珠江三角洲沉积物水稻土中管状结核特征研究
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摘要
珠江三角洲沉积物水稻土形成发育过程中由于铁锰的迁移转化而在土体中形成了管状结核,了解结核的形貌和地球化学特征,有助于揭示成土环境条件变化和土壤发生演变规律。采集珠江三角洲沉积物水稻土不同发生层次土壤及管状结核,采用电镜扫描(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)及化学分析方法研究了不同大小组分(以横切面直径筛分为<2 mm、2-4 mm、4-6mm、>6mm)的管状结核形貌特征、元素组成和分布特征。结果表明:研究区域管状结核表面颜色为亮黄棕色或黄棕色;结核横切面上总体形貌比较均一,未见环带状构造,且内部发现有硅藻残体存在;>6 mm与2-4 mm的结核横切面上元素分布规律相似,Fe的相对质量分数平均值(27.8%和42.3%)均远高于Si(14.4%和7.5%)、Al(8.0%和6.6%),且结核内边沿Fe相对质量分数高于外部;剖面Br2层和Bg层中结核均以Fe质量分数最高,其平均值分别为250.3 g·kg~(-1)、270.0g·kg~(-1),其次为Si(151.6 g·kg~(-1)、143.3 g·kg~(-1))和Al(69.7 g·kg~(-1)、62.7 g·kg~(-1)),而Mn质量分数仅分别为0.15 g·kg~(-1)和0.16g·kg~(-1);与土壤基质相比,Fe、P、Ni、Co、V和Pb等在结核中富集,铁的富集程度最大,而Mn未富集,因此该管状结核为铁质结核。
Tubular nodules, are the products of evolution of paddy soil derived from deposits in Pearl River Delta due to the transformation and translocation of iron and manganese. Understanding the morphology and geochemical characteristics of tubular nodules is helpful to reveal the variation of forming condition and soil development. Samples of tubular nodules and soil matrices were collected from genetic horizons of the soils derived from deposits in Pearl River Delta, surface morphology, elemental composition and distribution characteristics of tubular nodules with different size(<2 mm, 2-4 mm, 4-6 mm and >6 mm by cross-section diameter) were analyzed by using electron microscopy(SEM), energy spectrum analysis(EDS) and chemistry analysis.Results showed that the colors of tubular nodules were bright yellow-brown or yellow-brown; the surface morphology structure of the nodules was homogeneous fabric, and diatom residues were found. Similar pattern of elemental distribution was detected in the cross-section of >6 mm and 2-4 mm nodules. The mass fractions of Fe(27.8%, 42.3%) were higher than Si(14.4%, 7.5%) and Al(8.0%, 6.6%), and the relative mass fraction of Fe in the inner was higher than the edge of nodules. Fe mass fractionn were highest(250.3 g·kg~(-1), 270.0 g·kg~(-1)), followed by Si(151.6 g·kg~(-1), 143.3 g·kg~(-1)), Al(69.7 g·kg~(-1), 62.7 g·kg~(-1)) in nodules from Br2 and Bg horizon respectively, while Mn mass fractions were only 0.15 g·kg~(-1) and 0.16 g·kg~(-1), respectively. Compared with the soil matrices,Fe, P, Ni, Co, V and Pb was enriched in nodules, and the enrichment factor of Fe was the highest, whereas, Mn was not enriched.Therefore, the tubular nodules in the studied paddy soil are iron nodules.
Tubular nodules, are the products of evolution of paddy soil derived from deposits in Pearl River Delta due to the transformation and translocation of iron and manganese. Understanding the morphology and geochemical characteristics of tubular nodules is helpful to reveal the variation of forming condition and soil development. Samples of tubular nodules and soil matrices were collected from genetic horizons of the soils derived from deposits in Pearl River Delta, surface morphology, elemental composition and distribution characteristics of tubular nodules with different size(<2 mm, 2-4 mm, 4-6 mm and >6 mm by cross-section diameter) were analyzed by using electron microscopy(SEM), energy spectrum analysis(EDS) and chemistry analysis.Results showed that the colors of tubular nodules were bright yellow-brown or yellow-brown; the surface morphology structure of the nodules was homogeneous fabric, and diatom residues were found. Similar pattern of elemental distribution was detected in the cross-section of >6 mm and 2-4 mm nodules. The mass fractions of Fe(27.8%, 42.3%) were higher than Si(14.4%, 7.5%) and Al(8.0%, 6.6%), and the relative mass fraction of Fe in the inner was higher than the edge of nodules. Fe mass fractionn were highest(250.3 g·kg~(-1), 270.0 g·kg~(-1)), followed by Si(151.6 g·kg~(-1), 143.3 g·kg~(-1)), Al(69.7 g·kg~(-1), 62.7 g·kg~(-1)) in nodules from Br2 and Bg horizon respectively, while Mn mass fractions were only 0.15 g·kg~(-1) and 0.16 g·kg~(-1), respectively. Compared with the soil matrices,Fe, P, Ni, Co, V and Pb was enriched in nodules, and the enrichment factor of Fe was the highest, whereas, Mn was not enriched.Therefore, the tubular nodules in the studied paddy soil are iron nodules.
引文
CORNU S,CATTLE J A,SAMOU?LIAN A,et al.,2009.Impact of redox cycles on manganese,iron,cobalt,and lead in nodules[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,73(4):1231-1241.
DIONISIOS G,2013.Sequestration of heavy metals from soil with Fe-Mn concretions and;nodules[J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,11(1):1-9.
LIU F,COLOMBO C,ADAMO P,et al.,2002.Trace Elements in Manganese-Iron Nodules from a Chinese Alfisol[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,66(2):661-670.
PHILLIPPE W R,BLEVINS R L,BARNHISEL R I,et al.,1972.Distribution of Concretions from Selected Soils of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky1[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,36(1):171-173.
SUN Z X,JIANG Y Y,WANG Q B,et al.,2018.Fe-Mn nodules in a southern Indiana loess with a fragipan and their soil forming significance[J].Geoderma,313:92-111.
SUNDBY B,VALE C,CA?ADOR Z,et al.,1998.Metal-rich concretions on the roots of salt marsh plants:Mechanism and rate of formation[J].Limnology and Oceanography,43(2):245-252.
TAN W F,LIU F,LI Y H,et al.,2006.Elemental Composition and Geochemical Characteristics of Iron-Manganese Nodules in Main Soils of China[J].Pedosphere,16(1):74-83.
WHITE G N,DIXON J,1996.Iron and manganese distribution in nodules from a young Texas Vertisol[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,60(4):1254-1262.
WINTERS E,1938.Ferromanganiferous concretions from some podzolic soils[J].Soil Science,46(1):33-40.
YU X L,LU S G,2016.Micrometer-scale internal structure and element distribution of Fe-Mn nodules in Quaternary red earth of Eastern China[J].Journal of soils and sediments,16(2):621-633.
ZHANG L M,LIU F,TAN W F,et al.,2008.Microbial DNA extraction and analyses of soil iron-manganese nodules[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40(6):1364-1369.
ZHANG M,KARATHANASIS A,1997.Characterization of ironmanganese concretions in Kentucky Alfisols with perched water tables[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,45(3):428-439.
郭雅琼,吴归仪,李扬,2017.海链藻属重要形态学特征的二次研究:以艾伦海链藻为例[J].植物科学学报,35(2):194-204.GUO Y Q,WU G Y,LI Y,2017.Re-examination and assessment of the morphological traits of the diatom genus Thalassiosira Cleve:a case study of Thalassiosira allenii Takano[J].Plant Science Journal,35(2):194-204.
胡雪峰,龚子同,1998.土壤发生学与第四纪研究[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,7(3):257-259.HU X F,GONG Z T,1998.Relationship between soil Genesis and quaternary research[J].Tropical and Subtropical Soil Science,7(3):257-259.
李献华,周汉文,刘颖,等,2000.粤西阳春中生代钾玄质侵入岩及其构造意义:Ⅰ.岩石学和同位素地质年代学[J].地球化学,29(6):513-520.LI X H,ZHOU H W,LIU Y,et al.,2000.Mesozoic shoshonitic intrusives in the and their tectonic significance:I.Yangchun Basin,western Guangdong,petrology and isotope geochronology[J].Geochimica,29(6):513-520.
李永华,刘凡,谭文峰,等,1999.几种土壤及其铁锰结核中粘粒矿物组合的研究[J].华中农业大学学报,43(4):342-347.LI Y H,LIU F,TAN W F,et al.,1999.Study on the composition of clay minerals in several soils and iron-manganese nodules[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University:43(4):342-347.
刘良梧,张民,1995.变性土铁锰氧化物结核与钙质结核的元素富集及其环境意义[J].土壤,27(5):262-268.LIU L W,ZHANG M,1995.The Enrichment of elements and environmental significance of iron-manganese oxide and calcium concretion in Vertisol[J].Soils,27(5):262-268.
陆发熹,1988.珠江三角洲土壤[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:1-84.LU F X,1988.Soils of the Pearl River Delta[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press:1-84.
卢瑛.2017.中国土系志(广东卷)[M].北京:科学出版社:61-213.LU Y,2017.Soil series of China(Guangdong)[M].Beijing:Science Press:61-213.
谭文峰,2000.我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的物质组成与表面化学性质[D].武汉:华中农业大学.TAN W F,2000.The composition and surface chemistry characteristics of Fe-Mn nodules of several soils in China[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University.
谭文峰,刘凡,李学垣,2004.武汉黄棕壤中铁锰结核的环带构造、元素富集特点与环境变化意义[J].第四纪研究,24(2):198-202,246.TAN W F,LIU F,LI X Y,2004.Characteristics of band structure in iron-manganese nodules from yellow-brown soil in Wuhan[J].Quaternary Sciences,24(2):198-202,246.
王会品,李栋栋,孙世珺,等,2018.广东珠江水域硅藻种类调查[J].中国法医学杂志,33(2):154-161.WANG H P,LI D D,SUN S J,et al.,2018.The investigation of diatom species composition and database of diatom scaning electron microscope in the Pearl River of Guangdong province[J].Chinese Journal of Forensic Medicine,33(2):154-161.
王秋兵,蒋卓东,孙仲秀,2019.中国北方第四纪黄土发育土壤铁锰结核形成环境及空间分布[J].土壤学报,56(2):288-297.WANG Q B,JIANG Z D,SUN Z X,2019.Distribution and Formation Environment of Fe-Mn Nodules in Soils Derived from Quaternary Loess in North China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,56(2):288-297.
张甘霖,龚子同,2001.水耕人为土某些氧化还原形态特征的微结构和形成机理[J].土壤学报,38(1):10-16.ZHANG G L,GONG Z T,2001.Micro-structure and formation mechanism of typical redoxi-morphic features of hydragric anthrosols[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,38(1):10-16.
张甘霖,龚子同,2012.土壤调查实验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社:8-48.ZHANG G L,GONG Z T,2012.Soil survey laboratory methods[M].Beijing:Science Press:8-48.
张甘霖,李德成,2016.野外土壤描述与采样手册[M].北京:科学出版社:1-60.ZHANG G L,LI D C,2016.Manual of soil description and sampling[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-60.
张民,马丽,骆洪义,1997.铁锰结核的元素组成及微形态特征[J].山东农业大学学报,28(3):73-82.ZHANF M,MA LUO H Y,1997.Elemental composition and micromorphological characteristics of iro-manganese nodules[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University,28(3):305-312.
中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组,中国土壤系统分类课题研究协作组,2001.中国土壤系统分类检索[M].第3版.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社:16-147.Chinese Soil Taxonomy Research Group,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Cooperative Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy,2001.Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy[M].3rd ed.Hefei:Press of University of Science and Technology of China:16-147.
DIONISIOS G,2013.Sequestration of heavy metals from soil with Fe-Mn concretions and;nodules[J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,11(1):1-9.
LIU F,COLOMBO C,ADAMO P,et al.,2002.Trace Elements in Manganese-Iron Nodules from a Chinese Alfisol[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,66(2):661-670.
PHILLIPPE W R,BLEVINS R L,BARNHISEL R I,et al.,1972.Distribution of Concretions from Selected Soils of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky1[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,36(1):171-173.
SUN Z X,JIANG Y Y,WANG Q B,et al.,2018.Fe-Mn nodules in a southern Indiana loess with a fragipan and their soil forming significance[J].Geoderma,313:92-111.
SUNDBY B,VALE C,CA?ADOR Z,et al.,1998.Metal-rich concretions on the roots of salt marsh plants:Mechanism and rate of formation[J].Limnology and Oceanography,43(2):245-252.
TAN W F,LIU F,LI Y H,et al.,2006.Elemental Composition and Geochemical Characteristics of Iron-Manganese Nodules in Main Soils of China[J].Pedosphere,16(1):74-83.
WHITE G N,DIXON J,1996.Iron and manganese distribution in nodules from a young Texas Vertisol[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,60(4):1254-1262.
WINTERS E,1938.Ferromanganiferous concretions from some podzolic soils[J].Soil Science,46(1):33-40.
YU X L,LU S G,2016.Micrometer-scale internal structure and element distribution of Fe-Mn nodules in Quaternary red earth of Eastern China[J].Journal of soils and sediments,16(2):621-633.
ZHANG L M,LIU F,TAN W F,et al.,2008.Microbial DNA extraction and analyses of soil iron-manganese nodules[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40(6):1364-1369.
ZHANG M,KARATHANASIS A,1997.Characterization of ironmanganese concretions in Kentucky Alfisols with perched water tables[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,45(3):428-439.
郭雅琼,吴归仪,李扬,2017.海链藻属重要形态学特征的二次研究:以艾伦海链藻为例[J].植物科学学报,35(2):194-204.GUO Y Q,WU G Y,LI Y,2017.Re-examination and assessment of the morphological traits of the diatom genus Thalassiosira Cleve:a case study of Thalassiosira allenii Takano[J].Plant Science Journal,35(2):194-204.
胡雪峰,龚子同,1998.土壤发生学与第四纪研究[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,7(3):257-259.HU X F,GONG Z T,1998.Relationship between soil Genesis and quaternary research[J].Tropical and Subtropical Soil Science,7(3):257-259.
李献华,周汉文,刘颖,等,2000.粤西阳春中生代钾玄质侵入岩及其构造意义:Ⅰ.岩石学和同位素地质年代学[J].地球化学,29(6):513-520.LI X H,ZHOU H W,LIU Y,et al.,2000.Mesozoic shoshonitic intrusives in the and their tectonic significance:I.Yangchun Basin,western Guangdong,petrology and isotope geochronology[J].Geochimica,29(6):513-520.
李永华,刘凡,谭文峰,等,1999.几种土壤及其铁锰结核中粘粒矿物组合的研究[J].华中农业大学学报,43(4):342-347.LI Y H,LIU F,TAN W F,et al.,1999.Study on the composition of clay minerals in several soils and iron-manganese nodules[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University:43(4):342-347.
刘良梧,张民,1995.变性土铁锰氧化物结核与钙质结核的元素富集及其环境意义[J].土壤,27(5):262-268.LIU L W,ZHANG M,1995.The Enrichment of elements and environmental significance of iron-manganese oxide and calcium concretion in Vertisol[J].Soils,27(5):262-268.
陆发熹,1988.珠江三角洲土壤[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:1-84.LU F X,1988.Soils of the Pearl River Delta[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press:1-84.
卢瑛.2017.中国土系志(广东卷)[M].北京:科学出版社:61-213.LU Y,2017.Soil series of China(Guangdong)[M].Beijing:Science Press:61-213.
谭文峰,2000.我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的物质组成与表面化学性质[D].武汉:华中农业大学.TAN W F,2000.The composition and surface chemistry characteristics of Fe-Mn nodules of several soils in China[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University.
谭文峰,刘凡,李学垣,2004.武汉黄棕壤中铁锰结核的环带构造、元素富集特点与环境变化意义[J].第四纪研究,24(2):198-202,246.TAN W F,LIU F,LI X Y,2004.Characteristics of band structure in iron-manganese nodules from yellow-brown soil in Wuhan[J].Quaternary Sciences,24(2):198-202,246.
王会品,李栋栋,孙世珺,等,2018.广东珠江水域硅藻种类调查[J].中国法医学杂志,33(2):154-161.WANG H P,LI D D,SUN S J,et al.,2018.The investigation of diatom species composition and database of diatom scaning electron microscope in the Pearl River of Guangdong province[J].Chinese Journal of Forensic Medicine,33(2):154-161.
王秋兵,蒋卓东,孙仲秀,2019.中国北方第四纪黄土发育土壤铁锰结核形成环境及空间分布[J].土壤学报,56(2):288-297.WANG Q B,JIANG Z D,SUN Z X,2019.Distribution and Formation Environment of Fe-Mn Nodules in Soils Derived from Quaternary Loess in North China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,56(2):288-297.
张甘霖,龚子同,2001.水耕人为土某些氧化还原形态特征的微结构和形成机理[J].土壤学报,38(1):10-16.ZHANG G L,GONG Z T,2001.Micro-structure and formation mechanism of typical redoxi-morphic features of hydragric anthrosols[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,38(1):10-16.
张甘霖,龚子同,2012.土壤调查实验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社:8-48.ZHANG G L,GONG Z T,2012.Soil survey laboratory methods[M].Beijing:Science Press:8-48.
张甘霖,李德成,2016.野外土壤描述与采样手册[M].北京:科学出版社:1-60.ZHANG G L,LI D C,2016.Manual of soil description and sampling[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-60.
张民,马丽,骆洪义,1997.铁锰结核的元素组成及微形态特征[J].山东农业大学学报,28(3):73-82.ZHANF M,MA LUO H Y,1997.Elemental composition and micromorphological characteristics of iro-manganese nodules[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University,28(3):305-312.
中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组,中国土壤系统分类课题研究协作组,2001.中国土壤系统分类检索[M].第3版.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社:16-147.Chinese Soil Taxonomy Research Group,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Cooperative Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy,2001.Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy[M].3rd ed.Hefei:Press of University of Science and Technology of China:16-147.
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