-tree Streets & STRATUM Resources[Z/OL].http://www.itreetools.org.2018.09.
[14] 李兴兴.基于i-Tree tools的城市小区森林结构和效益的研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2012.LI X X.The research of urban district forest structure and function based on i-Tree tools[D].Yaan:Sichuan Agricultural University,2012.
[15] DWYER M C,MILLER R W.Using GIS to assess urban tree canopy benefits and surrounding green space distributions[J].Journal of Arboriculture,1999,30(1):102-106.
[16] 彭立华,陈爽,刘云霞,等.Citygreen模型在南京城市绿地固碳与削减径流效益评估中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6):1293-1298.DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.2007.0218.PENG L H,CHEN S,LIU Y X,et al.Application of Citygreen model in benefit assessment of Nanjing urban greenbelt in carbon fixation and runoff reduction[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(6):1293-1298.
[17] 凌焕然,王伟,樊正球,等.近二十年来上海不同城市空间尺度绿地的生态效益[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5607-5615.LING H R,WANG W,FAN Z Q,et al.Ecological effect of green space of Shanghai in different spatial scales in past 20 years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(19):5607-5615.
[18] MORANI A,NOWAK D,HIRABAYASHI S,et al.Calfapietra,comparing i-tree modeledzone deposition with field measurements in a periurban Mediterranean forest[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,195:202-209.DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.031.
[19] CABARABAN M T I,KROLL C N,HIRABAYASHI S,et al.Modeling of air pollutant removal by dry deposition to urban trees using a WRF/CMAQ/i-Tree Eco coupled system[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,176:123-133.DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.006.
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