黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治对乡村人地系统的影响
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摘要
深入开展土地整治对区域乡村人地系统的影响研究对于优化土地整治模式、促进乡村振兴具有积极意义。该文以延安市某典型小流域为例,结合高分影像数据、景观格局分析和人文实地调查,从土地利用、景观格局、生态安全、社会响应和综合研判等角度探讨了黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治对当地乡村人地系统的影响。研究表明:1)在土地整治工程措施的作用下,沟道底部及其两侧的台地、坡耕地、灌木林地和草地大多转变为高产稳产的坝地,部分灌木林地由于生物措施转变为生态功能更强的乡土适生林地;坝地和林地分别增加159.06 hm2和69.75 hm2,灌木林地、草地和坡耕地分别减少112.37、63.26和59.06 hm2。2)坝地平均斑块面积和凝聚度增加,生产功能提升;乔木林地和灌木林地的景观指数、斑块凝聚度指数均保持在较高水平,生态功能稳定;流域整体的景观破碎化程度降低,景观趋于多样化和均衡化发展,景观抗干扰能力和生态系统稳定性得到提升。3)从生态安全效应来看,流域植被和生态环境明显改善,土壤侵蚀显著减少,防洪能力明显提升,但局部存在生态安全隐患。4)人类活动对流域地理环境变化有所响应,土地规模化、农业机械化、就业兼业化和非农化程度提高;但仍存在农业结构单一、效益不高等问题。应着力创新"共同商议、协同推进"的乡村治理机制,进而发挥土地整治综合效能,促进流域乡村转型与振兴。
Land fragmentation and low productivity are the prominent problems facing China's agricultural development. Land consolidation has become an important policy tool aiming at solving these problems in China. In addition, the development of land consolidation projects will inevitably have a certain impact on the local rural regional system, especially the local ecological environment and social and economic development. Study on the impact of land consolidation on the evolution of rural human-environment system is of positive significance for optimizing land consolidation model and promoting rural revitalization. Taken a typical small watershed in Yan'an city as the case study area, in this paper, we explored the impact of gully land consolidation on local human-environment system from the perspectives of land use, landscape pattern, ecological security, social response and comprehensive evaluation, based on high-resolution image data, landscape pattern analysis and field investigation. The results showed that due to the gully land consolidation, the terraces, sloping fields, shrub land and grassland at the bottom and both sides of the gully were mostly converted to high quality check dam land. Some of the shrub land were converted to more ecologically suitable native forest due to biological measures. The check dam land and forest land increased by 159.06 hm2 and 69.75 hm2, respectively. While the shrub land, grassland and sloping land decreased by 112.37, 63.26 and 59.06 hm2, respectively. In addition, the average patch area and patch cohesion index of the check dam land increased, and the function of production also improved. The landscape shape index and patch cohesion index of forestland and shrub land kept at a high level, and thus their ecological function was stable. At the watershed level, the fragmentation degree of landscape decreased, the landscape tended to be more diversified and balanced, and the anti-jamming capability of landscape and stability of ecosystem improved. Moreover, in terms of the ecological security effects, vegetation cover, ecological environment and capacity of flood control improved significantly, and soil erosion decreased significantly. However, there were still some ecological risks. And finally, human activities responded more or less to the changes of geographical environment of watershed. The scale of agricultural production, agricultural mechanization, diversity and nonagriculturalization of employment increased; but there were still some problems that needed to be addressed, such as very unitary of the structure of agriculture, the low efficiency of agriculture production. This paper suggested that more efforts should be made to innovate the rural governance mechanism of "mutual deliberation and collective action", thereby exerting the comprehensive effectiveness of gully land consolidation and promoting the transformation development and revitalization of the watershed. At the same time, this study also suggested strengthening the investigation, monitoring and evaluation of the effects of gully land consolidation on local environment so as to ensure that it produced more positive ecological effects.
Land fragmentation and low productivity are the prominent problems facing China's agricultural development. Land consolidation has become an important policy tool aiming at solving these problems in China. In addition, the development of land consolidation projects will inevitably have a certain impact on the local rural regional system, especially the local ecological environment and social and economic development. Study on the impact of land consolidation on the evolution of rural human-environment system is of positive significance for optimizing land consolidation model and promoting rural revitalization. Taken a typical small watershed in Yan'an city as the case study area, in this paper, we explored the impact of gully land consolidation on local human-environment system from the perspectives of land use, landscape pattern, ecological security, social response and comprehensive evaluation, based on high-resolution image data, landscape pattern analysis and field investigation. The results showed that due to the gully land consolidation, the terraces, sloping fields, shrub land and grassland at the bottom and both sides of the gully were mostly converted to high quality check dam land. Some of the shrub land were converted to more ecologically suitable native forest due to biological measures. The check dam land and forest land increased by 159.06 hm2 and 69.75 hm2, respectively. While the shrub land, grassland and sloping land decreased by 112.37, 63.26 and 59.06 hm2, respectively. In addition, the average patch area and patch cohesion index of the check dam land increased, and the function of production also improved. The landscape shape index and patch cohesion index of forestland and shrub land kept at a high level, and thus their ecological function was stable. At the watershed level, the fragmentation degree of landscape decreased, the landscape tended to be more diversified and balanced, and the anti-jamming capability of landscape and stability of ecosystem improved. Moreover, in terms of the ecological security effects, vegetation cover, ecological environment and capacity of flood control improved significantly, and soil erosion decreased significantly. However, there were still some ecological risks. And finally, human activities responded more or less to the changes of geographical environment of watershed. The scale of agricultural production, agricultural mechanization, diversity and nonagriculturalization of employment increased; but there were still some problems that needed to be addressed, such as very unitary of the structure of agriculture, the low efficiency of agriculture production. This paper suggested that more efforts should be made to innovate the rural governance mechanism of "mutual deliberation and collective action", thereby exerting the comprehensive effectiveness of gully land consolidation and promoting the transformation development and revitalization of the watershed. At the same time, this study also suggested strengthening the investigation, monitoring and evaluation of the effects of gully land consolidation on local environment so as to ensure that it produced more positive ecological effects.
引文
[1]唐克丽.中国水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[2]姜娜,邵明安.黄土高原小流域不同坡地利用方式的水土流失特征[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):36-41.Jiang Na,Shao Ming’an.Characteristics of soil and water loss of different slope land uses in small watershed on the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(6):36-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]傅伯杰,赵文武,张秋菊,等.黄土高原景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[4]高学田,郑粉莉.陕北黄土高原生态环境建设与可持续发展[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):47-49.Gao Xuetian,Zheng Fenli.Eco-environment construction and sustainable agriculture development in the Loess Plateau of Northern Part of Shaanxi Province[J].Research of Soil&Water Conservation,2004,11(4):47-49.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Zhou Decheng,Zhao Shuqing,Zhu Chao.The Grain for Green Project induced land cover change in the Loess Plateau:A case study with Ansai County,Shanxi Province,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,23(4):88-94.
[6]Cao Zhi,Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,et al.When and where did the Loess Plateau turn“green”?Analysis of the tendency and breakpoints of the normalized difference vegetation index[J].Land Degradation&Development,2018,29(1):162-175.
[7]Lv Yihe,Fu Bojie,Feng Xiaoming,et al.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China[J].PLoS ONE,2012,7(2):1-10.
[8]刘彦随,李裕瑞.黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治工程原理与设计技术[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(10):1-9.Liu Yansui,Li Yurui.Engineering philosophy and design scheme of gully land consolidation in Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(10):1-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]张信宝,金钊.延安治沟造地是黄土高原淤地坝建设的继承与发展[J].地球环境学报,2015,6(4):261-264.Zhang Xinbao,Jin Zhao.Gully land consolidation project in Yan'an is inheritance and development of wrap land dam project on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2015,6(4):261-264.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Liu Yansui,Guo Yanjun,Li Yurui,et al.GIS-based effect assessment of soil erosion before and after gully land consolidation:A case study of Wangjiagou project region,Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(2):137-146.
[11]雷娜,穆兴民.黄土丘陵沟壑区治沟造地工程碳效应分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(2):392-398.Lei Na,Mu Xingmin.Analysis on effect of gully control and land reclamation projects on carbon emission in hilly and gully regions of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):392-398.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心-人地关系地域系统[J].经济地理,1991,11(3):7-12.Wu Chunjun.A study on the core of geography-human-earth connection system[J].Economic Geography,1991,11(3):7-12.(in Chinese with no English abstract)
[13]程国栋,李新.流域科学及其集成研究方法[J].中国科学:地球科学,2015,45(6):811-819.Cheng Guodong,Li Xin.Integrated research methods in watershed science[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2015,45(6):811-819.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王慧敏,徐立中.流域系统可持续发展分析[J].水科学进展,2000,11(2):165-172.Wang Huimin,Xu Lizhong.Analysis on sustainable development of the basin system[J].Advances in Water Science,2000,11(2):165-172.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]乔家君,李小建.村域人地系统状态及其变化的定量研究[J].经济地理,2006,26(2):192-198.Qiao Jiajun,Li Xiaojian.A quantitative study on state and change of village level man-earth system:The case of three different types’villages,Henan Province[J].Economic Geography,2006,26(2):192-198.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]金帅,盛昭瀚,刘小峰.流域系统复杂性与适应性管理[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(7):60-67.Jin Shuai,Sheng Zhaohan,Liu Xiaofeng.Complexity analysis on watershed system and adaptive management[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2010,20(7):60-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]陈利顶,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析:以山东省东营市为例[J].生态学报,1996,16(4):337-344.Chen Liding,Fu Bojie.Analysis of impact of human activity on landscape structure in Yellow River delta:A case study of Dongying Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1996,16(4):337-344.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]张飞,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,丁建丽,等.干旱区绿洲土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化特征-以新疆精河县为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1251-1263.Zhang Fei,Taxipulati Teyibai,Ding Jianli,et al.The Change of land use/cover and characteristics of landscape pattern in arid areas oasis:A case study of Jinghe County,Xinjiang Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1251-1263.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Predicting soil erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[J].Agricultural Handbook,1997.
[20]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1551-1556.Wang Genxu,Cheng Guodong,Qian Ju.Several problems in ecological security assessment research[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(9):1551-1556.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.Liu Yansui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼.黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):771-782.Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou.Characteristics and mechanism of village transformation development in typical regions of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):771-782.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Marsden T.Mobilizing the regional eco-economy:Evolving webs of agri-food and rural development in the UK[J].Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(2):225-244.
[24]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.大城市郊区村域转型发展的资源环境效应与优化调控研究:以北京市顺义区北村为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(6):825-838.Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualong,et al.Village transformation development,resources and environment effects and their optimal regulation in the metropolitan suburbs:The case of Beicun in Shunyi District,Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(6):825-838.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Olfert M R,Partridge M D.Best practices in twenty-first century rural development and policy[J].Growth and Change,2010,41(2):147-164.
[26]Amin A,Thrift N.Institutional issues for the European regions:From markets and plans to socioeconomics and powers of association[J].Economy and Society,1995,24(1):41-66.
[27]Binns T,Nel E.The village in a game park:Local response to the demise of coal mining in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa[J].Economic Geography,2003,79(1):41-66.
[28]Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou,et al.Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China:Evidence from Dancheng County,Henan Province[J].Land Use Policy,2014,39:188-198.
[2]姜娜,邵明安.黄土高原小流域不同坡地利用方式的水土流失特征[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):36-41.Jiang Na,Shao Ming’an.Characteristics of soil and water loss of different slope land uses in small watershed on the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(6):36-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]傅伯杰,赵文武,张秋菊,等.黄土高原景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[4]高学田,郑粉莉.陕北黄土高原生态环境建设与可持续发展[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):47-49.Gao Xuetian,Zheng Fenli.Eco-environment construction and sustainable agriculture development in the Loess Plateau of Northern Part of Shaanxi Province[J].Research of Soil&Water Conservation,2004,11(4):47-49.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Zhou Decheng,Zhao Shuqing,Zhu Chao.The Grain for Green Project induced land cover change in the Loess Plateau:A case study with Ansai County,Shanxi Province,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,23(4):88-94.
[6]Cao Zhi,Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,et al.When and where did the Loess Plateau turn“green”?Analysis of the tendency and breakpoints of the normalized difference vegetation index[J].Land Degradation&Development,2018,29(1):162-175.
[7]Lv Yihe,Fu Bojie,Feng Xiaoming,et al.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China[J].PLoS ONE,2012,7(2):1-10.
[8]刘彦随,李裕瑞.黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治工程原理与设计技术[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(10):1-9.Liu Yansui,Li Yurui.Engineering philosophy and design scheme of gully land consolidation in Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(10):1-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]张信宝,金钊.延安治沟造地是黄土高原淤地坝建设的继承与发展[J].地球环境学报,2015,6(4):261-264.Zhang Xinbao,Jin Zhao.Gully land consolidation project in Yan'an is inheritance and development of wrap land dam project on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2015,6(4):261-264.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Liu Yansui,Guo Yanjun,Li Yurui,et al.GIS-based effect assessment of soil erosion before and after gully land consolidation:A case study of Wangjiagou project region,Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(2):137-146.
[11]雷娜,穆兴民.黄土丘陵沟壑区治沟造地工程碳效应分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(2):392-398.Lei Na,Mu Xingmin.Analysis on effect of gully control and land reclamation projects on carbon emission in hilly and gully regions of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):392-398.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心-人地关系地域系统[J].经济地理,1991,11(3):7-12.Wu Chunjun.A study on the core of geography-human-earth connection system[J].Economic Geography,1991,11(3):7-12.(in Chinese with no English abstract)
[13]程国栋,李新.流域科学及其集成研究方法[J].中国科学:地球科学,2015,45(6):811-819.Cheng Guodong,Li Xin.Integrated research methods in watershed science[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2015,45(6):811-819.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王慧敏,徐立中.流域系统可持续发展分析[J].水科学进展,2000,11(2):165-172.Wang Huimin,Xu Lizhong.Analysis on sustainable development of the basin system[J].Advances in Water Science,2000,11(2):165-172.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]乔家君,李小建.村域人地系统状态及其变化的定量研究[J].经济地理,2006,26(2):192-198.Qiao Jiajun,Li Xiaojian.A quantitative study on state and change of village level man-earth system:The case of three different types’villages,Henan Province[J].Economic Geography,2006,26(2):192-198.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]金帅,盛昭瀚,刘小峰.流域系统复杂性与适应性管理[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(7):60-67.Jin Shuai,Sheng Zhaohan,Liu Xiaofeng.Complexity analysis on watershed system and adaptive management[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2010,20(7):60-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]陈利顶,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析:以山东省东营市为例[J].生态学报,1996,16(4):337-344.Chen Liding,Fu Bojie.Analysis of impact of human activity on landscape structure in Yellow River delta:A case study of Dongying Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1996,16(4):337-344.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]张飞,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,丁建丽,等.干旱区绿洲土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化特征-以新疆精河县为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1251-1263.Zhang Fei,Taxipulati Teyibai,Ding Jianli,et al.The Change of land use/cover and characteristics of landscape pattern in arid areas oasis:A case study of Jinghe County,Xinjiang Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1251-1263.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Predicting soil erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[J].Agricultural Handbook,1997.
[20]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1551-1556.Wang Genxu,Cheng Guodong,Qian Ju.Several problems in ecological security assessment research[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(9):1551-1556.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.Liu Yansui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼.黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):771-782.Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou.Characteristics and mechanism of village transformation development in typical regions of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):771-782.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Marsden T.Mobilizing the regional eco-economy:Evolving webs of agri-food and rural development in the UK[J].Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(2):225-244.
[24]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.大城市郊区村域转型发展的资源环境效应与优化调控研究:以北京市顺义区北村为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(6):825-838.Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualong,et al.Village transformation development,resources and environment effects and their optimal regulation in the metropolitan suburbs:The case of Beicun in Shunyi District,Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(6):825-838.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Olfert M R,Partridge M D.Best practices in twenty-first century rural development and policy[J].Growth and Change,2010,41(2):147-164.
[26]Amin A,Thrift N.Institutional issues for the European regions:From markets and plans to socioeconomics and powers of association[J].Economy and Society,1995,24(1):41-66.
[27]Binns T,Nel E.The village in a game park:Local response to the demise of coal mining in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa[J].Economic Geography,2003,79(1):41-66.
[28]Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou,et al.Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China:Evidence from Dancheng County,Henan Province[J].Land Use Policy,2014,39:188-198.
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